Nano-Micro Letters

Wafer-Level Self-Assembly and Interface Passivation Patterning Technology for Nanomaterial-Compatible 3D MEMS Sensing Chips

2026-01-28T05:51:39+00:00

Wafer-scale fabrication of high-performance micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) bio/chemical sensing chips remains constrained by the absence of reliable methods for integrating high-performance nanomaterials into suspended MEMS architectures. Here, a wafer-level manufacturing strategy is presented that redefines the MEMS process flow as “film first, cantilever later.” Through kinetically controlled self-assembly, wet-chemically synthesized Pd/SnO₂ nanospheres are transferred as dense, uniform monolithic films onto 8-inch wafers. An HfO₂ interface passivation patterning technology resolves long-standing incompatibility between functional sensing films and silicon substrates, enabling precise patterning and reliable integration on suspended MEMS cantilevers. The resulting Pd/SnO₂ MEMS H₂ chips are fabricated onto an 8-inch wafer, demonstrating high sensitivity and consistency. This approach overcomes long-standing wafer-level manufacturing challenges in the formation and patterning of high-performance nanomaterials film, establishing a fully integrated wafer-level process that fundamentally redefines the manufacturing route for tetramethylammonium hydroxide-resistant nanomaterial-based MEMS sensing chips.

Highlights:
1 Wafer-scale, kinetically controlled self-assembly combined with edge-controlled lift-off enables uniform and precisely patterned nanomaterial films on 8-inch wafers.
2 HfO₂ interface passivation eliminates wet etching failures and ensures reliable integration with suspended microelectro-mechanical systems (MEMS) structures.
3 A“film-first, cantilever-later” strategy realizes 3D MEMS gas sensing chips with accurate nanomaterial incorporation, delivering high H₂ sensitivity and uniformity.

Laser-Driven Single-Step Synthesis of Monolithic Prelithiated Silicon-Graphene Anodes for Ultrahigh-Performance Zero-Decay Lithium-Ion Batteries

2026-01-28T05:36:28+00:00

Silicon-based anodes offer a promising alternative to graphite in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to significantly higher energy density. However, their practical application is limited by substantial volume expansion during lithiation, which causes structural instability and continuous formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), drastically reducing initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) and capacity retention. Strategies such as silicon nanostructuring and integration with conductive carbon matrices help accommodate volume changes and improve conductivity but fall short in fully addressing lithium loss and long-term capacity fade. Prelithiation can mitigate these issues by compensating for lithium loss and stabilizing the SEI. However, conventional prelithiation methods are complex, air-sensitive, multi-step, and ex situ, often requiring reactive lithium metal or exotic lithium salt precursors. In response, this study introduces a laser-driven, solid-state, ambient, in situ prelithiation method performed concurrently with the synthesis of silicon-graphene pseudo-monolithic composite anodes. A ternary blend of phenolic resin, silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs), and common lithium salts, subjected to rapid, low-power laser irradiation, produces a self-standing, air-stable, prelithiated composite, where the resulting porous and conductive matrix encapsulates the SiNPs, while the unique laser-induced environment triggers in situ reactions that prelithiate the silicon surface and form stable covalent interfaces. The resulting lithiated anodes reveal remarkable features, delivering over 1700 mAh g⁻¹ with negligible capacity decay (< 2%) over 2000 + cycles at 5 A g⁻¹, 83% retention after 4500 cycles, and ICE above 97% versus non-lithiated counterparts. The anodes also display ultrafast charging capabilities, retaining up to 63% of their maximum capacity at 10 A g⁻¹. This innovation not only advances the development of next-generation LIBs, but also establishes a framework for converting readily available and cost-effective precursor materials into high-performing electrodes, promising to reduce complexity and costs in battery manufacturing.

Highlights:
1 We report an ambient single-step laser-driven process that simultaneously synthesizes and integrates prelithiated silicon nanoparticles into a robust graphene matrix using simple precursors.
2 Prelithiation is achieved in situ through interfacial solid-state reactions between Si and common lithium salt precursors during the ultrafast photothermal graphitization of phenolic resin.
3 Prelithiated silicon nanoparticles/laser-induced graphene anodes exhibit exceptional cycling stability (> 98% capacity retention after 2000 cycles) and near-zero performance decay in Li-ion half and full cells compared to non-lithiated counterparts.

Integrated Performance Metrics of Porous Carbon Toward Practical Supercapacitor Devices

2026-01-28T05:25:14+00:00

The scientific communities in both academia and industry are devoted to increasing energy density of supercapacitor devices, including investigating the relationship between carbon structure and capacitance of various activated carbon (AC) materials. However, most reported capacitance values are measured solely at the material level, which are difficult to directly translate into achievable energy densities for practical supercapacitor devices. In this work, we assemble supercapacitor pouch cells to reveal the insight relationships between the capacitance and porosity of AC materials and the optimal amount of electrolyte at the device level. Concurrently, a guidance on the required amount of electrolyte is provided, indicating that both the specific capacitance and porosity of AC materials collectively determine the energy density of a practical device (E_device). Furthermore, we develop a computational E-tool for directly predicting E_device at an early stage of material-level electrochemical testing. Finally, we propose a new descriptor (η) that incorporates both the capacitance and porosity parameters of AC materials, which displays a linear relationship with E_device. This study provides a reliable E-tool and η for accelerating the development of advanced charge storage mechanisms and carbon materials for practical supercapacitor devices.

Highlights:
1 This work establishs a guidance of required amount of electrolyte for activated carbons in supercapacitor devices.
2 A novel E-tool is provided for predicting the energy density of supercapacitor devices via the inputting of intrinsic parameters of activated carbons.
3 A new descriptor η, that integrates capacitance and porosity of activated carbon electrode, is able to quickly evaluate the energy density of supercapacitor devices.

Homogenize Strain Distribution via Molecular Network Engineering for Mechanically Reliable Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells

2026-01-28T05:10:05+00:00

Flexible perovskite solar cells (FPSCs) suffer from strain localization-induced mechanical degradation, primarily due to heterogeneous strain distribution at grain boundaries. Herein, we propose a molecular engineering approach involving a crosslinked Methacrylic anhydride (MA) to construct a 3D crosslinking network within perovskite films. This molecular-scale network effectively redistributes localized strain into a more homogeneous pattern, as indicated by reduced strain variance and a lower Young’s modulus. Simultaneously, the MA network modulates crystallization kinetics, leading to enlarged grain sizes, enhanced (001) orientation, and decreased defect density. Together, these effects minimize strain concentration and promote elastic strain release, thereby suppressing microcrack formation at grain boundaries. As a result, the optimized rigid perovskite solar cells exhibit superior conversion efficiency of 26.42%, while the FPSCs reach 25.03% with excellent mechanical stability.

Highlights:
1 Dual-function molecular ligand (MA) can coordinate with Pb²⁺ to passivate defect at grain boundaries and undergoes in-situ polymerization to form a stress-buffering network.
2 Attributing to the simultaneous defect suppression and strain homogenization, the MA-modified perovskite solar cells demonstrate high photovoltaic performance with power conversion efficiency up to 26.42% (rigid) and 25.03% (flexible).
3 The MA-modified devices demonstrate excellent stability under various environmental stress conditions, including thermal aging, light irradiation, and bending.

Polyhydroxy Hydrogel Electrolyte with In Situ Tuned Interface Chemistry for Ultra-Stable Biosensing-Compatible Zinc Batteries

2026-01-28T00:30:37+00:00

Aqueous zinc batteries (ZBs) represent a promising sustainable and safe energy storage technology, yet their widespread adoption is impeded by persistent interfacial instabilities at Zn anodes. This study reports a polyhydroxy hydrogel electrolyte (PASHE) with in situ regulated interface chemistry suitable for biosensing compatible ZBs. Benefiting from the well-integrated interface via in situ strategy, the hydroxyl-rich L-sorbose in PASHE establishes kinetically favorable Zn²⁺ transport pathways and regulates interfacial ion-adsorption hierarchies, synergistically homogenizing ion distribution and promoting preferential crystallographic orientation. Furthermore, PASHE constructs a low water-activity microenvironment via interfacial preferential adsorption, oxygen-rich solid electrolyte interphase evolution, and Zn²⁺ solvation sheath reconstruction. These effects enable Zn (002)-textured electrodeposition and inhibitory side reactions, achieving dendrite-free Zn plating/stripping with exceptional stability (3300 h in Zn//Zn cells) and near-perfect reversibility (average coulombic efficiency of 99.6% over 1200 cycles in Zn//Cu cells). This strategy delivers unprecedented cyclability in flexible Zn//I₂ batteries (94.9% retention after 9000 cycles) and Zn-ion hybrid capacitors (98.0% after 43,000 cycles). Notably, we demonstrate an integrated biosensing platform that couples PASHE-based biosensor with cascaded Zn//I₂ batteries, realizing real-time monitoring of physiological signals and biomechanical motions. This work proposes dual strategies of in situ approach and functional additive to design hydrogel electrolytes, bridging high-performance ZBs with next-generation biosensing technologies.

Highlights:
1 Polyhydroxy hydrogel electrolyte enables in situ dual regulations of Zn-electrolyte interfacial chemistry and bulk electrolyte properties.
2 Reversible Zn anodes with exceptional cycling stability and perfect coulombic efficiency are achieved.
3 A self-powered biosensing platform that integrates Zn//I₂ batteries with hydrogel sensor achieves real-time physiological monitoring.

Dipole-Driven Charge Trapping in Monolayer Janus MoSSe for Ultrathin Nonvolatile Memory Devices

2026-01-26T06:18:19+00:00

The continued scaling of flash memory technologies faces challenges such as limited operation speed, poor data retention, and interface defects inherent to conventional three-dimensional architectures. Two-dimensional (2D) materials, with van der Waals interfaces and atomic-scale thickness, offer a promising pathway to overcome these limitations by enabling efficient charge modulation while minimizing surface defects. In this work, a nonvolatile 2D flash memory device is developed employing monolayer Janus MoSSe as the charge-trapping layer and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as an ultrathin tunneling barrier. The intrinsic structural asymmetry of Janus MoSSe induces a strong vertical dipole moment, resulting in enhanced charge trapping, deeper energy barriers, and directional polarization compared with symmetric 2D materials. Consequently, the devices exhibit outstanding retention times exceeding 10⁴ s, endurance beyond 10⁴ program/erase cycles, and large memory window ratios (ΔV/V_G,max of 50%–70% for 10 and 6 nm h-BN, respectively), with charge-trapping rates up to 8.96 × 10¹⁴ cm⁻² s⁻¹. In addition, Janus MoSSe-based devices show synaptic characteristics under electrical pulses and perform recognition simulations in artificial neural networks. These findings establish a design paradigm for 2D memory devices, enabling ultrathin, flexible, and energy-efficient nonvolatile memories.

Highlights:
1 Janus MoSSe-based floating-gate memory exhibits ultrafast charge-trapping dynamics and stable charge retention exceeding 108 s under low-voltage operation.
2 The intrinsic out-of-plane dipole moment in Janus MoSSe effectively suppresses leakage current and enlarges the memory window, even with ultrathin h-BN tunneling layers.
3 The proposed all-van der Waals heterostructure provides a scalable platform for high-speed, energy-efficient, and reliable nonvolatile memory applications.

Temperature-Dependent Infrared Engineering for Extreme Environments: All-Dielectric Thermal Photonic Metamaterials Stable at 1873 K in Air

2026-01-22T00:41:24+00:00

The development of infrared engineering technologies for extreme environments remains a formidable challenge due to the inherent trade-offs among optical performance, thermal stability, and mechanical integrity in thermal photonic metamaterials (TPMs). This work introduces a novel multi-objective design framework and demonstrates the design, fabrication, and validation of a TPM operating under extreme temperatures up to 1873 K. We have established a holistic design framework integrating temperature-dependent neural network and Pareto multi-objective optimization to co-optimize spectral response, component light-weighting, and structural efficiency. The framework achieves 100 times faster computation than genetic algorithms. The performance of the designed TPM was evaluated under various atmospheric models and detection distances. The TPM achieved a peak radiance suppression efficiency of 82% and a maximum attenuation of − 7.4 dB at 1200–1500 K. Experimentally, we fabricated an all-dielectric TPM using a refractory TiO₂/BeO multilayer stack with only 5 layers and 2 μm total thickness. The optimized structure shows high reflectivity (0.62 at 3–5 μm; 0.48 at 8–14 μm) for radiative suppression and high emissivity (0.87 at 5–8 μm) for radiative cooling. The TPM withstands 1873 K for 12 h in air with less than 3% spectral drift, retaining excellent mechanical properties. On high-temperature components, it achieves 40–50% radiative suppression and 40–60 K (~ 10.1 kW m⁻²) radiative cooling at 1100 K, endures over 20 times thermal shock cycles (> 150 K s⁻¹, 700–1500 K), and maintains stable performance over 5 cycles, with 78% visible and 98% microwave transmittance. This work establishes a new paradigm in the design and application of photonic materials for extreme environments.

Highlights:
1 Temperature-dependent infrared engineering integrated with Pareto multi-objective optimization to simultaneously co-optimize spectral response, component, and structural efficiency.
2 All-dielectric thermal photonic metamaterials (TPMs, 5-layer & 2-μm) achieve 0.62/0.48 reflectivity (3–5/8–14 μm) for 82% radiative suppression (− 7.4 dB, 3–5 μm in atmosphere) and 0.87 emissivity (5–8 μm) for 10.1 kW m⁻² radiative cooling.
3 The integrated all-dielectric TPM delivers 40%–50% radiative suppression and 40–60 K cooling at 1100 K, withstands > 20 thermal shocks (> 150 K s⁻¹), and maintains 78% visible & 98% microwave transmittance.

Single-Atom Ru in CoFe-LDH Drives Efficient Charge Separation on BiVO4 for Solar Water Splitting

2026-01-20T01:49:03+00:00

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄) is regarded as a promising photoanode for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Despite its advantage in band gap and visible-light response, the BiVO₄ exhibits an unsatisfactory achieving water splitting due to severe charge recombination. Herein, we elucidate an innovative approach involving the incorporation of single Ru atom with a CoFe-LDH cocatalyst (Ru_0.51-CoFe-LDH) and integrating it onto the BiVO₄ semiconductor substrate. The resulting Ru_0.51-CoFe-LDH/BiVO₄ photoanode film demonstrates commendable charge injection efficiency (76%) and charge collection efficiency (100%). Interestingly, the yield of hydrogen and oxygen increases linearly at a stoichiometric ratio of about 2:1, reaching 158.6 and 67.4 μmol after 140 min of irradiation, respectively. According to experimental characterization and density functional theory calculation, this remarkable performance results from single Ru atoms triggering the electron rearrangement of Ru_0.51-CoFe-LDH to engineer active sites and optimize interfacial energetics. Additionally, the negative shift of Ru_0.51-CoFe-LDH band edge gives rise to more conspicuous band bending of the n–n junction formed with BiVO₄, expediting the separation and transfer of photogenerated electron–hole pairs at the interface. This work furnishes a new preparation perspective for PEC water splitting systems to construct single atoms in the semiconductor substrate.

Highlights:
1 The single Ru atoms trigger the electron rearrangement of Ru_0.51-CoFe-LDH to engineer active sites and optimize interfacial energetics.
2 The negative shift of Ru_0.51-CoFe-LDH band edge gives rise to more conspicuous band bending of the n-n junction formed with BiVO₄.
3 The Ru_0.51-CoFe-LDH/BiVO₄ photoanode film displays a 3.1 times higher photocurrent density than bare BiVO₄ and commendable charge collection efficiency (100%).

Scalable Fabrication of Large-Scale Electrochromic Smart Windows for Superior Solar Radiation Regulation and Energy Savings

2026-01-17T08:44:22+00:00

Electrochromic smart windows (ESWs) can significantly reduce building energy consumption, but the high cost hinders large-scale production. The in situ growth of tungsten oxide (WO₃) films is only by a simple immersion process, the silver nanowires (AgNWs) undergo oxidation to Ag⁺ ions through electron loss, and the liberated electrons provide driving force for the deposition of WO₄²⁻. Enabled the fabrication of large-area WO₃ films and ESWs were fabricated under minimal laboratory conditions, demonstrating the economic feasibility, efficient and reliable nature of industrial production. Structural characterization and density functional theory calculations were combined to confirm that AgNWs effectively regulate oxygen vacancies of WO₃ films and promote the in situ growth process. The optimized WO₃ exhibits a maximum transmittance modulation of 90.8% and excellent cycling stability of 20,000 cycles. The large-scale WO₃-based ESWs can save building energy up to 140.0 MJ m⁻² compared to traditional windows in tropical regions, as verified by simulations more than 40 global cities. This research provides a new approach for improving the performance and industrial production of ESW, providing the full understanding and development direction to short the distance of the ESW commercial production.

Highlights:
1 Propose the in-situ growth strategy of WO₃ films and deeply explore the growth mechanism and reveal the "one stone, three birds" synergistic mechanism of silver nanowires.
2 The WO₃-based electrochromic devices not only can achieve large-area fabrication, dual-band regulation, and excellent cycling stability, but also possess excellent photothermal control capabilities.
3 A uniform and large-scale WO₃-based electrochromic smart windows of 6000 cm² was fabricated through a simple device, which can save building energy up to 140.0 MJ m^-2 compared to traditional windows.

Dual Chloride Confinement in Noble Metal‐Doped NiV LDH Catalysts Enables Stable Industrial-Level Seawater Electrolysis

2026-01-17T07:57:34+00:00

Seawater electrolysis is an appealing route toward sustainable hydrogen production, yet its practical deployment is hindered by severe chloride-induced corrosion and parasitic chlorine oxidation. Here, we report noble metal-doped NiV layered double hydroxides (LDHs) that integrate electronic modulation with a dual chloride confinement mechanism. Ir incorporation simultaneously establishes strong Ir-Cl coordination and dynamically regenerated VO₄³⁻ layers, producing an adaptive electrostatic shield that effectively suppresses chloride penetration. As a result, Ir-NiV LDH delivers nearly 100% oxygen evolution reaction selectivity and outstanding stability over 2750 h at 500 mA cm⁻². Meanwhile, Ru doping optimizes the hydrogen evolution pathway, enabling a low overpotential of 195 mV and >2350 h durability. When paired in a twso-electrode electrolyzer, the Ru-NiVLDH||Ir-NiVLDH system exhibits industrial-level performance and unprecedented robustness in alkaline seawater. This dual chloride confinement concept provides a general framework for catalyst design in corrosive ionic environments, extending beyond seawater splitting toward other electrochemical energy conversion processes.

Highlights:
1 Noble metal doping into NiV-layered double hydroxides optimizes the electronic structure of active sites, significantly enhancing its catalytic performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction.
2 A “dual chloride confinement” strategy is proposed to overcome chloride corrosion in seawater electrolysis by synergizing strong adsorption (Ir-Cl) with electrostatic repulsion (VO₄³⁻).
3 Offers a practical route toward economically viable and sustainable hydrogen production from seawater.

Mechano-Electrochemical Synergy in Cellulose@MOF Scaffold-Based Asymmetric Electrolyte for Stable Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries

2026-01-17T06:44:28+00:00

The application of polymer electrolytes is expected to revitalize solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) with high energy density and enhanced safety. However, practical deployment faces challenges from inadequate mechanical properties of electrolyte and unstable interfaces in high-voltage SSLMBs. Herein, we design an asymmetric composite solid-state electrolyte (ACSE) composed of a cellulose framework in situ self-assembled with zeolitic imidazolate framework nanosheets (CP@MOF) embedded in a polymer matrix. The CP@MOF network provides the electrolyte with an elastic modulus of 1.19 GPa, effectively resisting Li dendrite penetration. Furthermore, theoretical calculations guided the compositional design of ACSE to address asynchronous interfacial requirements at cathode/electrolyte and anode/electrolyte interfaces, facilitating stable interphase formation and thus ensuring prolonged cycling of SSLMBs. Consequently, Li symmetric cells achieve extended cycling stability (> 5000 h) with minimal polarization. The NCM811|Li full cell maintains 84.9% capacity retention after 350 cycles. Notably, assembled NCM811 pouch cells deliver practical energy densities of 337.9 Wh kg⁻¹ and 711.7 Wh L⁻¹, demonstrating exceptional application potential. This work provides novel insights into the application of ACSEs for high-energy–density SSLMBs.

Highlights:
1 A structurally simple asymmetric solid-state electrolyte successfully stabilizes the interface between lithium metal and high-voltage cathodes in solid-state lithium metal batteries.
2 Environmentally friendly cellulose provides high mechanical support, while layered self-assembled metal–organic frameworks restrict TFSI⁻, efficiently promoting Li⁺ transport.
3 The assembled pouch cell exhibited a high gravimetric/volume energy density of 337.9 Wh kg⁻¹/711.7 Wh L⁻¹.

Stabilizing the Anode and Cathode Interface Synchronously via Electrolyte-Triggered Hydrogel Interphase for Zinc Metal Batteries

2026-01-17T02:16:37+00:00

The advancement of aqueous zinc metal batteries (ZMBs) is constrained by intrinsic interfacial issues in aqueous electrolyte systems. Here, using numerical simulation, we decipher the multi-scale causes of interfacial instability, elucidating the synergistic effect of macroscopic ineffective regions and microscopic passivation. Based on the analysis, we develop an electrolyte-triggered interphase construction strategy to resolve the interfacial failure. This strategy couples the in situ formation of hydrogel interphase on both the anode and cathode with the electrolyte filling process, thereby (1) facilitating contact between electrodes and the separator; (2) promoting anode reversibility through inducing a bilayer SEI that enhances Zn²⁺ desolvation kinetics and blocks electron tunneling; (3) ensuring long-term cathode cycling stability via restricting the irreversible dissolution of MnO₂ and side-reactions. The resultant Zn metal anode exhibited a near-unity Coulombic efficiency (99.5%) for Zn plating/stripping at an extremely low current density of 0.1 mA cm⁻² and the Zn/MnO₂ full cell sustained 2000 full-duty-cycles with an exceptionally low decay rate of 0.0051% per-cycle. This work unlocks an alternative angle for promoting practical ZMBs toward more sustainable energy storage systems.

Highlights:
1 Decipher the multi-scale causes of interfacial instability in aqueous electrolyte systems via numerical simulations.
2 Develop an electrolyte-triggered interphase construction strategy to achieve synergistic regulation of both the anode and cathode.
3 Achieve high Coulombic efficiency (99.5%) and long-term cycling stability (over 6000 h) at ultra-low current density (0.1 mA cm⁻²) in zinc metal batteries.

Multifaceted Janus Textile Simultaneously Achieving Self-Sustainable Thermal Management, Perception, and Protection

2026-01-17T01:59:26+00:00

The integration of personal thermal management, perception, protection, and comfort is essential for the development for next-generation textiles capable of performing in complex environments. Janus-designed textiles represent a promising route to this integration, offering adaptive dual-functionality. However, most current designs are limited to single-purpose applications, restricting their effectiveness in truly multifunctional scenarios. Here, we present a multifaceted Janus (X-Janus) textile that overcomes these limitations by combining innovative microporous polytetrafluoroethylene fibers with multidimensional nano- to microscale fibrils and MXene-coated carbon fabric. The X-Janus textile delivers multiple energy-independent functionalities: a spectral Janus design that enables adaptive thermal management through switchable radiative cooling or warming; an electrical Janus design that provides self-powered sensing and energy harvesting; and a wetting Janus design that ensures wearing comfort with waterproofness. Besides, the textile provides comprehensive protection including chemical resistance, electromagnetic interference shielding (56 dB), ultraviolet protection (UPF > 1,500), and flame retardancy. By integrating these advanced features, the X-Janus textile inspires new strategy for self-sustainable textiles, offering scalable solutions for outdoor safety, industrial wearables, and intelligent clothing where multifunctionality and environmental resilience are critical.

Highlights:
1 A shear-induced fibrillation strategy enables the continuous fabrication of microporous polytetrafluoroethylene fibers with nano-micro-fibrils with great porosity and strength.
2 A multifaceted Janus design integrates spectral, electrical, and wetting dualities in one textile, realizing adaptive cooling/heating, self-powered sensing, and waterproof breathability without external energy.
3 Comprehensive protection including electromagnetic interference shielding, UV resistance, flame retardancy, and chemical stability for self-sustainable, multifunctional, and comfortable wearables.

Heterolayered Carbonized MXene/Polyimide Aerogel for Low-Reflection Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Multi-Spectrum Compatible Protection

2026-01-17T00:39:40+00:00

The advancement of next-generation high-frequency communication systems and stealth detection technologies necessitate the development of efficient, multi-spectrum compatible shielding materials. However, the achievement of simultaneous high efficiency and low reflectivity across microwave, terahertz, and infrared spectra remains a formidable challenge. Herein, a carbonized MXene/polyimide (C-MXene/PI) aerogel material integrating a spatially coupled hierarchically anisotropic structure with stepwise conductivity gradients was constructed. Electromagnetic waves propagate through the top-down vertical disordered horizontal architecture and progressive conductivity gradient of C-MXene/PI aerogel, undergoing stepwise absorption–dissipation–re-dissipation processes. The C-MXene/PI aerogel exhibits an average electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness of 91.0 dB in X-band and a reflection coefficient of 0.40. In the terahertz frequency band, the average EMI shielding performance reaches 66.2 dB with a reflection coefficient of 0.33. Furthermore, the heterolayered porous architecture of C-MXene/PI aerogels exhibits low thermal conductivity and reduced infrared emissivity, enabling exceptional infrared stealth capability across the 2–16 μm wavelength spectrum. This study provides an feasible strategy for constructing low-reflectivity multi-spectrum compatible shielding materials.

Highlights:
1 A carbonized MXene/polyimide (C-MXene/PI) aerogel with hierarchically anisotropic and gradient electrical conductivity structures was constructed via a stepwise freezing strategy.
2 The C-MXene/PI aerogel shows a high EMI shielding effectiveness of 91.0 dB with a low reflection coefficient of 0.40 in the X-band, alongside a high shielding of 66.2 dB with an excellent low reflection of 0.33 in the THz band.
3 The C-MXene/PI aerogel exhibits low thermal conductivity and reduced infrared emissivity, enabling exceptional infrared stealth capability across the 2–16 μm wavelength spectrum.

Coplanar Floating-Gate Antiferroelectric Transistor with Multifunctionality for All-in-One Analog Reservoir Computing

2026-01-14T06:30:41+00:00

Analog reservoir computing (ARC) systems offer an energy-efficient platform for temporal information processing. However, their physical implementation typically requires disparate materials and device architectures for different system components, leading to complicated fabrication processes and increased system complexity. In this work, we present a coplanar floating-gate antiferroelectric field-effect transistor (FG AFeFET) that unifies multiple neural functionalities within a single device, enabling the physical implementation of a complete ARC system. By combining a coplanar layout design with an area ratio engineering strategy, we achieve tunable device behaviors, including volatile responses for artificial neuron emulation, nonvolatile states for synaptic functions, and fading memory dynamics for reservoir operations. The mechanisms underlying these functionalities and their operating mechanism are systematically elucidated using load line analysis and energy band diagrams. Leveraging these insights, we demonstrate an all-in-one ARC system based on the unified coplanar FG AFeFET architecture, which achieves recognition accuracies of 95.6% and 83.4% on the MNIST and Fashion-MNIST datasets, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of coplanar FG AFeFETs to deliver area-efficient, design-flexible neuromorphic hardware for next-generation computing systems.

Highlights:
1 A novel coplanar structure design is proposed for floating-gate antiferroelectric field-effect transistor (FG AFeFET) demonstration with enhanced design flexibility and vertical scalability.
2 Multifunctionality is achieved within a single coplanar FG AFeFET via area ratio engineering, including volatile neuronal behavior, fading memory dynamics, and nonvolatile synaptic function. Systematic investigations into its detailed operating principles are conducted.
3 Seamless integration of a full analog reservoir computing system is demonstrated based on a unified coplanar FG AFeFET architecture, realizing satisfactory accuracies for pattern recognition tasks.

Textured and Hierarchically Porous Hematite Photoanode for Efficient Hydrogen Production via Photoelectrochemical Hydrazine Oxidation

2026-01-14T06:14:58+00:00

The performance of hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) photoanodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting has been limited to around 2–5 mA cm⁻² under standard conditions due to their short hole diffusion length and sluggish oxygen evolution reaction kinetics. This work overcomes those challenges through a synergistic strategy that co-designs the hematite architecture and the surface reaction pathway. We introduce a textured and hierarchically porous Ti-doped Fe₂O₃ (tp-Fe₂O₃) photoanode, synthesized via multi-cycle growth and flame annealing method. This unique architecture features a high texture (110), enlarged surface area, and hierarchically porous structure, which enable significantly enhanced bulk charge transport and interfacial charge transfer compared to typical nanorod Ti-doped Fe₂O₃ (nr-Fe₂O₃). As a result, the tp-Fe₂O₃ photoanode achieves a photocurrent density of 3.1 mA cm⁻² at 1.23 V vs. RHE with exceptional stability over 105 h, notably without any co-catalyst. By replacing the OER with the hydrazine oxidation reaction, the photocurrent further reaches a record-high level of 7.1 mA cm⁻² at 1.23 V_RHE. Finally, when we integrate the tp-Fe₂O₃ with a commercial Si solar cell, it achieves a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 8.7%—the highest reported value for any Fe₂O₃-based PV-tandem system. This work provides critical insights into rational Fe₂O₃ photoanode design and highlights the potential of hydrazine as an efficient alternative anodic reaction, enabling waste valorization.

Highights:
1 A multi-cycle growth and flame annealing strategy was developed to construct textured and hierarchically porous Ti-doped hematite (tp-Fe₂O₃) photoanodes with enhanced charge transport and surface kinetics.
2 The hydrazine oxidation reaction was introduced as a fast and thermodynamically favorable alternative to the oxygen evolution reaction, enabling the simultaneous production of hydrogen and the remediation of toxic hydrazine.
3 The tp-Fe₂O₃-based bias-free photovoltaic-photoelectrochemical tandem device achieved a record solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 8.7%, demonstrating excellent stability and scalability for sustainable solar fuel generation.

High Durability Sliding TENG with Enhanced Output Achieved by Capturing Multiple Region Charges for Harvesting Wind Energy

2026-01-14T03:01:59+00:00

Improving the electric output and durability of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) remains a great challenge. In sliding-mode TENG, surface charge dissipation and charge leakage caused by the volume effect result in serious energy waste. In this work, a durable dual output mode TENG (DDO-TENG), which includes alteranting current and direct current output modes, is designed to capture the dissipating charges in the surface of charge space accumulation area and the inner leakage charge in porous network to further improve the output performance of sliding TENGs. The output charge density of DDO-TENG reaches 0.847 mC m⁻², which is 2.39 times as that of the single mode device. In addition, it has strong durability, remaining 95.7% after over 271 k cycles, and it can continuously power electronics by harvesting wind energy. This work provides a strategy for achieving the improvement on output performance and durability and expands the application of TENG.

Highlights:
1 A dual output mode triboelectric nanogenerator for capturing multiple regions charges is proposed.
2 Achieving a 139% improvement in charge transferring rate compared to traditional device.
3 A charge density of 846.7 μC m⁻² is achieved based on microscale dielectric material.
4 The device can supply power for remote road signs under wind energy.

Strong and Tough MXene-Induced Bacterial Cellulose Macrofibers for AIoT Textile Electronics

2026-01-14T01:01:24+00:00

Textile electronics with extraordinary sensing capabilities holds significant potential in the Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT). However, little effort is paid to their mutual advantages of robust interfacial interactions, ultra-strong mechanical performance, and stability. Herein, we fabricate homogeneous and multifunctional core–shell macrofibers by integrating bridge-functionalized MXene/PEDOT:PSS conductive ink with aligned bacterial cellulose (BC). These resulting macrofibers feature mechanical properties (tensile strength of 433.2 MPa and the Young’s modulus of 25.9 GPa), exceptional electrical conductivity (10.05 S cm⁻¹) and durable hydrophobicity. Such superior robustness allows for the fabrication of the macrofibers woven into textile-based triboelectric nanogenerator (PKT-TENG) and shows an impressive high-performance of a maximum open-circuit voltage of 272.54 V, short-circuit current of 14.56 μA and power density of 86.29 mW m⁻², which successfully powers commercial electronics. As the proof-of-concept illustration, the macrofibers with durable hydrophobicity and high piezoresistive sensitivity are further employed for precepting diverse liquids that can simultaneously monitor their distinctive motion features via real-time resistance variation on the textile-based array. This work is expected to offer new insights into the design of advanced fibers with ultra-strong mechanical capabilities and high conductivity and provide an avenue for the development of textile electronics for high-performance sensing and intelligent manufacturing.

Highlights:
1 PKT-TENG woven with K-MXene/PEDOT:PSS integrated bacterial cellulose (BC) via polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coating (PKMPBC) macrofibers were fabricated by bridging K-MXene/PEDOT:PSS ink with aligned BC macrofibers, then dip-coated with PDMS, showing high conductivity (10.05 S cm⁻¹), high mechanical strength (433.8 MPa) and superior Young’s modules (25.9 GPa).
2 PKT-TENG integrated with PKMPBC macrofiebrs shows excellent triboelectric response and stability, delivering 86.29 mW m⁻² power density to power an electronic watch and capacitors.
3 Resistance-sensitive PKMPBC macrofibers proved the capability of recognition for diverse liquid with precisely detection and fed back multifactor behaviors.

Electrocatalytic Self-Coupling of N-Heterocyclic Amides for Energy-Efficient Bipolar Hydrogen Production

2026-01-09T04:08:15+00:00

This study proposes a green electrochemical strategy for addressing the high-energy-barrier oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in traditional overall water splitting. Leveraging the thermodynamic advantages of N–H bond activation/cleavage and N–N coupling processes, the 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole (DAT) oxidative coupling reaction (DATOR) has been introduced to replace the high-energy-barrier oxygen evolution reaction (OER). This substitution enables low-energy-consumption hydrogen production while simultaneously yielding high-value azo energetic materials. Furthermore, to enhance electron and atom economy, the anodic DATOR process allows the hydrogen radicals (H*) generated from amine dehydrogenation to chemically combine via the Tafel process, producing hydrogen gas. By constructing coupling system with Pt_s,n@NiS₂@CC cathode and CuO/CF anode, the operating voltage of the system was significantly reduced (0.96 V@10 mA cm^{− 2}), which was 680 mV more energy efficient than conventional water electrolysis (1.64 V). In situ spectroscopy and theoretical calculations indicate that the anode DATOR generates DAAT through the N–H bond cleavage and N–N coupling path mediated by hydroxyl radicals (OH*), while releasing hydrogen gas. The coupling system has been operating stably for more than 300 h at an industrial-grade current density. This research provides new ideas for dual-electrode hydrogen production and green electrosynthesis of functional materials, with significant energy and economic benefits.

Highlights:
1 Replacing anodic oxygen evolution reaction with 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole oxidative coupling enables ultra-low-voltage (0.96 V @10 mA cm^{− 2}) dual-electrode H₂ production and simultaneous synthesis of energetic 5,5′-diamino-3,3′-azido-1H-1,2,4-triazole (DAAT), achieving 35.8% energy savings.
2 A Pt single-atom/nanoparticle hybrid on NiS₂ nanosheets (Pts,n@NiS₂@CC) exhibits exceptional alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction performance and stability via optimized H* adsorption.
3 Anodic DAAT formation proceeds via an OH*-mediated N–N coupling pathway, enabling stable (> 300 h @500 mA cm^{− 2}), industrial-scale bipolar H₂ production coupled with green DAAT synthesis in an anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer.

High-Strength 3D-Ordered Ceramic-Gel Composite Electrolytes Enable Highly Stable Sodium Metal Batteries at − 20 to 60 °C

2026-01-09T03:04:09+00:00

Ceramic-gel composite electrolytes (CGEs) attract significant attention as solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) for sodium metal batteries owing to their favorable ionic conductivity and interfacial compatibility. However, conventional CGEs generally feature insufficient mechanical strength and consequent uncontrollable dendrite growth, remaining long-standing fundamental challenges that severely limit practical applications. Herein, this study presents a high-strength CGE that enables efficient stress transfer, achieving a compressive strength of 20.1 MPa (20 times higher than conventional gel electrolytes), while maintaining excellent ionic conductivity and effectively suppressing sodium dendrites. The 3D-Na₃Zr₂Si₂PO₁₂ framework further serves as a thermal barrier, imparting the CGE with superior flame retardancy. Additionally, Na/CGE/NVP-K_0.05 cells exhibit 75.9% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles at 5C (25 °C) and deliver 78.5 mAh g⁻¹ at 30C (60 °C). Remarkably, the CGE exhibits excellent low-temperature adaptability, retaining nearly 100% capacity at –20 °C. These results highlight a viable strategy for designing safe and high-performance solid-state sodium metal batteries toward practical deployment.

Highlights:
1 A high-strength ceramic-gel electrolyte enables efficient stress transfer, achieving a compressive strength of 20.1 MPa (20 times that of conventional gel electrolytes) while maintaining excellent ionic conductivity and effectively suppressing sodium dendrite growth.
2 The Na₃Zr₂Si₂PO₁₂ framework acts as a thermal barrier, imparting the ceramic-gel composite electrolytes with superior flame retardancy and maintaining structural integrity after 30 s of burning.
3 The structural–functional integration ensures efficient Na⁺ conduction (3.37 × 10⁻³ S cm⁻¹) and stable performance from − 20 to 60 °C.

Self-Assembled Ordered Nanostructure of Zwitterionic Co-Solutes Induces Localized High-Concentration Electrolytes for Ultrastable and Efficient Zinc Metal Anodes

2026-01-09T00:14:34+00:00

Localized high-concentration electrolytes (LHCEs) are considered as promising electrolyte candidates to resolve technical issues of metal batteries owing to their unique interfacial properties and solvation structures. Herein, we propose a self-assembly chemical strategy into the LCHEs induced by ordered nanostructure of zwitterionic co-solutes for highly efficient and ultrastable zinc (Zn) metal batteries. Through the systematic screening of six zwitterionic compounds, 3-(decyldimethylammonio)propanesulfonate salt (C₁₀) with the decyl chain and zwitterions was determined as an optimum to construct quasi-spherical aggregates with a periodic length of 3.77 nm, as confirmed by comprehensive synchronous small-angle X-ray scattering, Guinier, pair distance distribution function, Porod, and other spectroscopic characterizations and molecular dynamic simulation. In particularly, this self-assembled structure in electrolyte environments was attributed to increasing the proportion of both contact and aggregated ion pairs for the formation of LHCEs as well as to providing fast and selective Zn²⁺ conducting channels and uniform solid electrolyte interfaces for facilitated charge transfer kinetics. Moreover, the preferential adsorption of the self-assembled C₁₀ on the Zn(002) surface modulated the electrical double layer to suppress hydrogen evolution and corrosion reactions. Consequently, the Zn||Zn symmetric cells in Zn(OTf)₂/C₁₀ electrolytes showed long-term plating/stripping behaviors over 2800 h at 1 mA cm⁻² and 1 mAh cm⁻² as well as over 1200 h even at 5 mA cm⁻² and 5 mAh cm⁻² with a very high depth of discharge of 42.7%. Furthermore, the Zn||VO₂/CNT full cells in Zn(OTf)₂/C₁₀ electrolytes delivered a record-high capacity of 8.10 mAh cm⁻² at an ultrahigh cathode mass loading of 50 mg cm⁻² after 150 cycles.

Highlights:
1 Self-assembled zwitterion (C10) induces localized high-concentration electrolytes, regulating Zn²⁺ solvation, guiding selective ion transport, and enabling uniform solid electrolyte interface formation.
2 A comprehensive set of advanced analyses (Guinier, PDDF, Porod) combined with spectroscopy and simulations reveals that C10 self-assembles into ~3.8 nm quasi-spherical aggregates and bilayer-like interfacial structures.
3 C10 enables ultrastable cycling (>2800 h) in symmetric cells and record areal capacity (8.1 mAh cm⁻² at 50 mg cm⁻²) in Zn||VO₂/CNT full cells, highlighting its practical potential for high-energy Zn batteries.

Photocatalytic H2O2 Production over Ultrathin Layered Double Hydroxide with 3.92% Solar-to-H2O2 Efficiency

2026-01-16T07:10:04+00:00

Artificial photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) from earth-abundant water and oxygen is a sustainable approach, however current photocatalysts suffer from low production rate and solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency (< 1.5%). Herein, we report that nickel–chromium layered double hydroxide with intercalated nitrate (NiCrOOH-NO₃) and a thickness of ~ 4.4 nm is an efficient photocatalyst, enabling a H₂O₂ production yield of 28.7 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ under visible light irradiation with 3.92% solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency. Experimental and computational studies have revealed an inherent facet-dependent reduction–oxidation reaction behavior and spatial separation of photogenerated electrons and holes. An unexpected role of intercalated nitrate is demonstrated, which promotes excited electron—hole spatial separation and facilitates the electron transfer to oxygen intermediate via delocalization. This work provides understandings in the impact of nanostructure and anion in the design of advanced photocatalysts, paving the way toward practical synthesis of H₂O₂ using fully solar-driven renewable energy.

Highlights:
1 The use of layered double hydroxides for photocatalytic for H₂O₂ production is innovatively demonstrated.
2 Facet-dependent spatial charge separation enables maximized carrier utilization efficiency.
3 The unique role of intercalated nitrate in promoting electron-hole separation and facilitating intermolecular electron transfer is unveiled.
4 A record-high H₂O₂ production rate of 28.7 mmol g^-1 h^-1 with 3.92% solar-to-chemical efficiency is achieved.

Temperature-Immune High-Entropy Alloy Flexible Strain Sensor on Electrospinning Nanofibrous Membrane

2026-01-16T06:32:18+00:00

Temperature stability is essential for the precision of flexible sensors. However, constrained by the composite principle of heterogeneous materials, the existing self-compensating methods encounter substantial challenges. To tackle this, high-entropy alloy nanofibers were utilized to construct a flexible strain sensor with inherent temperature stability. This approach leverages the electrohydrodynamic direct writing; a precursor conductive network was established through the electrospinning of a high-entropy alloy acetate and polyvinylidene difluoride solution blend. Subsequently, annealing treatment facilitated metallization, resulting in the synergistic preservation of polymer stretchability and the low temperature coefficient of resistance properties of high-entropy alloys inside the nanofibers. The test results demonstrate that the high-entropy alloys flexible strain sensor exhibits a remarkably low temperature coefficient of resistance (45.59 ppm K⁻¹) across the range of − 10 to 70 °C, a sensitivity coefficient GF of 1.12 with a 50% strain range, and a response time of 310 ms. After 6000 stretching cycles, no baseline drift or failure occurred, indicating excellent cyclic stability. Furthermore, the outstanding temperature stability of the sensor was validated through wearable application and robotic hands strain sensing conducted under varied environment temperatures. This work provides a viable design pathway for developing flexible sensors with an inherently low temperature coefficient of resistance.

Highlights:
1 High-entropy alloy fiber was fabricated via electrohydrodynamic direct writing and subsequently metallized at the nanoscale to form uniform high-entropy alloy lattices within polymer nanofibers.
2 The metallized temperature-immune strain sensor exhibits low temperature coefficient of resistance (45.59 ppm K^-1) and excellent cyclic stability (6000 cycles), enabling reliable strain measurements across a wide temperature range.
3 Wearable human joint monitoring and robotic grasping tests demonstrate the sensor’s high reliability and accurate response under complex thermal environments.

Sensilla Trichoidea-Inspired, High-Temperature, and Omnidirectional Vibration Perception Based on Monolayer Graphene

2026-01-16T06:10:05+00:00

With the convergence of sensor technology, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things, intelligent vibration monitoring systems are undergoing transformative development. This evolution imposes stringent demands on the miniaturization, low power consumption, high integration, and environmental adaptability of transducers. Graphene, renowned for its superlative physicochemical attributes, holds significant promise for application in micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems (M/NEMS). However, the inherent central symmetry of graphene restricts its utility in piezoelectric devices. Inspired by the sensilla trichoidea of spiders, a three-dimensional (3D) cilia-like monolayer graphene omnidirectional vibration transducer (CGVT) based on a stress-induced self-assembly mechanism is fabricated, demonstrating notable performance and high-temperature resistance. Furthermore, 3D vibration vector decoding is realized via an omnidirectional decoupling algorithm based on one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1DCNN) to achieve precise discrimination of vibration directions. The 3D bionic vibration-sensing system incorporates a spider web structure into a bionic cilia MEMS chip through a gold wire bonding process, enabling the realization of three distinct mechanisms for vibration detection and recognition. In particular, these devices are manufactured using silicon-based semiconductor processing techniques and MEMS fabrication methodologies, leading to a substantial reduction in the dimensions of individual components compared to traditional counterparts.

Highlights:
1 Bioinspired MEMS vibration perception: The monolithic integration of three-dimensional semicircular biomimetic ‘cilia’-structured vibration transducer arrays based on monolayer graphene was achieved by a controlled stress-driven self-assembly technique.
2 High Performance: The 3D vibration transducer array enables real-time, high-performance (87.95 pC g⁻¹), and wide-range vibration monitoring (1 Hz–10 kHz, 0–1120 g) under dynamic loading, while achieving omnidirectional vibration signal acquisition and decoupling.
3 Resistant to high temperatures: Stable vibration responses at ultrahigh temperatures up to 800 °C are achieved with merely a 20-nm-thick Si₃N₄ protective coating.

Li7La3Zr2O12/Polymethacrylate-Based Composite Electrolyte with Hybrid Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Ultra-stable Solid-State Lithium Batteries

2026-01-16T05:55:35+00:00

Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂-based electrolytes have got great promise for solid-state lithium (Li) metal batteries because of their high elastic modulus and wide electrochemical stability window. However, the insufficient contact and heterogeneous Li deposition severely hinder their practical applications. Here, a flexible ternary polymethacrylate (PMA) matrix is designed to incorporate with Ta-doped Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ (LLZTO-PMA). The PMA matrix ensures excellent interfacial contact, while the synergistic effects of its polar carbonyl groups and its interaction with LLZTO creating fast interfacial Li⁺ pathways yield a high ionic conductivity of 0.266 mS cm ⁻ ¹ at 20 °C. Moreover, the interaction between LLZTO and PMA matrix further guides the formation of a hybrid LiF/Li₃N-rich solid electrolyte interphase, which allows a fast Li⁺ interfacial kinetic due to its lowered Li⁺ diffusion barrier. Consequently, the LLZTO-PMA electrolyte contributes an ultra-stable Li anode interphase, attaining a lifespan exceeding 10,000 h in symmetric cells and retaining over 96% capacity after 600 cycles in full battery, demonstrating a breakthrough for high-performance solid-state batteries.

Highlights:
1 A molecular engineering of Ta-doped Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ (LLZTO) incorporated with polymethacrylate-based (PMA) copolymer moves beyond simple blending to combine the polar carbonyl groups and interfacial Li⁺ transport pathways, yielding high ionic conductivity (0.266 mS cm ⁻ ¹) and high Li⁺ transference number (0.621) at 20 °C.
2 The integration of LLZTO triggers the in situ formation of a hybrid LiF-Li₃N-rich solid electrolyte interphase with a low Li⁺ diffusion barrier for uniform Li deposition and exceptional interfacial stability.
3 The LLZTO-PMA contributes an ultra-stable anode interphase, thus delivering symmetric cell over 10,000 h.

Perovskite/Organic Tandem Solar Cells with 26.49% Efficiency via Enhanced Absorption and Minimized Energy Losses

2026-01-13T11:49:13+00:00

Although perovskite/organic tandem solar cells have many advantages, their power conversion efficiency (PCE) still substantially lags behind their perovskite/perovskite counterparts. One of the main reasons is the low external quantum efficiency and high energy loss of the rear subcell. In this work, guided by the semi-empirical analysis, the most suitable available material combination has been obtained. To further improve the photovoltaic performance of the organic rear cells, isopropanol has been used as a co-solvent additive to finely tune the bulk heterojunction morphology of the active layer. Together with the optimization of each subcell, a remarkable PCE of 26.49% (certified 25.56%) with a high open-circuit voltage of 2.214 V has been achieved for the perovskite/organic tandem device.

Highlights:
1 A semi-empirical analysis is performed to select the best matchable perovskite front and organic rear cell materials for tandem solar cells.
2 Isopropanol is introduced as a co-solvent additive to precisely modulate the bulk heterojunction morphology of the active layer in the rear cell.
3 The resulting perovskite/organic tandem solar cells achieve a notable power conversion efficiency of 26.49% (certified 25.56%), along with a high open-circuit voltage of 2.214 V.

Multifunctional Three-Dimensional Porous MXene-Based Film with Superior Electromagnetic Wave Absorption and Flexible Electronics Performance

2026-01-13T11:20:39+00:00

The development of multifunctional electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials is essential for next-generation flexible electronics and intelligent protection systems. Herein, a novel three-dimensional porous MXene-based film integrated with metallic nickel nanoparticles (Ni-PMF) is designed and synthesized with the potential to address the urgent need for multifunctional electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials in next-generation intelligent systems. By using polystyrene spheres as sacrificial templates, a hierarchical porous architecture is constructed to prevent MXene nanosheet restacking, extend electromagnetic wave propagation paths, and optimize impedance matching. Simultaneously, uniformly distributed Ni nanoparticles introduce abundant heterogeneous interfaces, enhancing interfacial polarization and magnetic loss, which significantly improve electromagnetic wave attenuation. The Ni-PMF film achieves a minimum reflection loss of –64.7 dB and a broad effective absorption bandwidth of 7.2 GHz, covering the full Ku-band and outperforming most reported MXene thin film absorbers. In addition to superior electromagnetic wave absorption, the film demonstrates excellent electrothermal conversion and flexible strain-sensing capabilities, enabling integrated protection and real-time sensing functions. This multifunctional material offers promising potential for next-generation smart flexible electronic systems.

Highlights:
1 A multifunctional three-dimensional porous MXene-based film is fabricated, featuring a hierarchical porous structure that prevents nanosheet restacking and optimizes impedance matching.
2 The MXene-based film integrated with metallic nickel nanoparticles (Ni-PMF) film with a wide effective bandwidth of 7.2 GHz, fully covering the Ku-band and surpassing most reported MXene-based film absorbers. Simultaneously, the Ni-PMF exhibits excellent electrothermal conversion and flexible strain-sensing capabilities.
3 The Ni-PMF film integrates an electromagnetic attenuation mechanism, particularly abundant heterogeneous interfaces, thereby enhancing interfacial polarization and magnetic loss.

Self-Assembly Control of Y-Series Non-fullerene Acceptors for Sustainable and Scalable Organic Photovoltaics

2026-01-13T10:37:49+00:00

Sustainability and scalability remain critical hurdles for the commercialization of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, addressing both poses challenge. Herein, we introduce a simple yet effective strategy utilizing 3,5-dichloropyridine (PDCC) as a solid additive to fine-tune the self-assembly behavior of Y-series non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) to tackle the upscaling limitations in green-solvent-processed OSCs. PDCC predominantly interacts with Y-series NFAs, facilitating molecular crystallization and thereby driving the self-assembly of Y-series NFAs during film-forming dynamics, leading to more uniform active layers with improved molecular packing and reduced charge recombination. As a result, PDCC-driven self-assembly strategy enables high-performance OSCs with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.47%. When translated to sustainable fabrication, this strategy significantly boosts the PCE of large-area green-solvent-processed OSC modules (19.3 cm²) from 13.87% to 15.79%, ranking it among the best-performing green-solvent-processed large-area OSC modules (> 18 cm²). Beyond its impact on PCE enhancement, PDCC serves as a multifunctional additive to improve long-term stability and exhibits strong universality across multiple material systems. This work establishes a promising approach for advancing sustainable and scalable OSCs, paving the way for their commercialization.

Highlights:
1 The self-assembly behavior of Y-series non-fullerene acceptors and film formation dynamics are elucidated via in situ characterization, providing critical insights for sustainable and scalable organic solar cells (OSCs).
2 A 3,5-dichloropyridine-assisted self-assembly strategy enables 20.47% efficiency for small-area OSCs and 15.79% for sustainable organic photovoltaic modules (19.3 cm²).
3 This versatile self-assembly control approach is broadly applicable to various material systems, paving the way toward the commercialization of OSC.

Hierarchical Manufacturing of Anisotropic and High-Efficiency Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Modules for Smart Electronics

2026-01-13T10:17:46+00:00

To shield electronics from complicated electromagnetic environments caused by wireless electromagnetic waves, achieving elaborately structural manufacturing while not sacrificing electromagnetic interference shielding performances remains crucial challenges. Herein, we propose a hierarchical manufacturing method that combines the use of 3D printing shear flow field and layer-by-layer assembly for fabricating the structurally customizable and multifunctional polylactic acid@graphene nanoparticle (PLA@GNs) materials. The dynamic behavior of polymer fluids is firstly explored via computational fluid dynamic simulation, and a Weissenberg number is employed to quantitatively analyze the disordered-to-ordered structural evolution of molecular chains and nanoparticles, allowing to tailor the micro-scale ordered structures. Subsequently, the macro-scale 3D architectures of PLA@GNs modules are fabricated by layer-by-layer assembly. Owing to the aligned GNs, the shielding performance reaches 41.2 dB, simultaneously accompanied by a directional thermal conductivity of 3.2 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹. Moreover, the potential application of 3D-printed shielding modules in specific civilian frequency bands such as 4G (1800–2100 MHz), Bluetooth (2402–2480 MHz), and 5G (3300–3800 MHz) is fully demonstrated. Overall, this work not only establishes a universal methodology about 3D printing shear flow field-driven orientation of two-dimensional nanoparticles within polymer fluids, but also gives a scientific method for advanced manufacturing of the next-generation electromagnetic functional modules for smart electronics.

Highlights:
1 A universal methodology regarding 3D printing shear flow field-driven orientation of two-dimensional graphene nanoparticles within polymer fluids is established via computational fluid dynamics simulation.
2 A hierarchical manufacturing strategy is purposed to assembly polylactic acid@graphene nanoparticle (PLA@GNs) modules with anisotropic structural characteristics for contributing on the electromagnetic compatibility and heat dissipation of electronics.
3 The exceptional functionalities of 3D-printed modules including high-efficiency Electromagnetic shielding performance (41.2 dB) and directional thermal conductivity (3.2 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹) are achieved.

Enhancing Ultraviolet Stability and Operational Durability of Perovskite Photodetectors by Incorporating Chlorine into Thermally-Switchable Tautomeric Passivators

2026-01-13T09:18:37+00:00

UV-absorbing additives have recently been demonstrated to be effective interfacial modifiers that simultaneously enhance the UV stability and crystallization of halide perovskite. However, the underlying mechanisms concerning UV absorption, defect passivation, and efficacy optimization of these additives remain unresolved. Herein, two UV tautomeric absorbers (UV320 and UV327) are selected as defect-passivators for perovskites. The keto–enol tautomeric evolution processes and corresponding defect passivation performance/mechanism of both the original molecules and their tautomers are thoroughly compared and elucidated through experimental characterizations and density functional theory calculations. The additional carbonyl (–C=O) groups generated through the keto–enol tautomeric process triggered by the Cl atom in UV327 ultimately provide superior chemical coordination and enhanced defect-passivation capability compared to the original counterparts. Moreover, the versatility of K-UV327 is further demonstrated by its optimization of SnO₂ film quality, interfacial energy band alignment, charge extraction efficiency, and defect state suppression. The photodetector optimized by UV327’s tautomer achieves an ultralow dark current density of 3.22 × 10⁻¹⁰ A cm⁻², an enhanced linear dynamic range of 94.14 dB, and a fast response time of 23.35/26.19 μs. Notably, unencapsulated devices maintain a stable response at 3900 Hz following 300 h exposure to 40% ± 5% relative humidity and 30 h UV irradiation.

Highlights:
1 The tautomeric UV absorbers (UV320/UV327) in perovskites reveal keto–enol tautomerism, generating extra –C=O groups to enhance defect passivation.
2 The Cl atom in UV327 drives tautomerism, providing superior –C=O coordination, which optimizes SnO₂ energy bands/charge extraction, resulting in a dark current of 3.22 × 10⁻¹⁰ A cm⁻² and a response time of 23.35/26.19 μs.
3 Unencapsulated devices maintained 3900 Hz response after 300 h humidity (40 ± 5% RH) and 30 h UV stress, with 94.14 dB linear dynamic range.

Strong yet Flexible TiC-SiC Fibrous Membrane with Long-Time Ultrahigh Temperature Resistance for Sensing in Extreme Environment

2026-01-13T06:22:34+00:00

The demand for sensors capable of operating in extreme environment of the fields, such as aerospace vehicles, aeroengines and fire protection, is rapidly increasing. However, developing flexible ceramic fibrous pressure sensors that combine high temperature stability with robust mechanical properties remains a significant challenge. Herein, through precise multi-scale process control, high-strength (2.1 MPa) TiC-SiC flexible fibrous membrane is successfully fabricated. The membrane exhibits exceptional thermal resistance (2000 °C) and long–term thermal stability (1800 °C for 5 h) in the inert atmosphere. Meanwhile, the TiC-SiC fibrous membrane shows excellent oxidation resistance and still achieves strength of 1.8 MPa after being oxidized at 1200 °C for 1 h in air. Remarkably, TiC-SiC fibrous membrane withstands a load of approximately 1400 times its own weight and the ablation of butane flame (~ 1300 °C) for at least 1 h without breaking. Notably, after heat treatment at 1800 °C for 5 h in an argon atmosphere, the TiC-SiC fibrous membrane even sustains pressure–sensing performance for up to 300 cycles. The membrane exhibits stable resistivity up to 900 °C and shows sensing stability under butane flame. The results of this work provide an effective and feasible solution to fill the research gap of flexible fibrous sensors for extreme environments.

Highlights:
1 TiC-SiC fibrous membrane exhibits exceptional high–temperature resistance (2000 °C) and long–term thermal stability (1800 °C for 5 h) in an inert atmosphere.
2 TiC-SiC fibrous membrane demonstrates stable resistivity up to 900 °C and shows sensing stability under butane flame (~1300 °C).

Iron–Manganese Dual-Doping Tailors the Electronic Structure of Na3V2(PO4)2F3 for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries

2026-01-13T06:05:19+00:00

Sodium superionic conductor (NASICON)-type materials are promising cathodes for sodium-ion batteries due to their stable multi-channel frameworks and exceptional ionic conductivity. Among them, Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃ (NVPF) has attracted significant attention. However, the low electronic conductivity and phase impurities limit its sodium storage capability. Herein, we present a Fe and Mn dual-doped NVPF (FM-NVPF) cathode with improved phase purity, electronic conductivity, and electrochemical activities. Detailed ex-situ analyses and density functional theory calculations reveal that Fe and Mn dopants induce defect energy levels and modulate the electronic structure, resulting in a direct-to-indirect bandgap transition in NVPF, which in turn increases carrier concentration and lifetime, accelerates ionic/electronic transport, and improves structural stability. As a result, the FM-NVPF cathode delivers a high capacity of 126.6 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 C (1 C = 128 mAh g⁻¹) and outstanding high-rate capability of 67.6 mAh g⁻¹ at 50 C, corresponding to 1.2 min per charge. Furthermore, Na ion full cells assembled with the FM-NVPF cathodes and hard carbon anodes exhibit a high energy density of about 175 Wh kg⁻¹_{cathode+anode mass} and appealing cyclic stability. This work provides an efficient strategy for developing high-purity and high-performance NVPF cathode materials for advanced sodium-ion batteries.

Highlights:
1 Regulation of the electronic structure of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃ (NVPF) via iron–manganese dual-doping enhances electrical conductivity and ion diffusion kinetics.
2 Efficient charge transport and highly reversible Na+ de/intercalation in Fe-Mn dual-doped NVPF (FM-NVPF) enable exceptional rate capability and charge storage capacity.
3 The full cell with the FM-NVPF cathode and hard carbon anode displays superior rate performance and cycling stability.

A Rigid–Soft Graded Organic–Inorganic Interlayer for Durable and Corrosion-Resistant Zinc Anodes

2026-01-13T05:35:40+00:00

Aqueous zinc (Zn)-ion batteries hold great promise as renewable energy storage system for carbon–neutral energy transition. However, Zn anodes suffer from poor Zn plating/stripping reversibility due to Zn dendrite growth and side reactions. Existing Zn interfacial modification strategies based on single-component or homogeneous structure are insufficient to address these issues comprehensively. Herein, we rationally designed an organic–inorganic hybrid interfacial layer with rigid-to-soft graded structure for dendrite-free and stable Zn anodes. A liquid plasma-assisted oxidation technology is developed to rapidly construct a porous ZnO inner framework in situ. This ZnO layer offers high interfacial energy, mechanical robustness, and an open structure that facilitates ion transport while firmly anchoring a subsequently coated soft polymer layer. The resulting architecture presents a structurally graded and functionally complementary interface, enabling effective dendrite suppression, continuous Zn ion transport, and enhanced corrosion resistance. As a result, a long cycling stability of more than 6000 h can be achieved at 1 mA cm⁻² for 1 mAh cm^–2 in symmetric cells. When used as anodes for zinc-iodine full battery, the hybrid interlayer can effectively prevent the Zn anodes from the corrosion by polyiodine, enabling stable cycling and negligible capacity decay (~ 0.02‰ per cycle) for over 10,000 cycles at 2.0 A g⁻¹. This work demonstrates a promising interfacial design strategy and introduces a novel liquid plasma-assisted oxidation route for fabricating high-performance Zn anodes towards next-generation aqueous batteries.

Highlights:
1 A hybrid interfacial layer with a rigid-to-soft graded structure and functionally complementary composition.
2 A facile and scalable liquid plasma-assisted oxidation process for preparing the porous ZnO inner layer.
3 Good cycling stability of zinc anodes for more than 6,000 h at a current density of 1 mA cm⁻² for 1 mAh cm⁻² and ultra-low capacity decay (~0.02‰ per cycle) for over 10,000 cycles for zinc-iodine battery.

A High-Performance Thermal Charging Cell with High Power Density and Long Runtime Enabled by Zn2+ and NH4+ Co-insertion

2026-01-13T02:31:09+00:00

Zn-based thermal charging devices, utilizing the synergistic effect of ion thermoextraction and thermodiffusion, are able to efficiently convert thermal energy into electrical energy and storage in the devices, making them a highly promising technology for low-grade heat recovery and utilization. However, the low output power density and energy conversion efficiency resulted by the slow diffusion kinetics of Zn²⁺ hinder their development. Herein, we present a high-performance thermal charging cell design using Zn²⁺/NH₄⁺ hybrid ion electrolyte, which not only maintains the high output voltage of the Zn-based thermoelectric system, but also significantly enhances the output power density due to the fast diffusion kinetics of NH₄⁺. Based on this strategy, the thermal charging cell displays a high thermopower of 12.5 mV K⁻¹ and an excellent normalized power density of 19.6 mW m⁻² K⁻² at a temperature difference of 35 K. The Carnot-relative efficiency is as high as 12.74%. Moreover, it can operate continuously for over 72 h when the temperature difference persists, achieving a balance between thermoelectric conversion and output. This work provides a simple and effective strategy for the design of high-performance thermal charging cells for low-grade heat conversion and utilization.

Highlights:
1 The hybrid ion system strategically combines the high-voltage characteristics of Zn²⁺ redox with the exceptionally fast kinetics of NH₄⁺, significantly boosting thermoelectric performance for low-grade heat harvesting.
2 The Zn²⁺/NH₄⁺ co-insertion/thermoextraction mechanism is elucidated, where NH₄⁺ exhibits exceptionally fast migration due to its unique hydrogen bonding diffusion behavior.
3 The device achieves a record 19.6 mW m⁻² K⁻² normalized power density with 72 h continuous operation, demonstrating strong application potential

Atomically Dispersed Pt-Ru Dual-Atom Catalysts for Efficient Low-Temperature CO Oxidation Reaction

2026-01-13T02:14:51+00:00

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have demonstrated excellent performance in heterogeneous catalytic reactions owing to their maximized atomic efficiency, distinctive geometric, and electronic configurations. However, the efficacy of SACs remains limited for certain reactions requiring simultaneous activation of multiple reactants over metallic active sites. Herein, we report an atomically dispersed Pt₁Ru₁ dual-atom pair site anchored on nanodiamond@graphene (ND@G) for CO oxidation. The Pt₁Ru₁ dual-atom catalyst shows an exceptional turnover frequency (TOF) of 17.6 × 10⁻² s⁻¹ at significantly lower temperature (30 °C), achieving a tenfold increase in TOF compared to single-atom Pt₁/ND@G catalyst (1.5 × 10⁻² s⁻¹) and surpassing to previously reported Pt-based catalysts under similar conditions. Moreover, the catalyst demonstrates excellent stability, maintaining its activity for 40 h at 80 °C without significant deactivation. The superior catalytic performance of Pt-Ru dual-atom catalysts is attributed to the synergistic effect between Pt and Ru atoms with enhanced metallicity for improving simultaneous adsorption and activation of CO and O₂, and the tuning of conventional competitive reactant adsorption into a non-competitive pathway over dual-atom pair sites. The present work manifests the advantages of dual-atom pair sites in heterogeneous catalysis and paves the way for precise design of catalysts at the atomic scale.

Highlights:
1 We successfully fabricated an atomically dispersed dual-atom catalyst featuring Pt₁-Ru₁ sites anchored on defective graphene (Pt₁Ru₁/ND@G).
2 Pt₁Ru₁/ND@G achieves a high turnover frequency of 17.6 × 10⁻² s⁻¹ for CO oxidation at 30 °C, which is 10 times higher than Pt₁/ND@G and demonstrates outstanding performance compared with the previous reports.
3 Pt-Ru bond enhances the metallicity of both Pt and Ru atoms, facilitating the simultaneous adsorption and activation of CO and O₂ and overcoming the limitations of single-atom catalysts.

Highly Elastic and Conductive Lamellar Wood Sponge via Cell Wall Reconfiguration Toward Smart Multifunctional Applications

2026-01-13T01:58:21+00:00

Three-dimensional porous foams and aerogels with high compressibility and elasticity hold great promise for applications in pressure sensing, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and thermal insulation. However, their widespread application is often hindered by compromised structural stability and inadequate fatigue resistance under repeated compression. Herein, a sustainable “top-down” cell wall reconfiguration strategy is proposed to fabricate highly elastic, fatigue-resistant, and electrically conductive lamellar wood sponge from natural balsa wood. This strategy involves the conversion of the intrinsic cellular structure of wood into an arch-shaped lamellar architecture reinforced by chemical cross-linking, followed by coating the lamellar scaffold with conductive polypyrrole (PPy) via in situ polymerization. The resulting PPy-coated cross-linked wood sponge (CWS@PPy) demonstrates reversible compressibility, excellent fatigue resistance (∼3.5% plastic deformation after 10,000 cycles at 40% strain). The strain-induced conductivity changes in CWS@PPy enable tunable EMI shielding effectiveness under cyclic compression and also facilities high-sensitivity pressure sensing (0.72 kPa⁻¹). Additionally, CWS@PPy exhibits a low through-plane thermal conductivity of 0.037 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, which can be dynamically tuned for adaptive thermal management. The proposed mechanically robust and conductive wood sponge provides a versatile and sustainable platform for next-generation smart devices.

Highlights:
1 Highly elastic, fatigue-resistant, and conductive lamellar wood sponges are developed via a cell wall reconfiguration strategy.
2 The strain-induced conductivity changes in lamellar wood sponge enable tunable electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness and high-sensitivity pressure sensing (0.72 kPa⁻¹).
3 The wood sponge exhibits a low through-plane thermal conductivity of 0.037 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, which is compression-tunable for smart thermal management.

Annular Microfluidic Meta-Atom Fusion-Enabled Broadband Metamaterial Absorber

2026-01-13T01:30:10+00:00

Electromagnetic (EM) metamaterial absorbers (MMAs) with broadband absorption are of growing interest for applications such as stealth and EM interference mitigation. In this work, we present a novel 3D-printed MMA based on a fused annular microfluidic meta-atom (FAMMA) architecture, designed for W-band absorption. The FAMMA structure features three kinds of orthogonally fused annual meta-atoms, forming a complex 3D microfluidic meta-atom with intricate architecture. Fabricated via high-precision micro 3D printing technology, the FAMMA-based MMA exploits the synergistic solid–liquid coupling effect of the unique three-dimensional orthogonal structure to achieve strong broadband absorption. Three representative FAMMAs with different geometric dimensions have achieved ultra-low reflection loss (RL of − 42.1 dB), ultra-broadband effective absorption bandwidth (EAB of 31.3 GHz), and dual-band absorption (in 76.0–85.3 and 99.1–105.6 GHz), respectively. The underlying absorption mechanisms are elucidated by impedance matching theory and electromagnetic field distribution analyses. Application demonstrations show that the FAMMA-based MMA significantly suppresses radar echo power and renders metallic targets undetectable to both radar detector and radar imaging systems, highlighting its potential in stealth technology. Overall, this work establishes a new design concept for high-performance broadband millimeter wave MMAs, opening new avenue for future applications such as high-speed communication, through-wall sensing, and drone detection.

Highlights:
1 Unique 3D-printed electromagnetic metamaterial absorber based on a fused annular microfluidic meta-atom architecture.
2 Synergistic solid-liquid coupling effect of the unique three-dimensional orthogonal structure to achieve strong broadband absorption.
3 High-performance broadband absorption for millimeter wave.

Electrically Insulating Rigid Multi-Channel Electrolyte Container for Customizable Electron Transfer in Zn-Halogen Batteries

2026-01-12T07:59:45+00:00

Recent advancements in Zn-halogen batteries have focused on enhancing the adsorptive or catalytic capability of host materials and stabilizing complex intermediates with electrolyte additives, while the halogen-ion electrolyte modifications exhibit strong potential for integrated interfacial regulation. Herein, we design an electrically insulating rigid electrolyte container to immobilize a liquid halogen-ion electrolyte for separator-free Zn-halogen batteries with customizable electron transfer. Robust hydrogen bonding of hydroxyl groups in SiO₂ with fluorinated moieties in PVDF-hfp regulates Zn²⁺ solvation and suppresses H₂O activity, while multi-channels formed by microcracks and interparticle gaps not only enhance mass transfer but also buffer interfacial electric field, jointly enabling a durable Zn plating/stripping. Effective confinement of intermediates also ensures the high reversibility across single-(I⁻/I⁰), double-(I⁻/I⁰/I⁺), and triple-(I⁻/I⁰/I⁺, Cl⁻/Cl⁰) electron transfer mechanisms at cathode, as evidenced by the double-electron transfer systems exhibiting a low capacity decay rate of 0.02‰ over 4500 cycles at 10 mA cm⁻² and a high areal capacity of 11.9 mAh cm⁻² at 2 mA cm⁻². This work presents a novel “container engineering” approach to halogen-ion electrolyte design and provides fundamental insights into the relationships between redox reversibility and reaction kinetics.

Highlights:
1 A rigid electrolyte container (SiO2@PVDF-hfp) was designed to immobilize the liquid halogen-ion electrolyte, enabling separator-free Zn-halogen batteries.
2 The container regulates Zn2+ solvation via hydrogen bonding regulation, while providing multi-channel structure for enhanced mass transfer, jointly enabling durable Zn plating/stripping.
3 Effective confinement of intermediates ensures high reversibility across multi-electron transfer mechanisms, achieving an exceptionally low-capacity decay of 0.02‰ over 4500 cycles and a high areal capacity of 11.9 mAh cm−2.

Nature-Inspired Redox Shuttle with Regenerable Antioxidant for Efficient All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells

2026-01-12T05:53:11+00:00

Pb–Sn mixed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are crucial components for realizing efficient all-perovskite tandem devices. However, their efficiency and stability are severely limited by oxidative degradation (Sn⁴⁺ formation) and metallic defects (Sn⁰/Pb⁰). In addition, the rapid and uncontrolled Sn²⁺ nucleation kinetics result in nonuniform crystallization. Herein, we introduce a natural redox shuttle glutathione (GSH) in Pb–Sn mixed PSCs, achieving regenerable antioxidation and crystallization regulation simultaneously. The reversible redox reactions between GSH and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) enable the self-healing of Sn⁴⁺ and Sn⁰/Pb⁰ impurities, creating a regenerable antioxidation protective shell at the perovskite interfaces. Meanwhile, the strong coordination between GSH and perovskite regulates the crystallization process, optimizing the nucleation and crystallization kinetics. Furthermore, the GSH incorporation creates a high-quality charge separation junction at the perovskite/hole transport layer, facilitating carrier separation and extraction. The optimized Pb–Sn PSCs exhibit impressive power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 23.71%. The champion all-perovskite tandem PSCs with GSH achieve a PCE of 28.49% and retain 90% of the initial PCE after 560 h of continuous illumination. This work establishes a new nature-inspired redox shuttling strategy and elucidates its working mechanism, advancing the development of efficient and stable all-perovskite tandem solar cells.

Highlights:
1 A natural and regenerable redox shuttle is established using glutathione (GSH) to eliminate harmful Sn⁴⁺ and Sn0/Pb0 impurities.
2 The GSH incorporation regulates the perovskite crystallization process and leads to the formation of a high-quality charge separation junction.
3 The GSH-modified Pb-Sn perovskite solar cells achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.71%. Furthermore, the resulting all-perovskite tandem solar cells exhibit a PCE of 28.49% and retain 90% of the initial PCE after 560 h of continuous operation.

Regulating Li+ Transport and Interfacial Stability with Zwitterionic COF Protective Layer Towards High-Performance Lithium Metal Batteries

2026-01-12T05:22:33+00:00

The sluggish Li⁺ migration kinetics and unstable electrode/electrolyte interface severely hinder the commercial application of high-performance lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Herein, an artificial protective layer is constructed using zwitterionic covalent organic framework (Z-COF) simultaneously containing sulfonate and ethidium groups, aiming to facilitate rapid, uniform Li⁺ transport and stabilize anode interface. The sulfonate groups with high lithiophilicity provide abundant hopping sites for fast Li⁺ diffusion. The ethidium cations immobilize TFSI⁻ and solvent molecules by ion–dipole interactions, which accelerate the dissociation of LiTFSI and Li⁺ desolvation. Moreover, the monodispersed zwitterionic units coupling with ordered micropore structures in Z-COF create exclusive Li⁺ migration channels, modulate homogeneous space charge distribution, kinetically facilitating uniform Li⁺ deposition. Experiments and theoretical calculations indicate that C–F and S–N bonds of TFSI⁻ exhibit enhanced cleavage susceptibility driven by electrostatic attraction, realizing a LiF/Li₃N-rich electrolyte/electrode interface. The designed Z-COF protection layer enables Li|Li symmetrical cells stable cycling over 6300 h at 2 mA cm⁻²/2 mAh cm⁻². The Z-COF@Li|LiFePO₄ (LFP) full cells deliver high-capacity retention of 85.2% after 1000 cycles at 8 C. The assembled Z-COF@Li|LFP pouch cells demonstrate a lifespan of more than 240 cycles. This work provides fresh insights into the practical application of zwitterionic COF in next-generation LMBs.

Highlights:
1 Ethidium cations acted as “anion capturers” to immobilize TFSI⁻, which rendered the C-F and S-N bonds prone to cleavage, facilitating the formation of LiF/Li₃N-rich solid electrolyte interphase.
2 Ion–dipole interaction between ethidium groups and dimethoxyethane/dioxolane, boosting Li⁺ desolvation.
3 Sulfonate groups exhibited an ion-sieving effect that selectively attracted Li⁺ while excluding TFSI⁻, promoting LiTFSI dissociation and accelerating Li⁺ migration.

Multiscale Design of Dual-Gradient Metamaterials Using Gel-Mediated 3D-Printed Graphene Aerogels for Broadband Electromagnetic Absorption

2026-01-12T04:24:39+00:00

Three-dimensional (3D)-printed graphene aerogels hold promise for electromagnetic wave absorption (EWA) engineering due to its ultralow density, outstanding electromagnetic dissipation with the flexibility and precision of manufacturing strategies. However, their high conductivity causes severe impedance mismatch, limiting EWA performance. 3D printing requirements also constrain the dielectric properties of printable graphene inks, hindering the integration of high-performance absorbers with advanced manufacturing. This study proposes a polyacrylic acid (PAA) gel-mediated 3D porous graphene oxide (GO) aerogel multiscale regulation strategy. Precise gel content control enables dual-gradient tuning of the rheology (Benefiting direct ink writing (DIW)) and dielectric loss (Enhancing EWA) of GO/PAA composites and reduces aerogel density (6.9 mg cm⁻³ from 28.2 mg cm⁻³). Thermal reduction decomposes PAA into amorphous carbon nanoparticles anchored on reduced graphene oxide (rGO), enhancing impedance matching and absorption via synergistic 0D/2D interfacial polarization and conductive loss. The optimized rGO/PAA aerogel achieves a minimum reflection loss (RL) of −39.86 dB at 2.5 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 8.36 GHz (9.64–18 GHz) at 3.2 mm. Combining DIW and this aerogel, we design a metamaterial absorber (MA) with dual material (dielectric loss) and structural gradients. This MA exhibits an ultrawide EAB of 14 GHz (4–18 GHz) with a total thickness of 7.8 mm. This work establishes a coupled design paradigm of “composition-structure-performance,” providing an engineerable solution for developing lightweight, broadband EWA materials.

Highlights:
1 The rGO/PAA aerogel achieves synergistic optimization for direct ink writing printing and construction of 0D/2D heterostructures in rGO sheets.
2 Optimal reflection loss of −39.86 dB and effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 8.36 GHz are obtained with low density of 4.8 mg cm⁻³.
3 Realization of an ultra-broadband metamaterial absorber of 14 GHz EAB at 7.8 mm thickness, across the C, X, and Ku bands.

Ion-Mediated Carbon Microdomain Engineering Boosting Enhanced Plateau Capacity of Carbon Anode under High Rate Towards High-Performance Sodium Dual-Ion Batteries

2026-01-12T02:54:41+00:00

Sodium-based dual-ion batteries (SDIBs) have been attracting increasing attention in recent years owing to their low cost, environmental benignancy, and high operating voltage. However, the sluggish ion kinetics of conventional carbon anodes that cannot match the fast capacitive anion intercalation behavior of graphite cathodes constraints on improving power density of SDIBs. Herein, we present an ingenious carbon microdomain engineering strategy to fabricate high-performance carbon anode with ion-mediated high-activity nitrogen species and molecular-scale closed-pore architectures. Experimental characterizations and theoretical investigations demonstrate that Zn²⁺-mediated structural engineering tailors oxidized nitrogen species, which proficiently accelerate the sodium-ion desolvation kinetics; meanwhile the acetate-mediated pore-forming process modulates closed pores, which synergistically afford abundant sodium storage sites for high plateau-region capacity. As a result, the optimized microdomain engineered carbon material (MEC₃) tailored with the optimal amount of zinc acetate demonstrates an outstanding plateau-region capacity of 253 mAh g^{− 1} even at 1 C, among the highest reported values. Consequently, the MEC₃||expanded graphite dual-ion battery exhibits an unprecedented cycling stability at high current rate, maintaining 80.6% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles at 10 C, among the best reports. This microdomain engineering strategy provides a new design principle for overcoming kinetic limitations of carbonaceous materials in plateau-dominated sodium storage systems.

Highlights:
1 Carbon microdomain engineering using ion-mediated structural control tailors oriented high-activity nitrogen species and creates specific closed pores.
2 This strategy accelerates sodium-ion desolvation kinetics, thereby enhancing sodium storage performance even at high current densities.
3 The optimized carbon material achieves exceptional rate performance and cycling stability, making it one of the top-tier materials for sodium-ion batteries.

Sandwich-Architected Hybrid Organic Crystals with Humidity–Temperature Sensing and Cryogenic Photothermal Actuation

2026-01-12T02:43:14+00:00

The growing demand for personalized health care, smart wearables, and advanced environmental monitoring has spurred the development of multifunctional materials that combine flexibility, environmental adaptability, and diverse functionalities. However, conventional materials often failed to integrate these attributes simultaneously, hindering their applicability in next-generation technologies. Here, we present an organic–inorganic hybrid crystalline material with a unique sandwich-like architecture, in which a flexible organic crystal core is encased by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). This strategic integration endows the material with fluorescence, cryogenic flexibility, and electrical conductivity, while also enabling dual sensing and actuation capabilities. The rGO layer facilitates real-time humidity (25–90% RH) and temperature (25–180 °C) sensing through environmental interactions, whereas the differential thermal expansion between TPU and the flexible crystal core drives efficient photothermal actuation at − 150 °C for advanced thermal regulation. The hybrid material exhibits stable performance under extreme conditions, making it a promising candidate for biomedical monitoring, flexible electronics, and energy applications. This work establishes hybrid crystalline materials as versatile and scalable platforms for addressing complex technological demands, paving the way for their application in next-generation multifunctional devices.

Highlights:
1 A layered hybrid crystal integrates fluorescence, mechanical flexibility, conductivity, and cryogenic durability via reduced graphene oxide and thermally responsive polyurethane encapsulation.
2 The hybrid crystal enables real-time dual-mode sensing of humidity (1.65% RH⁻¹) and temperature (0.46% °C⁻¹) with high sensitivity and cycling stability.
3 Infrared-induced photothermal actuation at − 150 °C allows reversible crawling and walking under cryogenic conditions.

Synergistic Design of Flexible Nanopapers for High-Performance Proton Pseudocapacitors

2026-01-12T01:44:28+00:00

Two-dimensional materials for flexible energy storage commonly face huge challenges in limited active surface and hindered charge transport. Herein, we report an innovative asymmetric pseudocapacitor based on synergistic design of modified MXene and graphene, integrating gas-induced rapid expansion technology and precise surface chemical regulation methods. For graphene modification, rapid vaporization induces exfoliation and expansion of graphene oxide layers. Subsequently, pseudocapacitive oxygen-containing groups were selectively introduced through acid oxidation, yielding expanded-and-oxidized graphene (OEG) for positive porous-nanopaper electrode. For MXene modification, alkali-treated MXene underwent hydrazine assistance to facilitate gas expansion and –NH₂ grafting, producing MXene-NH₂ (NOM) for negative porous-nanopaper electrode. Density functional theory calculations show that –COOH more effectively modulate graphene’s electronic structure by inducing charge redistribution and creating active sites, thereby enhancing H⁺ adsorption and ion interactions compared to –OH. Meanwhile, –NH₂ on MXene enable electron delocalization and dynamic Ti–N–H⁺ interactions, speeding up proton adsorption/desorption and boosting both pseudocapacitance and conductivity. Through collaborative optimized spatial architecture and surface properties, flexible OEGB and NOMB exhibited of 333.6 and 500.5 F g⁻¹ at high mass loading, respectively. The assembled proton pseudocapacitor readily achieved energy and power densities of 58.9 Wh kg⁻¹ and 3802 W kg⁻¹, respectively, with excellent stability for potential applications.

Highlights:
1 By utilizing water vaporization to increase the surface area of graphene and precisely controlling the ratio of oxygen-containing functional groups, the optimal –COOH:–OH ratio of 1:1 was successfully achieved, resulting in a maximum pseudocapacitance of 430.5 F g⁻¹.
2 Through hydrazine-assisted hydrothermal reaction, –F groups on the MXene surface were substituted with –NH₂, while gas generation facilitated the creation of a porous structure, boosting the capacitance to 500.5 F g⁻¹ under high mass loading conditions.

Vertical Interfacial Engineering in Two-Step-Processed Perovskite Films Enabled by Dual-Interface Modification for High-Efficiency p-i-n Solar Cells

2026-01-12T01:33:33+00:00

Two-step-processed (TSP) inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have demonstrated significant promise in tandem applications. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of TSP p-i-n PSCs rarely exceeds 24%. Here, we demonstrate that TSP perovskite films exhibit a vertically gradient distribution of residual PbI₂ clusters, which form Schottky heterojunctions with the perovskite, leading to substantial interfacial energy-level mismatches within NiO_x-based TSP p-i-n PSCs. These limitations were effectively addressed via a vertical interfacial engineering enabled by dual-interface modification incorporating tin trifluoromethanesulfonate (Sn(OTF)₂) and 4-Fluorophenylethylamine chloride (F-PEA) at the NiO_x/perovskite and perovskite/C60 interfaces, respectively. The functional Sn(OTF)₂ not only enhances the conductivity of NiO_x films but also suppresses ion migration, while inducing the formation of a Pb-Sn mixed perovskite interlayer that precisely regulates the energy level at the NiO_x/perovskite interface. Complementally, F-PEA post-treatment effectively converts surface residual PbI₂ clusters into a 2D perovskite capping layer, which simultaneously passivates surface defects and enhances energy-level alignment at the perovskite/C60 interface. Consequently, the optimized NiO_x-based TSP p-i-n PSCs achieve a notable PCE of 25.6% with superior operational stability. This study elucidates the underlying mechanisms limiting the efficiency of TSP p-i-n PSCs, while establishing design principles for these devices targeting 26% efficiency.

Highlights:
1 A vertical interfacial engineering strategy via dual-interface modification (Sn(OTF)₂ at NiOx/perovskite, 4-Fluorophenylethylamine chloride (F-PEA) at perovskite/C60) solves energy-level mismatches in two-step-processed (TSP) p-i-n PSCs, boosting PCE to 25.6%.
2 Sn(OTF)₂ enhances NiO_x conductivity, suppresses ion migration, and forms a Pb-Sn perovskite interlayer; F-PEA eliminates PbI₂, forming a 2D capping layer for defect passivation.
3 Optimized NiO_x-based TSP p-i-n PSCs retain 84% initial power conversion efficiency after 720-h light illumination, providing design principles for 26%-efficiency devices.

Oxygen-Pressure Protocol Breaking Cycle Limit of Continuously Reversible Lithium-Oxygen Batteries

2026-01-12T00:51:19+00:00

Lithium-oxygen (Li-O₂) battery is favored among “beyond lithium-ion” technologies for sustainability because of its exceptional energy density. Major impediments are the poor cycle stability and grievous capacity degradation at high current densities. We address these issues by a “killing two birds with one stone” O₂-pressure protocol. It first resolves efficient O₂ mass transport at high rates.æ The accelerated reaction kinetics optimizes the composition and growth pathway of discharge products. This protocol secondly achieves protection of Li anodes via densifying corrosion layers on them. Consequently, the battery delivers both ultrahigh discharge capacity (> 9,000 mAh g⁻¹) at 3,000 mA g⁻¹ and excellent cycling stability. Under a dual-strategy effect of high-pressure O₂ and artificial protection layers, the battery actualizes over 11-fold increase in cycle life of 5,170 h (2,585 cycles). The strategy opens avenues for advancing Li-O₂ batteries towards practical application and confers the extension to other gas-based batteries.

Highlights:
1 An O₂⁻ pressure protocol was proposed to strengthen mass transport, accelerate the reaction kinetics and optimize growth pathways of discharge products, which achieves ultrahigh discharge capacity at 3,000 mA g⁻¹ (>9,000 mAh g⁻¹).
2 This general pressure effect can protect Li anodes via densifying corrosion layers on them simultaneously.
3 The breakthrough of continuously operated ultralong-life lithium-oxygen batteries was actualized over a record-high lifetime of ~5,170 h (2,585 cycles) at 500 mA g⁻¹ under constant operation.

Magnetic–Dielectric Synergy in One-Dimensional Metal Heterostructures for Enhanced Low-Frequency Microwave Absorption

2026-01-11T01:06:21+00:00

Microwave absorption (MA) materials often face poor synergy between impedance matching and attenuation in the low-frequency range. Balancing permittivity and permeability through magnetic–dielectric synergy is a promising strategy to address this issue. To realize the synergy, herein, Sn whiskers with an in situ oxide layer served as substrates for magnetic-loss-active CoNi nanosheet growth, forming a hierarchical CoNi@SnO₂@Sn (CNS) heterostructure. The CNS absorber achieves a minimum reflection loss (RL_min) value of − 62.29 dB with an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 2.2 GHz, covering the entire C-band with 70% absorption at only 2.61 mm thickness. The nanosheet design of CoNi enhances magnetic anisotropy to promote natural resonance, while the conductive Sn core and abundant Sn/SnO₂ and CoNi/SnO₂ heterointerfaces facilitate conduction loss and dielectric polarization. When composited into a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix, the resulting CNS/TPU-2 film (20 wt% CNS) exhibits an RL_min value of -61.04 dB and a 2.5 GHz EAB. Its in-plane and through-plane thermal conductivities reach 2.41 and 0.51 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, representing 4.1 and 2.6 times those of pure TPU films, respectively, facilitating heat dissipation from protected devices. This work provides valuable insights into magnetic–dielectric synergy for low-frequency MA of 1D metal-based materials, offering promising potential for 5G communications and flexible electronics.

Highlights:
1 The hierarchical structure of CoNi nanosheets wrapped on one-dimensional Sn whiskers enhances magnetic anisotropy and dielectric losses, enabling strong magnetic–dielectric synergy.
2 The CoNi@SnO₂@Sn (CNS) filler achieves − 62.29 dB reflection loss and 2.2 GHz bandwidth, fully covering the C-band with > 70% absorption, outperforming most low-frequency absorbers.
3 A flexible CNS/TPU film exhibits superior low-frequency microwave absorption and thermal conductivity, expanding its potential applications in communication electronics.

Scalable-Designed Photonic Metamaterial for Color-Regulating Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling

2026-01-16T04:35:33+00:00

Methods allowing passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) to be carried out in an energy-efficient and scalable way are potentially important for various disciplines. Here, we report a sustainable strategy for scalable-designed and color-regulating PDRC coating based on high-crystallinity photonic metamaterial (crystallinity: 71.5%; enhanced assembly efficiency: 72%), that is derived from the as-prepared 55 wt% solid content poly(methyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid) P(MMA-BA-MAA) monodispersed latexes (approaching theoretical limit: 59 wt%). Robust meter-scale PDRC coatings are constructed by various industrial modes onto diverse surfaces, addressing bottlenecks like dull appearance, high cost, low efficiency, and hard construction. Notably, the solar reflectance, long-wave infrared emittance, and calculated theoretical cooling power of the designed PDRC coating, respectively, reach ~ 0.94, ~ 0.97, and ~ 95.5 W m⁻² under solar radiation, which can achieve an average 5.3 °C sub-ambient daytime temperature drop in the summer in Nanjing. The cooling performance, scale preparation, and cost-effectiveness of the PDRC coating have extended into leading position compared with those of state-of-the-art designs. This work provides promising route to reduce carbon emissions and energy consumption for global sustainability.

Highlights:
1 The 55 wt% solid content monodispersed latexes were synthesized under the synergistic action of ionic and nonionic surfactants.
2 The 55 wt% solid content monodispersed latexes open a homogeneous assembly avenue, establishing high-crystallinity photonic metamaterial (crystallinity:71.5%).
3 We developed scalable-designed and color-regulating passive daytime radiative cooling coating based on the high-crystallinity photonic metamaterial, showing high solar reflectance (~ 0.94), high infrared emittance (~ 0.97), large sub-ambient cooling temperature (average 5.3 °C), and great cooling power (~ 95.5 W m⁻²).

Copper-Based Targeted Nanocatalytic Therapeutics for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

2026-01-16T02:38:59+00:00

Conventional treatments for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) suffer from low remission rates, high drug resistance, and severe adverse effects. To leverage the therapeutic potential of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nanocatalytic medicine utilizes nanomaterials to generate ROS specifically within tumor sites, enabling efficient and targeted cancer treatment. In this study, hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified copper-N,N-dimethyl-N-phenylsulfonylbisamine (DMSA)-assembled nanoparticles (Cu-DMSA-HA NPs) are developed with tumor-targeting capability and efficiently catalyze ROS production via coordination chemistry. Targeted delivery is facilitated by HA surface modification through recognition of overexpressed cluster of differentiation 44 receptors on cancer cells, which enhances nanoparticle uptake. Once internalized, intracellular glutathione is depleted by the NPs, followed by a Fenton-like reaction that sustains ROS production. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that this catalytic strategy effectively inhibits DNA replication, prevents cell cycle progression, downregulates glutathione peroxidase 4 expression, induces ferroptosis, and ultimately suppresses NSCLC progression. Overall, the readily prepared Cu-DMSA-HA NPs exhibit robust catalytic activity and tumor specificity, highlighting their strong potential for clinical translation in nanocatalytic cancer therapy.

Highlights:
1 Developed a novel type of nanoparticles (NPs)—hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified copper-N,N-dimethyl-N-phenylsulfonylbisamine (DMSA)-assembled NPs (Cu-DMSA-HA NPs).
2 The constructed NPs were surface-modified with HA to selectively target overexpressed cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) receptors on cancer cells and catalytically generate highly efficient reactive oxygen species (ROS) via coordination chemistry.
3 Such efficient ROS generation induced intracellular ROS accumulation, mitochondrial disruption, glutathione (GSH) depletion, and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) downregulation, ultimately triggering ferroptosis in cancer cells.

Biomimetic Gradient Lubrication Hydrogel Contrived by Self-Reinforced MOFs Nanoparticle Network

2026-01-16T01:53:07+00:00

The development of gradient lubrication materials is critical for numerous biomedical applications, particularly in magnifying mechanical properties and service longevity. Herein, we present an innovative approach to fabricate biomimetic gradient lubrication hydrogel through the synergistic integration of three-dimensional (3D) printed metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) nanoparticle network hydrogel skeletons with bio-inspired lubrication design. Specifically, robust hydrogel skeletons were engineered through single or multi-material 3D printing, followed by the in situ growth of MOFs nanoparticles within this hydrogel network to create a reinforced, load-bearing architecture. Subsequently, biomimetic lubrication capability was enabled by mechanically coupling another lubricating hydrogel within 3D-printed MOFs nanoparticle network hydrogel skeleton. The superficial layer is highly lubricious to ensure low coefficient of friction (~ 0.1141) and wear resistance (40,000 cycles), while the deeper layer is stiffer to afford the obligatory mechanical support (fracture strength ~ 2.50 MPa). Furthermore, the gradient architecture stiffness of the hydrogel can be modulated by manipulating the spatial distribution of MOFs within the 3D-printed hydrogel skeleton. As a proof-of-concept, biomimetic gradient hydrogel meniscus structures with C- and O-shaped configurations were constructed by leveraging multi-material 3D printing, demonstrating exceptional lubrication performance. This innovative biomimetic design opens new avenues for creating implantable biomedical gradient lubricating materials with reinforced mechanical and lubrication performance.

Highlights:
1 Self-reinforced network of metal-organic frameworks nanoparticles significantly improved the mechanical strength and durability of the hydrogel.
2 Biomimetic lubricating hydrogels with architectural and compositional gradients enabled by multi-material 3D printing.
3 Slippery hydrogel meniscus substitutes with complicated gradient structures and reliable cushioning layers were manufactured.

Unlocking Reversible Mn2+/MnO2 Chemistry in Semisolid Slurry Electrodes for High-Performance Aqueous Zn–Mn Batteries

2026-01-16T01:26:48+00:00

Electrolytic Zn–MnO₂ batteries are promising candidates for safe and sustainable energy storage owing to their high voltage, environmental benignity, and cost-effectiveness. However, practical applications are hindered by the poor conductivity and the irreversible dissolution of conventional ε-MnO₂ deposits. Herein, we report a scalable semisolid slurry electrode architecture that enables stable MnO₂ deposition/dissolution using a three-dimensional percolating network of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as both conductive matrix and deposition host. The slurry system promotes the formation of highly conductive γ-MnO₂ owing to enhanced charge transfer kinetics, enabling overall dissolution rather than the localized separation typically seen in traditional electrodes. The Zn–MnO₂ slurry cell exhibits a reversible areal capacity approaching 60 mAh cm⁻². Moreover, the flowable nature of the slurry allows electrochemically inactive MnO₂ formed during dissolution to be reconnected and reactivated by CNTs in the rheological network, ensuring deep utilization and cycling stability. This work establishes a slurry electrode strategy to improve electrolytic MnO₂ reactions and offers a viable pathway toward renewable aqueous batteries for grid-scale applications.

Highlights:
1 A semisolid MnO₂ slurry electrode enables reversible MnO₂ deposition/dissolution within a CNT-percolated conductive network, achieving a high areal capacity of 60 mAh cm⁻²
2 The slurry system promotes the formation of highly conductive γ-MnO₂ and achieves uniform MnO₂ dissolution through enhanced charge transfer.
3 The MnO₂ slurry electrode offers strong scalability and regenerability, retaining 100% capacity after 180 cycles and reactivating inactive MnO₂ via percolation.

FeOOH Cocatalysts with Gradient Oxygen Vacancy Distribution Enabling Efficient and Stable BiVO4 Photoanodes

2026-01-15T23:36:20+00:00

Highly active and stable FeOOH cocatalysts are essential for achieving optimal performance of BiVO₄ (BVO) photoanodes. Despite offering remarkable structural stability, widely used thick FeOOH cocatalysts often suffer from insufficient hole transport capability, which hinders the overall activity. The present study demonstrates that a simple photoetching strategy is able to introduce gradient distributed oxygen vacancies (GO_V) in the thick FeOOH layer and significantly enhances the photogenerated holes transport dynamics. The incorporation of GO_V within FeOOH not only realizes the “relay transport” of photogenerated hole through the progressive upward shift of the valence band in the spatial distribution, but also provides abundant oxidation active sites by efficient hole trapping. These improvements effectively improve the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activities and mitigate photocorrosion by the instantaneous hole extraction. Consequently, the FeOOH-GO_V layer enables the BVO/FeOOH-GO_V photoanode to achieve an impressive photocurrent density of 5.37 mA cm⁻² and a robust operational stability up to 160 h at 1.23 V_RHE, setting new benchmarks for current density and stability in FeOOH-based BVO photoanodes. This work provides an effective avenue to optimize OER cocatalysts for constructing highly efficient and stable photoelectrochemical water splitting devices.

Highlights:
1 First demonstration of a gradient distributed oxygen vacancies (GOV) strategy to promote hole transport within FeOOH.
2 Clearly monitoring and verifying the progressive upward shift of the valence band within the shallow surface of FeOOH-GOv for enhancing holes transport capability.
3 Setting new photoelectrochemical activity and stability benchmarks of FeOOH based-BiVO₄ photoanodes.

Violet Arsenic Phosphorus: Switching p-Type into High Performance n-Type Semiconductor by Arsenic Substitution

2026-01-15T12:58:48+00:00

Violet phosphorus, a recently explored layered elemental semiconductor, has attracted much attention due to its unique photoelectric, mechanical properties, and high hole mobility. Herein, violet arsenic phosphorus has for the first time been synthesized by a molten lead method. The crystal structure of violet arsenic phosphorus (P_83.4As_0.6, CSD-2408761) was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction to have similar structure as that of violet phosphorus, where P12 is occupied by arsenic/phosphorus (As/P) atoms as mixed occupancy sites As1/P12. The arsenic substitution has been demonstrated to tune the band structure of violet phosphorus, switching p-type of violet phosphorus to high-performance n-type violet arsenic phosphorus. The effective electron mass along the < 010 > direction is significantly reduced from 1.792 to 0.515 m₀ by arsenic substitution, resulting in an extremely high electron mobility of 2622.503 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹. The field effect transistor built with P_83.4As_0.6 nanosheets was measured to have a high electron mobility (137.06 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹, 61.2 nm), even under ambient conditions for 5 h, much higher than the hole mobility of violet phosphorene nanosheets (4.07 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹, 73.3 nm). This work provides a new idea for designing phosphorus-based materials for field effect transistors, giving significant potential in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor applications.

Highlights:
1 Violet arsenic phosphorus (VP-As) single crystals were synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction to be P_83.4As_0.6 (CSD-2408761), the P12 is occupied by arsenic/phosphorus as a mixed occupancy site.
2 The p-type VP has been switched into n-type VP-As, the effective electron mass was significantly reduced and resulted in high electron mobility of 2622.503 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹.
3 High electron mobility of 137.06 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ has been achieved from field effect transistor, much higher than the hole mobility of VP.

TENG-Based Self-Powered Silent Speech Recognition Interface: from Assistive Communication to Immersive AR/VR Interaction

2026-01-15T09:40:58+00:00

Lip language provides a silent, intuitive, and efficient mode of communication, offering a promising solution for individuals with speech impairments. Its articulation relies on complex movements of the jaw and the muscles surrounding it. However, the accurate and real-time acquisition and decoding of these movements into reliable silent speech signals remains a significant challenge. In this work, we propose a real-time silent speech recognition system, which integrates a triboelectric nanogenerator-based flexible pressure sensor (FPS) with a deep learning framework. The FPS employs a porous pyramid–structured silicone film as the negative triboelectric layer, enabling highly sensitive pressure detection in the low-force regime (1 V N^{− 1} for 0–10 N and 4.6 V N^{− 1} for 10–24 N). This allows it to precisely capture jaw movements during speech and convert them into electrical signals. To decode the signals, we proposed a convolutional neural network-long short-term memory (CNN–LSTM) hybrid network, combining CNN and LSTM model to extract both local spatial features and temporal dynamics. The model achieved 95.83% classification accuracy in 30 categories of daily words. Furthermore, the decoded silent speech signals can be directly translated into executable commands for contactless and precise control of the smartphone. The system can also be connected to AR glasses, offering a novel human–machine interaction approach with promising potential in AR/VR applications.

Highlights:
1 A porous pyramid-structured triboelectric nanogenerator sensor is designed for self-powered silent speech signal acquisition.
2 A hybrid neural network that combines convolutional neural network with long short-term memory is proposed to accurately decode silent speech signals.
3 Silent speech commands enable real-time, contactless control of smartphones and immersive AR/VR interaction.

Flexible High-Aspect-Ratio COF Nanofibers: Defect-Engineered Synthesis, Superelastic Aerogels, and Uranium Extraction Applications

2026-01-15T06:30:40+00:00

The lack of macro-continuity and mechanical strength of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) has significantly limited their practical applications. Here, we propose an “alcohol-triggered defect cleavage” strategy to precisely regulate the growth and stacking of COF grains through a moderate reversed Schiff base reaction, realizing the direct synthesis of COF nanofibers (CNFs) with high aspect ratio (L/D = 103.05) and long length (> 20 μm). An individual CNF exhibits a biomimetic scale-like architecture, achieving superior flexibility and fatigue resistance under dynamic bending via a multiscale stress dissipation mechanism. Taking advantages of these structural features, we engineer CNF aerogels (CNF-As) with programmable porous structures (e.g., honeycomb, lamellar, isotropic) via directional ice-template methodology. CNF-As demonstrate 100% COF content, high specific surface area (396.15 m² g⁻¹) and superelasticity (~ 0% elastic deformation after 500 compression cycles at 50% strain), outperforming most COF-based counterparts. Compared with the conventional COF aerogels, the unique structural features of CNF-A enable it to perform outstandingly in uranium extraction, with an 11.72-fold increment in adsorption capacity (920.12 mg g⁻¹) and adsorption rate (89.9%), and a 2.48-fold improvement in selectivity (U/V = 2.31). This study provides a direct strategy for the development of next-generation COF materials with outstanding functionality and structural robustness.

Highlights:
1 Covalent organic framework nanofibers (CNFs) with biomimetic scale-like architecture, record-high aspect ratio (L/D = 103.05), and superior flexibility were directly synthesized via defect engineering.
2 Self-standing membranes and nanofibrous aerogels (CNF-As) with designable micro-topological structures were fabricated with 100% CNFs.
3 CNF-As perform photo-induced uranium extraction with an adsorption capacity and adsorption rate of 920.12 mg g⁻¹ and 89.9%, respectively.
4 CNF-As exhibit superior underwater stability (> 180 days) and superelasticity (~ 0% deformation after 500 compression cycles), making them promising for practical application in marine systems.

Monolithic Integration of Redox-Stable Sn–Pb Halide Perovskite Single-Crystalline Films for Durable Near-Infrared Photodetection

2026-01-15T05:47:35+00:00

Tin–lead (Sn–Pb) halide perovskite single crystals combine narrow bandgaps, long carrier diffusion lengths, and low trap densities, positioning them as ideal candidates for near-infrared (NIR) optoelectronics. However, conventional growth strategies rely on bulk crystallization at elevated temperatures, leading to uncontrolled nucleation, Sn²⁺ oxidation, and poor compatibility with planar integration. Here, we develop a coordination-engineered crystallization strategy that enables direct, low-temperature growth of micrometer-thick Sn–Pb single-crystal thin films on device-compatible substrates. By modulating metal–solvent coordination strength using a low-donor number cosolvent system, we delineate a narrow processing window that stabilizes precursor speciation, lowers the nucleation barrier, and guides directional crystal growth under mild thermal conditions (< 40 °C). The resulting crystal films exhibit smooth morphology, high crystallinity, compositional uniformity, and ultralow trap densities (~ 3.98 × 10¹² cm⁻³). When integrated into NIR photodetectors, these films deliver high responsivity (0.51 A W⁻¹ at 900 nm), specific detectivity up to 3.6 × 10¹² Jones, fast response (~ 188 μs), and > 25,000 cycles of ambient operational stability. This approach establishes a scalable platform for redox-stable, low-temperature growth of Sn–Pb perovskite crystal films and expands the processing–structure–function landscape for next-generation infrared optoelectronics.

Highlights:
1 Cosolvent-coordinated crystallization at ≤40 °C enables planar integration of micrometer-thick Sn–Pb single-crystal films with high structural and composition integrity.
2 A tailored solvent matrix yields thickness-tunable single-crystal thin films with ultralow trap densities (~3.98 × 10¹² cm⁻³) and robust ambient stability.
3 Integrated near-infrared photodetectors achieve 73.8% EQE, 0.51 A W⁻¹ responsivity, 3.6 × 10¹² Jones specific detectivity, and stable performance over 25,000 cycles.

Modulation of Trichromatic Emission Centers in Organic–Inorganic Hybrids for Optoelectronic Applications

2026-01-15T05:29:24+00:00

Organic–inorganic metal halides (OIMHs) have emerged as highly promising novel multifunctional optoelectronic materials, owing to their easily adjustable properties from a variety of combinations of different components. But it is still difficult and rare to realize highly tunable multicolor luminescence within the same material. In this work, we successfully incorporated three adjustable emission centers in OIMHs to synthesize a novel OIMH (NEA)₂MnBr₄, with each emission center capable of emitting one of the primary colors—red, green, and blue. The green and red emissions originate from the tetrahedron and octahedron structures in the Mn-based frame, while the blue can be attributed to the contribution of organic components. Additionally, to achieve comparable emission intensity among the three primary colors, we enhanced the blue emission performance by optimizing the ratio of organic structure components and incorporating chirality in the OIMHs. The resulting high-quality films can be obtained by spin-coating method with a photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 96%. More interestingly, by the dual manipulation of excitation wavelength and temperature, the sample can be emitted at least seven distinct colors including a standard white luminescence at (0.33, 0.33), opening up promising prospects for multicolor luminescence applications such as high-end anti-counterfeiting technology, light-emitting diodes, X-ray imaging, latent fingerprints, humidity detection, and so on. Therefore, based on application scenarios and requirements, our research on this highly tunable luminescent OIMH material lays a solid foundation for further development of various functional properties of related materials.

Highlights:
1 A novel chiral (NEA)₂MnBr₄ was obtained by introducing three independently tunable primary-color emissive centers.
2 Comparable emission intensities among the three primary colors were achieved by optimizing components and introducing chirality.
3 By means of dual control of excitation photon energy and temperature, the sample can emit at least seven different colors, including standard white light emission at (0.33, 0.33).

Nanoreactor-Structured Defective MoS2: Suppressing Intercalation-Induced Phase Transitions and Enhancing Reversibility for Potassium-Ion Batteries

2026-01-10T22:50:13+00:00

Conversion-type electrode materials hold significant promise for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) due to their high theoretical capacities, yet their practical deployment is hindered by sluggish kinetics and irreversible structural degradation. To overcome these limitations, we propose a rationally engineered nanoreactor architecture that stabilizes defect-rich MoS₂ via interlayer incorporation of a carbon monolayer, followed by encapsulation within a nitrogen-doped carbon shell, forming a MoSSe@NC heterostructure. This tailored structure synergistically accelerates both K⁺ diffusion kinetics and electron transfer, enabling unprecedented rate performance (107 mAh g⁻¹ at 10 A g⁻¹) and ultralong cyclability (86.5% capacity retention after 1200 cycles at 3 A g⁻¹). Mechanistic insights reveal a distinctive “adsorption-conversion” pathway, where sulfur vacancies on exposed S–Mo–S basal planes act as preferential K⁺ adsorption sites, effectively suppressing parasitic phase transitions during intercalation. In situ X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy corroborate the structural reversibility of the conversion reaction, with the carbon matrix dynamically accommodating strain while preserving electrode integrity. This work not only advances the understanding of defect-driven interfacial chemistry in conversion-type materials but also provides a versatile strategy for designing high-performance anodes in next-generation PIBs through heterostructure engineering.

Highlights:
1 A nanoreactor-structured MoSSe@NC heterostructure was constructed via defect engineering and carbon intercalation, simultaneously achieving phase transition suppression and enhanced ion transport.
2 Selenium-induced lattice disorder and carbon layer confinement synergistically inhibit the 1T–2H phase transition and buffer structural strain during cycling.
3 The designed heterostructure exhibits high capacity, excellent rate performance, and long-term cycling stability, offering a generalizable strategy for high-performance potassium-ion battery anodes.

Direct Repair of the Crystal Structure and Coating Surface of Spent LiFePO4 Materials Enables Superfast Li-Ion Migration

2026-01-10T03:01:30+00:00

The rapid accumulation of spent LiFePO₄ (LFP) cathodes from retired lithium-ion batteries necessitates the development of effective and environmental-friendly recycling strategies. In this context, direct regeneration has emerged as a promising approach for reclaiming LFP cathode materials, offering a streamlined pathway to restore their electrochemical functionality. We report an integrated regeneration protocol that simultaneously repairs the degraded crystal structure and reconstructs the damaged carbon coating in spent LFP. The regenerated cathode material had superfast lithium-ion diffusion kinetics and a stable cathode–electrolyte interface, giving a remarkable rate capability with specific capacities of 122 mAh g⁻¹ at 5C and 106 mAh g⁻¹ at 10C (1C = 170 mA g⁻¹). It also maintained capacities of 110.7 mAh g⁻¹ (5C) and 84.1 mAh g⁻¹ (10C) after 400 cycles. It could be used in harsh environments and could be stably cycled at subzero temperatures (− 10 and − 20 °C) and in solid-state electrolyte batteries. Life cycle assessment combined with economic evaluation using the EverBatt model reveals that this direct regeneration approach has high economic and environmental benefits.

Highlights:
1 Simultaneously repairing the degraded crystal structure and reconstructing the damaged carbon coating in spent LiFePO₄ cathode enables superfast lithium-ion diffusion kinetics and produces a stable cathode–electrolyte interface.
2 The regenerated LiFePO₄ cathode delivers remarkable rate capability, low-temperature performance and compatibility in solid-state batteries.
3 The proposed direct regeneration approach has high economic and environmental benefits compared to hydrometallurgical and conventional direct recycling methods.

Interfacial Evolution and Accelerated Aging Mechanism for LiFePO4/Graphite Pouch Batteries Under Multi-Step Indirect Activation

2026-01-10T02:29:28+00:00

The dissolution of iron from the cathode and electrode/electrolyte interface (EEI) during long cycles significantly accelerates the aging process of LiFePO₄ (LFP)/graphite batteries; there is a lack of systematic understanding of the spatial distribution of the EEI interface layer and the dissolve of Fe ions, especially in terms of the mechanism of the cathode–electrolyte interphase (CEI), solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), and iron dissolution. In this study, aged cells were subjected to continuous activation with constant current and multi-step segmented indirect activation (IA) and analyzed for capacity fade, impedance growth, and active Li⁺ mass loss at the EEI and nanoscale levels. The interaction between dissolved Fe²⁺ and the EEI in LFP/graphite pouch batteries was proposed and verified. The findings indicate that during IA process, the electric field facilitates the migration of solvated ions toward the electrodes, while simultaneously inhibiting the formation of organic species such as ROCO₂Li. The SEI primarily consists of a mixture of organic and inorganic small molecules, forming a continuous and uniform film on the electrode surface. This study demonstrates that IA favors the formation of a uniform EEI and offers constructive insights for advancing accelerated lifetime prediction strategies in lithium-ion batteries.

Highlights:
1 Quantifying the aging mechanisms and their evolution patterns during battery aging is crucial for enabling renewable energy.
2 The uniform electrode/electrolyte interface (EEI) film on the electrode surface has an important impact on the energy density, cycling performance and power density of the battery.
3 Multi-step segmented indirect activation strategy promotes the formation of uniform EEI and suppresses iron dissolved in the electrolyte.

Confining Li⁺ Solvation in Core–Shell Metal–Organic Frameworks for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries at 100 °C

2026-01-10T01:52:48+00:00

The practical deployment of lithium metal batteries remains severely constrained, especially under elevated temperatures. Although metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) improve the thermal stability of liquid electrolytes by capturing them in well-ordered sub-nanopores, interparticle voids between MOF particles readily absorb liquid electrolyte, obscuring our understanding of the intrinsic role of nanopores in directing Li⁺ transport. To address this challenge, we introduce a one-dimensional (1D) MOF model architecture that eliminates interparticle effects and enables direct observation of Li⁺ solvation and de-solvation dynamics. Comparative studies of 1D HKUST-1 and ZIF-8 uncover distinct transport behaviors, supported by both experimental measurements and neural network potential-based molecular dynamics simulations. Building on these insights, we construct a hierarchical core–shell MOF architecture by integrating ZIF-8 (core) and HKUST-1 (shell) onto a hybrid fiber scaffold. This design harnesses the complementary strengths of both MOFs to achieve continuous ion pathways, directional Li⁺ conduction, and improved thermal and electrochemical resilience.

Highlights:
1 We report the in-situ growth of core–shell metal-organic frameworks on glass fiber, creating a binder-free quasi-solid-state electrolytes (QSSEs) with multiple Li⁺ transport pathways.
2 Pore-size-dependent solvation and de-solvation structures of Li⁺ are confined within HKUST-1 and ZIF-8 channels, enabling tailored ion dynamics.
3 The core–shell QSSE achieves high Li⁺ conductivity, suppressed dendrite growth, and stable Li plating/stripping under high-temperature conditions.
4 Lithium metal batteries with the core–shell QSSE show exceptional cycling stability at 100 °C.

W/V Dual-Atom Doping MoS2-Mediated Phase Transition for Efficient Polysulfide Adsorption/Conversion Kinetics in Lithium–Sulfur Battery

2026-01-10T01:34:32+00:00

The dissolvable polysulfides and sluggish Li₂S conversion kinetics are acknowledged as two significant challenges in the application lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Herein, we introduce a dual-doping strategy to modulate the electronic structure of MoS₂, thereby obtaining a multifunctional catalyst that serves as an efficient sulfur host. The W/V dual single-atom-doped MoS₂ grown on carbon nanofibers (CMWVS) demonstrates a strong adsorption ability for lithium polysulfides, suppressing the shuttle effects. Additionally, the doping process also results in the phase transition from 2H-MoS₂ to 1T-MoS₂ and generates sufficient edge sulfur atoms, promoting the charge/electron transfer and enriching the reaction sites. All these merits contribute to the superior conversion reaction kinetics, leading to the outstanding Li–S battery performance. When fabricated as cathodes by compositing with sulfur, the CMWVS/S cathode delivers a high capacity of 1481.7 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 C (1 C = 1672 mAh g⁻¹) and maintains 816.3 mAh g⁻¹ after 1000 cycles at 1.0 C, indicating outstanding cycling stability. Even under a high sulfur loading of 7.9 mg cm⁻² and lean electrolyte conditions (E/S ratio of 9.0 μL mg⁻¹), the cathode achieves a high areal capacity of 8.2 mAh cm⁻², showing great promise for practical Li–S battery applications. This work broadens the scope of doping strategies in transition-metal dichalcogenides by tailoring their electronic structures, providing insightful direction for the rational development of high-efficiency electrocatalysts for advanced Li–S battery applications.

Highlights:
1 W/V dual single-atom doping induces 2H−1T phase transition and boosts sulfur conversion kinetics.
2 Strong polysulfide adsorption effectively suppresses the shuttle effect.
3 CMWVS/S cathode delivers high specific discharge capacity (1481.7 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 C) and excellent stability (816.3 mAh g⁻¹ after 1000 cycles at 1.0 C), even under high sulfur loading.

Tri-Band Regulation and Split-Type Smart Photovoltaic Windows for Thermal Modulation of Energy-Saving Buildings in All-Season

2026-01-09T23:52:11+00:00

Energy-saving buildings (ESBs) are an emerging green technology that can significantly reduce building-associated cooling and heating energy consumption, catering to the desire for carbon neutrality and sustainable development of society. Smart photovoltaic windows (SPWs) offer a promising platform for designing ESBs because they present the capability to regulate and harness solar energy. With frequent outbreaks of extreme weather all over the world, the achievement of exceptional energy-saving effect under different weather conditions is an inevitable trend for the development of ESBs but is hardly achieved via existing SPWs. Here, we substantially reduce the driving voltage of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) by 28.1 % via molecular engineering while maintaining their high solar transmittance (T_sol = 83.8 %, transparent state) and solar modulating ability (ΔT_sol = 80.5 %). By the assembly of perovskite solar cell and a broadband thermal-managing unit encompassing the electrical-responsive PDLCs, transparent high-emissivity SiO₂ passive radiation-cooling, and Ag low-emissivity layers possesses, we present a tri-band regulation and split-type SPW possessing superb energy-saving effect in all-season. The perovskite solar cell can produce the electric power to stimulate the electrical-responsive behavior of the PDLCs, endowing the SPWs zero-energy input solar energy regulating characteristic, and compensate the daily energy consumption needed for ESBs. Moreover, the scalable manufacturing technology holds a great potential for the real-world applications.

Highlights:
1 Broadening the modulation range and decreasing the driving voltage of polymer dispersed liquid crystals via molecular engineering without sacrificing high solar transmittance (transparent state) and solar modulating ability.
2 Modulating capability of the smart photovoltaic windows across visible, near-infrared and mid-infrared bands enabling superb energy-saving performance in all season.
3 Holding a great potential for real-world application due to their scalable manufacturing technology.

High-Performance Cu-Based Liquid Thermocells Enabled by Thermosensitive Crystallization and Etched Carbon Cloth Electrode

2026-01-09T23:37:45+00:00

Thermocells are garnering increasing attention as a promising thermoelectric technology for harvesting low-grade heat. However, their performance is often limited by the scarcity of high-performance redox couples that possess both high thermopower and rapid redox kinetics. This work addresses this challenge by leveraging our recently developed copper (I/II) (Cu⁺/Cu²⁺) redox couple. We significantly enhance the performance of Cu-based liquid thermocells by integrating a thermosensitive crystallization process with etched carbon cloth electrodes, achieving synergistic improvements in thermodynamic and kinetic performance. The thermosensitive crystallization process establishes a persistent Cu²⁺ concentration gradient, boosting the thermopower from 1.47 to 2.93 mV K⁻¹. Moreover, the etched carbon cloth electrodes provide a larger electroactive surface area and demonstrate a higher current density. Consequently, the optimized Cu⁺/Cu²⁺ system achieved an exceptional normalized power density P_max (ΔT)⁻² of 3.97 mW m^‒2 K⁻². A thermocell module comprised of 20 cells directly power various electronic devices at a temperature difference of 40 K. This work successfully exhibits potential of Cu⁺/Cu²⁺ redox couple in thermoelectric conversion and introduces a valuable redox couple for high-performance thermocells.

Highlights:
1 A novel Cu⁺/Cu²⁺ redox couple was introduced to enable a thermosensitive crystallization process, significantly enhancing thermopower from 1.47 to 2.93 mV K^‒1.
2 A readily fabricated etched carbon cloth electrode offered an enlarged electroactive surface area, demonstrating superior current density through improved kinetics.
3 The optimized Cu⁺/Cu²⁺ system, achieved through synergistic enhancements in thermodynamic and kinetic performance, delivered an outstanding normalized power density Pmax (ΔT)^‒2 of 3.97 mW m^‒2 K^‒2.

Dual-Gradient Impedance/Insulation Structured Polyimide Nonwoven Fabric for Multi-Band Compatible Stealth

2026-01-08T09:13:35+00:00

Designing and preparing a compatible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, radar and infrared stealth material exhibits significant prospect in the military field. Hence, a novel conductive/magnetic polyimide-based nonwoven fabric (PFN_y) is prepared by alkali treatment, Fe³⁺ ion exchange, thermal reduction, and electroless nickel (Ni) plating process. Its impedance/insulation characteristics can be easily adjusted by controlling the in situ growth of Fe₃O₄ and electroless nickel plating. Subsequently, a new strategy of constructing hierarchical dual-gradient impedance/insulation structure is implemented to achieve EMI shielding, radar and infrared stealth via stacking PFN_y with gradually decreased impedance/insulation characteristics from top to bottom. The formation of impedance matching gradient structure promotes effective introduction and dissipation of electromagnetic waves, endowing the composite with outstanding EMI shielding and radar stealth performance. Meanwhile, the construction of thermal insulation gradient structure can effectively inhibit thermal radiation from target, bringing an excellent infrared stealth performance. Importantly, the strong interfacial interactions between Fe₃O₄, Ni and polyimide fiber accelerate PFN_y to resist the stresses originated from high-temperature heat source, achieving a compatible high-temperature resistant radar/infrared stealth performance. Such excellent comprehensive properties endow it with a great potential in high-temperature military camouflage applications against enemy radar and infrared detection.

Highlights:
1 A novel conductive/magnetic polyimide nonwoven fabric is prepared by alkali treatment, Fe³⁺ ion exchange, thermal reduction, and electroless nickel plating process.
2 Dual-gradient impedance/insulation structure is assembled through stacking different conductive/magnetic polyimide nonwoven fabrics with gradually decreased impedance/insulation characteristic from top to bottom.
3 The strong interfacial interaction and dual-gradient impedance/insulation structure bring a compatible electromagnetic interference shielding, high-temperature resistant radar and infrared stealth performance.

A Highly Permeable and Three-Dimensional Integrated Electronic System for Wearable Human–Robot Interaction

2026-01-07T23:32:46+00:00

Permeable electronics promise improved physiological comfort, but remain constrained by limited functional integration and poor mechanical robustness. Here, we report a three-dimensional (3D) permeable electronic system that overcomes these challenges by combining electrospun SEBS nanofiber mats, high-resolution liquid metal conductors patterned via thermal imprinting (50 μm), and a strain isolators (SIL) that protects vertical interconnects (VIAs) from stress concentration. This architecture achieves ultrahigh air permeability (> 5.09 mL cm⁻² min⁻¹), exceptional stretchability (750% fracture strain), and reliable conductivity maintained through more than 32,500 strain cycles. Leveraging these advances, we have integrated multilayer circuits, strain sensors, and a three-axis accelerometer to achieve a fully integrated, stretchable, permeable wireless real-time gesture recognition glove. The system enables accurate sign language interpretation (98%) and seamless robotic hand control, demonstrating its potential for assistive technologies. By uniting comfort, durability, and high-density integration, this work establishes a versatile platform for next-generation wearable electronics and interactive human–robot interfaces.

Highlights:
1 Breathable and Stretchable 3D Electronics Electrospun SEBS nanofiber mats combined with sub-50 μm liquid metal patterning yield ultrahigh permeability (5.09 mL cm⁻² min⁻¹, 2520 g m⁻² day⁻¹) and mechanical robustness (750% strain), ensuring zero skin irritation after 1 week.
2 Stable Vertical Interconnects Strain isolators (SIL) decouple substrate deformation from vertical interconnects, maintaining conductivity under 750% strain and >32,500 cycles, surpassing conventional multilayer systems (<250% strain).
3 Gesture Recognition Assistive Glove A wireless glove integrating 5 strain sensors, a three-axis accelerometer, and CNN-based learning (98% accuracy) enables real-time robotic hand control, with direct relevance to rehabilitation, prosthetics, and human–robot collaboration.

Decoding Hydrogen-Bond Network of Electrolyte for Cryogenic Durable Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries

2026-01-07T23:15:01+00:00

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) hold great promise for next-generation energy storage but face challenges such as Zn dendrite growth, side reactions, and limited performance at low temperatures. Here, we propose an electrolyte design strategy that reconstructs the hydrogen-bond network through the synergistic effect of glycerol (GL) and methylsulfonamide (MSA), enabling the formation of a (100)-oriented Zn anode. This design significantly broadens the operating current and temperature windows of AZIBs. As a result, Zn||Zn symmetric cells exhibit remarkable cycling stability, achieving 4,000 h at 1 mA cm⁻² and 600 h at 40 mA cm⁻² (both at 1 mAh cm⁻² capacity); even at −20 °C, Zn||Zn symmetric cells deliver ultra-stable cycling for over 5,400 h. Furthermore, Zn||VO₂ full cells retain 77.3% of their capacity after 2,000 cycles at 30 °C with a current density of 0.5 A g⁻¹ and 85.4% capacity retention after 2,000 cycles at −20 °C and 0.25 A g⁻¹. These results demonstrate a robust pathway for enhancing the practicality and low-temperature adaptability of AZIBs.

Highlights:
1 The hydrogen-bond network structure and solvation structure of the electrolyte are reconstructed by glycerol (GL) and methylsulfonamide (MSA) to achieve low-temperature durability in aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs).
2 GL and MSA collaboratively construct (100)-oriented high-activity dendrite-free zinc anode to improve the rate performance of AZIBs.
3 The Zn||Zn symmetrical cell achieved stable operation for 4,000 h at 1 mA cm⁻² and 1 mAh cm⁻² (30 °C) and 5,400 h at 0.5 mA cm⁻² and 0.5 mAh cm⁻² (−20 °C).

COF Scaffold Membrane with Gate-Lane Nanostructure for Efficient Li+/Mg2+ Separation

2026-01-03T02:14:02+00:00

Due to complex ion–ion and ion–membrane interactions, creating innovative membrane structures to acquire favorable ion mixing effect and high separation performance remains a big challenge. Herein, we design covalent organic framework (COF) scaffold membrane with gate-lane nanostructure for efficient Li⁺/Mg²⁺ separation. COF nanosheets, serving as the scaffold, are intercalated by polyethyleneimine (PEI) to form the permeating layer. Subsequently, PEI on the surface reacts with 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate to form the polyurea gating layer. The gating layer, bearing tailored smaller pore size, affords high rejection to co-ions (Mg²⁺) and thus high Li⁺/Mg²⁺ selectivity. The permeating layer, with asymmetric charge and spatial nanostructure for creating individual lanes of Li⁺ and Cl⁻, facilitates Li⁺ transport and thus high Li⁺ permeability. The optimum COF scaffold membrane exhibits the permeance of 11.5 L m⁻² h⁻¹/bar⁻¹ and true selectivity of 231.9 with Li⁺ enrichment of 120.2% at the Mg²⁺/Li⁺ mass ratio of 50, exceeding the ideal selectivity of 80.5 and outperforming all ever-reported positively charged nanofiltration membranes. Our work may stimulate the further thinking about how to design the hierarchical membrane structure to achieve favorable ion mixing effect and break the membrane permeability–selectivity trade-off in chemical separations.

Highlights:
1 Covalent organic framework (COF) scaffold membranes with gate-lane nanostructure were prepared.
2 The gating layer affords high rejection to Mg²⁺ and thus high Li⁺/Mg²⁺ selectivity. The permeating layer bearing Li⁺ lanes and Cl⁻ lanes facilitates Li⁺ transport and thus high Li⁺ permeability.
3 The COF scaffold membrane exhibits the true selectivity of 231.9 with Li⁺ enrichment of 120.2% at the Mg²⁺/Li⁺ mass ratio of 50, exceeding the ideal selectivity of 80.5.

High-Density 1D Ionic Wire Arrays for Osmotic Energy Conversion

2026-01-03T02:01:26+00:00

Osmotic energy, existing between the seawater and river water, is a renewable energy source, which can be directly converted into electricity by ion-exchange membranes (IEM). In traditional IEMs, the ion transport channels are formed by nanophase separation of hydrophilic ion carriers and hydrophobic segments. It is difficult to realize high-density ion channels with controlled spatial arrangement and length scale of ion carriers. Herein, we construct high-density 1D ion wires as transmission channels. Through molecular design, hydrophilic imidazole groups and hydrophobic alkyl tails were introduced into the repeat units, which self-assembled into 1D ion transporting core and protecting shell along the main chains. The areal density of the ionic wire arrays is up to ~ 10¹² cm⁻², which is the highest value. The ionic wires ensure both high ion flux transport and high selectivity, achieving an ultrahigh-power density of 40.5 W m⁻² at a 500-fold salinity gradient. Besides, the ionic wire array membrane is well recyclable and antibacterial. The ionic wires provide novel concept for next generation of high-performance membranes.

Highlights:
1 Ultrahigh-Density 1D Ionic Wire Arrays. A high density (~10¹² cm⁻²) of 1D ionic channels is achieved via self-assembly of a homopolymer, enabling simultaneous high ion selectivity and conductivity for efficient osmotic energy conversion.
2 Anti-Swelling Membrane with Superior Performance. The membrane exhibits an ultrahigh ion-exchange capacity (~2.69 meq g⁻¹) yet minimal swelling (<10%) due to hydrophobic alkyl shell protection, leading to a breakthrough power density of 40.5 W m⁻² under a 500-fold salinity gradient.
3 Multifunctional Design with Antibacterial Properties. The imidazole-functionalized membrane not only enhances osmotic energy harvesting but also provides excellent antibacterial performance, offering a novel strategy for advanced separation membranes.

Achieving Ah-Level Zn–MnO2 Pouch Cells via Interfacial Solvation Structure Engineering

2026-01-03T01:47:59+00:00

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) offer a safe, cost-effective, and high-capacity energy storage solution, yet their performance is hindered by interfacial challenges at the Zn anode, including hydrogen evolution, corrosion, and dendritic Zn growth. While most studies focus on regulating Zn²⁺ solvation structures in bulk electrolytes, the evolution of interfacial solvation—where Zn²⁺ undergoes desolvation and deposition—remains insufficiently explored. Here, we introduce sulfated nanocellulose (SNC), an anion-rich biopolymer, to tailor the interfacial solvation structure without altering the bulk electrolyte composition. Using in situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence interface-extended X-ray absorption fine structure, we reveal that SNC facilitates the formation of a low-coordinated Zn²⁺ solvation shell at the interface by weakening H₂O coordination. This transformation is driven by electrostatic interactions between Zn²⁺ and anchored sulfate groups, thereby reducing water activity, improving interfacial stability during charge/discharge, and suppressing parasitic reactions. Consequently, a high average coulombic efficiency of 99.6% over 500 cycles in Zn|Ti asymmetric cells and 1.5 Ah pouch cells (13.4 mg cm⁻² loading, remained stable over 250 cycles) were achieved in SNC-induced AZIBs. This work underscores the importance of interfacial solvation structure engineering—beyond traditional bulk electrolyte design—in enabling practical, high-performance AZIBs.

Highlights:
1 This work introduces sulfated nanocellulose as an anion-rich additive to tailor the Zn anode interfacial solvation structure, reducing interfacial H₂O activity and suppressing hydrogen evolution.
2 In-situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared and fluorescence interface-extended X-ray absorption fine structure reveal the formation of a low-coordination Zn²⁺ solvation shell at the interface, facilitating rapid desolvation kinetics, enhancing interfacial stability during cycling.
3 Practical aqueous Zn–MnO₂ pouch cells (1.5 Ah), underscoring the potential of interfacial solvation engineering for high-performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries.

Ferroelectric Optoelectronic Sensor for Intelligent Flame Detection and In-Sensor Motion Perception

2026-01-17T00:15:17+00:00

Next-generation fire safety systems demand precise detection and motion recognition of flames. In-sensor computing, which integrates sensing, memory, and processing capabilities, has emerged as a key technology in flame detection. However, the implementation of hardware-level functional demonstrations based on artificial vision systems in the solar-blind ultraviolet (UV) band (200–280 nm) is hindered by the weak detection capability. Here, we propose Ga₂O₃/In₂Se₃ heterojunctions for the ferroelectric (abbreviation: Fe) optoelectronic sensor (abbreviation: OES) array (5 × 5 pixels), which is capable of ultraweak UV light detection with an ultrahigh detectivity through ferroelectric regulation and features in configurable multimode functionality. The Fe-OES array can directly sense different flame motions and simulate the non-spiking gradient neurons of insect visual system. Moreover, the flame signal can be effectively amplified in combination with leaky integration-and-fire neuron hardware. Using this Fe-OES system and neuromorphic hardware, we successfully demonstrate three flame processing tasks: achieving efficient flame detection across all time periods with terminal and cloud-based alarms; flame motion recognition with a lightweight convolutional neural network achieving 96.47% accuracy; and flame light recognition with 90.51% accuracy by means of a photosensitive artificial neural system. This work provides effective tools and approaches for addressing a variety of complex flame detection tasks.

Highlights:
1 The Ga₂O₃/In₂Se₃ heterojunction ferroelectric optoelectronic sensor array enables precise detection of ultraweak UV signals through ferroelectric modulation.
2 Efficient flame detection across all time periods is achieved through terminal devices and cloud-based alert systems.
3 The lightweight convolutional neural network-based approach achieves a flame motion recognition accuracy of 96.47%, while the optoelectronic artificial neural system attains 90.51% accuracy in identifying flame optical signals.

High-Efficiency Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells Based on Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells with Unprecedented Fill Factor

2026-01-17T03:50:46+00:00

Recent progress in inverted perovskite solar cells (iPSCs) highlights the critical role of interface engineering between the charge transport layer and perovskite. Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on transparent conductive oxide electrodes serve effectively as hole transport layers, though challenges such as energy mismatches and surface inhomogeneities remain. Here, a blended self-assembled monolayer of (2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (2PACz) and (4-(3,6-Dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz) is developed, offering improved surface potential uniformity and interfacial energy alignment compared to individual SAMs. Interactions between the SAMs and ionic species are investigated with simulation analysis conducted, revealing the elimination of interfacial energy barriers through precise energy-level tuning. This strategy enables wide-bandgap (1.67 eV) perovskite solar cells with inverted structures with over 24% efficiency, an open-circuit voltage (V_oc) of 1.268 V, and a certified fill factor (FF) of 86.8%, leading to a certified efficiency of 23.42%. The approach also enables high-efficiency semi-transparent devices and a mechanically stacked four-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell reaching 30.97% efficiency.

Highlights:
1 By mixing 2PACz and Me-4PACz, an energetically homogeneous buried interface is formed, enabling preferential energy alignment at the hole transport layer/perovskite (1.67 eV) interface, which delivers a certified fill factor of 86.8% and a power conversion efficiency of 23.42%.
2 Simulations indicate that at lower interface defect densities (1 × 10⁸–1 × 10¹¹ cm⁻²), improvements in FF dominate the device performance, whereas at higher defect densities (1 × 10¹²–1 × 10¹³ cm⁻²), Voc is the key factor.

Creation of an Artificial Layer for Boosting Zn2+ Mass Transfer and Anode Stability in Aqueous Zinc Metal Batteries

2026-01-17T05:59:02+00:00

Aqueous zinc metal batteries (AZMBs) are promising candidates for next-generation energy storage, but their commercialization is hindered by zinc anode challenges, notably parasitic reactions and dendrite growth. Herein, we present a biodegradable biomass-derived protective layer, primarily composed of curcumin, as a zincophilic interface for AZMBs. The curcumin-based layer, fabricated via a homogeneous solution process, exhibits strong adhesion, uniform coverage, and robust mechanical integrity. Rich polar functional groups in curcumin facilitate homogeneous Zn²⁺ flux and suppress side reactions. The curcumin-based layer shows a favorable affinity for zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate (Zn(OTf)₂) electrolyte, which is the representative of organic zinc salts, enabling optimal thickness for both protection and ion transport. The protected Zn anodes demonstrate an extended lifespan of 2500 h in symmetrical cells and a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.15%. Furthermore, Zn(OTf)₂-based system typically exhibits poor stability at high current densities. Fortunately, the lifespan of symmetrical cells was extended by 40-fold at the high current density. When paired with an NaV₃O₈·1.5H₂O (NVO) cathode, the system achieves 86.5% capacity retention after 3000 cycles at a large specific current density of 10 A g⁻¹. These results underscore the efficacy of the curcumin-based protective layer in enhancing the reversibility and stability of metal electrodes, specifically relieving the instability of Zn(OTf)₂-based systems at high current densities, advancing its commercial viability.

Highlights:
1 Natural extract, curcumin, was employed as the protective layer to improve the zinc anode stability.
2 The curcumin-based layer balanced the efficient thickness, robust adhesion, and facilitated Zn²⁺ transportation.
3 The desolvation mechanism with a metal ion chelating agent aside was clearly elucidated.

Construction of Modifiable Phthalocyanine-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks with Irreversible Linking for Efficient Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction

2026-01-17T05:41:55+00:00

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are considered promising catalysts for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction (pCO₂RR) due to facilitated regulations. However, the instability of COFs with dynamic reversible covalent bonds and the limited modifiability of COFs with irreversible covalent bonds restricted the enhancement of the pCO₂RR performance. Herein, three phthalocyanine-based COFs with ether-linked, CoOP, CoPOP, and CoBOP, were successfully prepared via in situ polycondensation using modifiable bis-phthalonitrile. CoBOP achieved a record of syngas performance in pCO₂RR systems with photosensitizers and sacrificial agents (CO 83.7 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ and H₂ 54.7 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹), surpassing most COF photocatalysts. Additionally, CoOP, CoPOP, and CoBOP exhibit stabilities in extreme environments owing to their irreversible covalent bonds. Experimental and density functional theory analyses confirm that the optimally matched the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the linking unit between the photosensitizer and active unit endowed CoBOP with the highest photoelectron transfer efficiency among the three catalysts, boosting its pCO₂RR activity. This work is highly instructive for designing COFs with structure-adjustable and irreversible covalent bonds.

Highlights:
1 Phthalocyanine-based covalent organic frameworks photocatalysts (CoOP, CoPOP, and CoBOP) with irreversible covalent linking were synthesized by designing bis-phthalonitrile precursors, exhibiting exceptional stability in thermal, acidic, alkaline, and organic environments.
2 Tuning the conjugation length of the linking unit effectively modulates the electronic features of the photocatalyst.
3 The linking unit serves as a ‘ladder’ between excited [Ru(bpy)₃]Cl₂ and Co²⁺, allowing the electrons to cascade down and facilitating rapid transfer, which is responsible for the excellent photocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction performance of the photocatalysts.

Recycling of High-Purity Lithium Metal from Waste Battery by Photoelectrochemical Extraction at Ultralow Overall Potential

2026-01-17T03:33:55+00:00

To ease the scarcity of lithium (Li) resource and cut down on environmental pollution, an efficient, selective, inexpensive and sustainable Li recycling process from waste batteries is needed, which is yet to be achieved. Here, we report a low-potential photoelectrochemical (PEC) system that selectively and efficiently extracts Li metals from multi-cation electrolytes under 1 sun illumination. Based on the difference of redox potential, we can get rid of the disturbance of other cations (i.e., Fe, Co and Ni ions) by a bias-free PEC device to realize the extraction of high-purity Li metals on a coplanar Si-based photocathode-TiO₂ photoanode tandem device at 2 V of applied bias (far less than the redox potentials of Li⁺/Li). In such system, the extraction rate of Li metals (purity > 99.5%) exceeds 1.35 g h⁻¹ m⁻² with 90% of Faradaic efficiency. Long-term experiments, different electrode/electrolyte tests, and various price assessments further demonstrate the stability, compatibility and economy of PEC extraction system, enabling a solar-driven pathway for the recycling of critical metal resources.

Highlights:
1 A low-potential photoelectrochemical (PEC) system was designed and used to selectively and efficiently extracts Li metals from multi-cation electrolytes under 1 sun illumination.
2 A coplanar Si-based photocathode-TiO₂ photoanode PEC device exhibited an acceptable extraction rate of ~1.38 g h⁻¹ m⁻², an excellent FE of 90.7% and a high production purity of 99.5%.
3 The designed PEC system also showed potential for purifying the waste electrolytes and recycling the other metals (i.e., Fe, Co, and Ni).

Dopant-Free Ultra-Thin Spiro-OMeTAD Enables Near 30%-Efficient n–i–p Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells

2026-01-17T02:51:49+00:00

A major challenge for n–i–p structured perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells (TSCs) is the use of 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD), a commonly used hole transport layer, which induces significant optical losses and consequently reduces device current. Herein, we propose an ultra-thin (10 nm) vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE)-deposited spiro-OMeTAD, coupled with a 2D/3D perovskite heterojunction, to simultaneously enhance the optical and electrical properties of n–i–p perovskite/silicon TSCs. Our results demonstrate that the 10-nm-thick spiro-OMeTAD layer significantly improves optical performance, achieving a 92.2% reduction in parasitic absorption and an 18.4% decrease in reflection losses. Additionally, the incorporation of the 2D/3D perovskite heterojunction facilitates improved molecular arrangement and enhanced surface uniformity of the ultrathin spiro-OMeTAD, leading to higher tolerance to interface defects and more efficient hole extraction. Consequently, n–i–p perovskite/silicon TSCs featuring ultrathin spiro-OMeTAD exhibit remarkable efficiencies of 29.73% (0.135 cm²) and 28.77% (28.25% certified efficiency, 1.012 cm²), along with improved stability.

Highlights:
1 Optical loss reduction: The 10-nm-thick vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE)-based 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) film reduces parasitic absorption by 92.2% and reflection losses by 18.4% compared to conventional spin-coated 200-nm-thick spiro-OMeTAD.
2 Electrical performance improvement: The VTE-deposited spiro-OMeTAD, coupled with a 2D/3D perovskite heterojunction, ensures conformal coverage, optimizes energy-level alignment, and passivates interface defects.
3 Device efficiency and stability enhancement of perovskite/silicon tandems: A remarkable efficiency of 29.73% is achieved, the highest reported value for spiro-OMeTAD-based n–i–p tandems, with a 11 times improvement of stability under operational conditions.

A Multi-Scale Cross-Band Defense System Integrating Decoupled Visible, Dynamic Infrared Camouflage and Electromagnetic Shielding

2026-01-16T11:40:01+00:00

Cross-band camouflage technology is a critical necessity, enabling personnel and equipment to evade detection across evolving surveillance systems, thereby enhancing survivability and mission success. Herein, this work develops a layer-structured composite system based on carbon nanotube (CNT) film comprising ionic liquid (IL) interlayer for infrared (IR) modulation and surface-engineered Cu₂O nanoparticles for visible camouflage. The CNT/IL/CNT architecture enables reversible IR emissivity switching (Δε≈0.55) through electrically driven ion intercalation/deintercalation within 2 s, while spray-coated Cu₂O nanoparticles (100 ~ 400 nm diameter) on the top CNT film layer generate rich structure colors with 90% IR transmittance. This spectral-decoupling design overcomes the traditional trade-off between color visibility and IR transmittance observed in pigment-based systems. Remarkably, due to physical interface coupling, the Cu₂O-coated layer-structured system maintains exceptional electrical conductivity, enabling simultaneous electromagnetic interference shielding and electrothermal energy conversion. The integrated system demonstrates long-term operational stability. By unifying visible-IR camouflage, electromagnetic protection, and energy management in a lightweight platform, this work provides an important paradigm for cross-band camouflage technologies.

Highlights:
1 A multi-scale cross-band military lightweight camouflage system is constructed via elaborate hierarchical structure design.
2 This system can achieve rich color presentation to meet the visible camouflage requirements in different backgrounds.
3 This system can simultaneously achieve an infrared emissivity modulation of Δε > 0.5, achieving excellent dynamic infrared stealth.
4 This system characterized by its light weight can also achieve efficient electromagnetic interference shielding and excellent electrothermal conversion.

Bio-Based Flexible Solar-Driven Sustainable Generator with Efficient Electricity Generation Enabled by Plant Transpiration System

2026-01-16T10:54:51+00:00

The global energy crisis and electricity shortage pose unprecedented challenges. Bio-based solar-driven ionic power generation devices with flexibility, photothermal self-healing and scalability hold great promise for sustainable electricity and alleviating energy crisis. Here, inspired by plant transpiration, a multifunctional bio-based ion conductive elastomer with solar power generation capability was designed by engineered synergy among epoxy natural rubber, cellulose nanofibrils, lithium bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide and eumelanin. The film exhibits an outstanding stretchability (1072%) and toughness (22.7 MJ m⁻³). The favorable synergy of low thermal conductivity, high hygroscopicity and photothermal conversion performance endowed the film with a large thermal gradient under light illumination, driving efficient water transpiration. Furthermore, the excellent interfacial compatibility between eumelanin and matrix facilitates the formation of space charge regions, which further enhances Li⁺ transport. The film demonstrates excellent evaporation rate (2.83 kg m⁻² h⁻¹), output voltage (0.47 V) and conductivity (5.11 × 10^–2 S m⁻¹). Notably, the film exhibits remarkable photothermal self-healing performance even in saline environment, achieving 99.6% healing efficiency of output voltage. Therefore, the film demonstrates significant prospects for applications in photo-thermoelectric generation and solar-driven ionic power generation.

Highlights:
1 Bio-based solar-driven ionic power generation devices were designed based on the principle of plant transpiration, achieving an evaporation rate of 2.83 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ and an output voltage of 0.47 V.
2 The excellent interfacial compatibility between eumelanin and the matrix facilitates the formation of space charge layer, which significantly enhances Li⁺ transport.
3 Solar-driven ionic power generation devices possess excellent photothermal self-healing ability (99.6% healing efficiency) and stretchability (1072%) in saline environment.

Copper Single-Atoms Loaded on Molybdenum Disulphide Drive Bacterial Cuproptosis-Like Death and Interrupt Drug-Resistance Compensation Pathways

2026-01-15T01:26:45+00:00

The development of highly efficient and multifunctional nanozymes holds promise for addressing the challenges posed by drug-resistant bacteria. Here, copper single-atom-loaded MoS₂ nanozymes (Cu SAs/MoS₂) were developed to effectively combat drug-resistant bacteria by synergistically integrating the triple strategies of oxidative damage, cuproptosis-like death and disruption of cell wall synthesis. Density functional theory revealed that each Cu center coordinated with three sulfur ligands, enhancing the adsorption of H₂O₂, which reduced the activation energy of the key step by 17%, thereby improving peroxidase-like (POD-like) activity. The generation of reactive oxygen species in combination with Cu SAs/MoS₂ glutathione peroxidase-like (GSH-Px-like) for glutathione scavenging resulted in an imbalance in redox homeostasis within bacteria. Cu SAs/MoS₂, which act as nanopioneers, drive oxidative stress to initiate the process of cuproptosis-like death, leading to abnormal aggregation of lipoylated proteins and inactivation of iron‒sulfur cluster proteins. Moreover, Cu SAs/MoS₂ inhibited the biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan synthesis precursors d-glutamate and m-diaminopimelic acid and disrupted the peptidoglycan cross-linking process mediated by penicillin-binding proteins, effectively blocking the compensatory cell wall remodeling pathway of β-lactam-resistant bacteria. Overall, Cu SAs/MoS₂ with multiple functions can not only efficiently kill bacteria but also decelerate the development of bacterial resistance to combat drug-resistant bacterial infections.

Highlights:
1 Peroxidase-like and glutathione peroxidase-like activities were significantly enhanced by atomic-level doping of Cu SAs/MoS₂, which efficiently generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caused oxidative damage to drug-resistant bacteria.
2 The ROS storms generated by single-atom-loaded MoS₂ nanozymes (Cu SAs/MoS₂) altered bacterial membrane permeability and facilitated Cu²⁺ entry into bacteria, enhancing bacterial cuproptosis-like death.
3 Cu SAs/MoS₂ interferes with bacterial energy metabolism and cell wall synthesis and inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis, weakening bacterial adaptation and drug resistance.

Dual-Mode Sensor with Saturated Mechanochromic Structural Color Enhanced by Black Conductive Hydrogel for Interactive Rehabilitation Monitoring

2026-01-14T23:41:15+00:00

Flexible and wearable sensors offer immense potential for rehabilitation medicine, but most rely solely on electrical signals, lacking real-time visual feedback and limiting trainee’s interactivity. Inspired by the structural coloration of Cyanocitta stelleri feathers, we developed a dual-mode sensor by utilizing black conductive polymer hydrogel (CPH)-enhanced structural color strategy. This sensor integrates a hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC)-based structural color interface with a designed CPH sensing component. Highly visible light-absorbing CPH (absorption rate > 88%) serves as the critical substrate for enhancing structural color performance. By absorbing incoherent scattered light and suppressing background interference, it significantly enhances the saturation of structural color, thereby achieving a high contrast index of 4.92. Unlike the faint and hardly visible structural colors on non-black substrates, the HPC on CPH displays vivid, highly perceptible colors and desirable mechanochromic behavior. Moreover, the CPH acts as a flexible sensing element, fortified by hydrogen and coordination bond networks, and exhibits exceptional electromechanical properties, including 867.1 kPa tensile strength, strain sensitivity (gauge factor of 4.24), and outstanding durability (over 4400 cycles). Compared to traditional single-mode sensors, the integrated sensor provides real-time visual and digital dual feedback, enhancing the accuracy and interactivity of rehabilitation assessments. This technology holds promise for advancing next-generation rehabilitation medicine.

Highlights:
1 Mimicking Cyanocitta stelleri feathers, we developed a dual-mode sensor with strain-sensing and mechanochromic functions by using black conductive polymer hydrogel (CPH) substrate to enhance hydroxypropyl cellulose’s structural color.
2 The synthesized CPH, with >88% visible-light absorption, enhances color saturation by absorbing scattered light and suppressing background interference, enabling vivid mechanochromism. Fortified by noncovalent bonds, it also functions as a robust, sensitive sensor.
3 Unlike traditional single-mode sensors, this integrated sensor offers real-time visual and digital feedback, improving rehabilitation assessment accuracy and interactivity.

Exposing Zn(002) Texture with Sucralose Additive for Stable and Dendrite-Free Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries

2026-01-14T10:59:53+00:00

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are currently confronted with the challenge of achieving long-term cyclic stability under high current densities. This issue is primarily attributed to the excessive growth of dendrites and the occurrence of significant side reactions. Herein, sucralose (SCL), as an electrolyte additive, has been used to promote the exposure of the Zn(002) texture. The introduction of SCL can adjust the Zn²⁺ nucleation and diffusion along different crystal facets, promoting the exposure of the Zn(002) texture. By substituting water molecules in the [Zn(H₂O)₆]²⁺, SCL reconfigures the hydrogen bond network in the electrolyte, reconstructing the solvation structure and suppressing the hydrogen evolution reaction. Consequently, the Zn//Zn symmetric battery exhibits long-term cycling stability of over 4900 h at 1 mA cm⁻²–1 mAh cm⁻². Even at a harsh condition of 30 mA cm⁻²–30 mAh cm⁻² (DOD = 73.3%), it can stably cycle for 171 h. The CE of the Zn//Cu half battery reaches 99.61% at 0.2 mA cm⁻² with 0.2 mAh cm⁻². Employing the optimized electrolyte, after 500 cycles, a high specific capacity of 420 mAh g⁻¹ can be retained for the NH₄V₄O₁₀//Zn full battery at 500 mA g⁻¹, corresponding to a capacity retention of 90.7%.

Highlights:
1 Sucralose (SCL) has been unveiled as an electrolyte additive to promote the exposure of the Zn(002) texture.
2 SCL has been verified to disrupt the solvation structure around zinc ions and reduce water activity on Zn anode.
3 After adding SCL additives, Zn//Zn battery achieves the cycling lifespan of 171 h at 30 mA cm⁻²–30 mAh cm⁻² (DOD = 73.3%). Zn//Cu battery achieves a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.61% at 0.2 mA cm⁻² with 0.2 mAh cm⁻².

Regulation Engineering of Alkali Metal Interlayer Pillar in P2-Type Cathode for Ultra-High Rate and Long-Term Cycling Sodium-Ion Batteries

2026-01-14T04:59:52+00:00

Layered oxides have attracted significant attention as cathodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their compositional versatility and tuneable electrochemical performance. However, these materials still face challenges such as structural phase transitions, Na⁺/vacancy ordering, and Jahn–Teller distortion effect, resulting in severe capacity decay and sluggish ion kinetics. We develop a novel Cu/Y dual-doping strategy that leads to the formation of "Na–Y" interlayer aggregates, which act as structural pillars within alkali metal layers, enhancing structural stability and disrupting the ordered arrangement of Na⁺/vacancies. This disruption leads to a unique coexistence of ordered and disordered Na⁺/vacancy states with near-zero strain, which significantly improves Na⁺ diffusion kinetics. This structural innovation not only mitigates the unfavorable P2–O2 phase transition but also facilitates rapid ion transport. As a result, the doped material demonstrates exceptional electrochemical performance, including an ultra-long cycle life of 3000 cycles at 10 C and an outstanding high-rate capability of ~70 mAh g⁻¹ at 50 C. The discovery of this novel interlayer pillar, along with its role in modulating Na⁺/vacancy arrangements, provides a fresh perspective on engineering layered oxides. It opens up promising new pathways for the structural design of advanced cathode materials toward efficient, stable, and high-rate SIBs.

Highlights:
1 A novel “Na–Y” interlayer aggregate is proposed, which acts as a robust interlayer pillar, distinct from previously reported single-ion-based pillar structures.
2 The coexistence of ordered and disordered Na⁺/vacancy states resulting from Cu/Y dual-site doping can stimulate rapid Na⁺ diffusion.
3 The designed Na0.67Y0.05Ni0.18Cu0.1Mn0.67O2 electrode exhibits outstanding long-term cycling performance (~3000 cycles) and high-rate capability (~ 70 mAh g−1 at 50 C).

Coordination Thermodynamic Control of Magnetic Domain Configuration Evolution toward Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Attenuation

2026-01-14T04:44:17+00:00

The precise tuning of magnetic nanoparticle size and spacing directly influences the alignment of intrinsic magnetic moments and magnetic domains, thereby shaping magnetic properties. However, the dynamic evolution mechanisms of magnetic domain configurations in relation to electromagnetic (EM) attenuation behavior remain poorly understood. To address this gap, a thermodynamically controlled periodic coordination strategy is proposed to achieve precise modulation of magnetic nanoparticle spacing. This approach unveils the evolution of magnetic domain configurations, progressing from individual to coupled and ultimately to crosslinked domain configurations. A unique magnetic coupling phenomenon surpasses the Snoek limit in low-frequency range, which is observed through micromagnetic simulation. The crosslinked magnetic configuration achieves effective low-frequency EM wave absorption at 3.68 GHz, encompassing nearly the entire C-band. This exceptional magnetic interaction significantly enhances radar camouflage and thermal insulation properties. Additionally, a robust gradient metamaterial design extends coverage across the full band (2–40 GHz), effectively mitigating the impact of EM pollution on human health and environment. This comprehensive study elucidates the evolution mechanisms of magnetic domain configurations, addresses gaps in dynamic magnetic modulation, and provides novel insights for the development of high-performance, low-frequency EM wave absorption materials.

Highlights:
1 A periodic coordination thermodynamical strategy is proposed to modulate magnetic domain configurations, which is visualized by micromagnetic simulation and off-axis electron holography.
2 The built-in electric field at the Fe-injected Ni/N-doped carbon aerogel (NF/NCA) interface, together with magnetic coupling, significantly enhances low-frequency electromagnetic wave absorption properties, as validated by an equivalent circuit model.
3 NF@NCA composites offer additional radar stealth and thermal insulation performances, suitable for extreme temperature conditions; and a "robust" gradient metamaterial achieves 2–40 GHz absorption.

Cactus Thorn-Inspired Janus Nanofiber Membranes as a Water Diode for Light-Enhanced Diabetic Wound Healing

2026-01-14T00:24:16+00:00

Diabetic wounds present challenges in clinical management due to persistent inflammation caused by excessive exudate infiltration. Inspired by the gradient wettability of cactus thorn, this study has devised a biomimetic Janus nanofiber membrane as a water diode, which endows with gradient wettability and gradient pore size, offering sustainable unidirectional self-drainage and antibacterial properties for enhanced diabetic wound healing. The Janus membrane is fabricated by depositing a hydrophilic polyacrylonitrile/chlorin e6 layer with smaller pore sizes onto a hydrophobic poly(ε-caprolactone) with larger pore sizes, thereby generating a vertical gradient in both wettability and pore structure. The incorporation of chlorin e6 in the upper layer enables the utilization of external light energy to generate heat for evaporation and produce reactive oxygen species, achieving a high sterilization efficiency of 99%. Meanwhile, the gradient structure of the Janus membrane facilitates continuous antigravity exudate drainage at a rate of 0.95 g cm⁻² h⁻¹. This dual functionality of effective exudate drainage and sterilization significantly reduces inflammatory factors, allows the polarization of macrophages toward the M2 proliferative phenotype, enhances angiogenesis, and accelerates wound healing. Therefore, this study provides a groundbreaking bioinspired strategy for the development of advanced wound dressings tailored for diabetic wound regeneration.

Highlights:
1 Photonic-powered Janus membrane with dual-gradient architecture for efficient wound exudate drainage and evaporation.
2 Photodynamic–photothermal Janus membrane for enhanced bacterial eradication.
3 Multifunctional Janus membrane with dual drainage–sterilization functions accelerates diabetic wound healing via macrophage reprogramming and tissue regeneration.

Heteroatom-Coordinated Fe–N4 Catalysts for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction in Alkaline Seawater Zinc-Air Batteries

2026-01-04T01:18:39+00:00

Seawater zinc-air batteries are promising energy storage devices due to their high energy density and utilization of seawater electrolytes. However, their efficiency is hindered by the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and chloride-induced degradation over conventional catalysts. In this study, we proposed a universal synthetic strategy to construct heteroatom axially coordinated Fe–N₄ single-atom seawater catalyst materials (Cl–Fe–N₄ and S–Fe–N₄). X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirmed their five-coordinated square pyramidal structure. Systematic evaluation of catalytic activities revealed that compared with S–Fe–N₄, Cl–Fe–N₄ exhibits smaller electrochemical active surface area and specific surface area, yet demonstrates higher limiting current density (5.8 mA cm⁻²). The assembled zinc-air batteries using Cl–Fe–N₄ showed superior power density (187.7 mW cm⁻² at 245.1 mA cm⁻²), indicating that Cl axial coordination more effectively enhances the intrinsic ORR activity. Moreover, Cl–Fe–N₄ demonstrates stronger Cl⁻ poisoning resistance in seawater environments. Chronoamperometry tests and zinc-air battery cycling performance evaluations confirmed its enhanced stability. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the introduction of heteroatoms in the axial direction regulates the electron center of Fe single atom, leading to more active reaction intermediates and increased electron density of Fe single sites, thereby enhancing the reduction in adsorbed intermediates and hence the overall ORR catalytic activity.

Highlights:
1 A universal synthetic strategy was proposed to construct heteroatom axially coordinated Fe–N₄ single-atom seawater catalyst materials (Cl–Fe–N₄ and S–Fe–N₄).
2 The Cl–Fe–N₄ catalyst achieves a limiting current density of 5.8 mA cm⁻² and a half-wave potential of 0.931 V vs. RHE in alkaline synthetic seawater, outperforming commercial Pt/C (40 wt%).
3 The seawater-based zinc-air battery fabricated with Cl–Fe–N₄ demonstrates a power density of 187.7 mW cm⁻² at 245.1 mA cm⁻² and maintains stable cycling performance for 200 h.

Achieving Wide-Temperature-Range Physical and Chemical Hydrogen Sorption in a Structural Optimized Mg/N-Doped Porous Carbon Nanocomposite

2026-01-03T01:10:55+00:00

Nanoconfinement is a promising approach to simultaneously enhance the thermodynamics, kinetics, and cycling stability of hydrogen storage materials. The introduction of supporting scaffolds usually causes a reduction in the total hydrogen storage capacity due to “dead weight.” Here, we synthesize an optimized N-doped porous carbon (rN-pC) without heavy metal as supporting scaffold to confine Mg/MgH₂ nanoparticles (Mg/MgH₂@rN-pC). rN-pC with 60 wt% loading capacity of Mg (denoted as 60 Mg@rN-pC) can adsorb and desorb 0.62 wt% H₂ on the rN-pC scaffold. The nanoconfined MgH₂ can be chemically dehydrided at 175 °C, providing ~ 3.59 wt% H₂ with fast kinetics (fully dehydrogenated at 300 °C within 15 min). This study presents the first realization of nanoconfined Mg-based system with adsorption-active scaffolds. Besides, the nanoconfined MgH₂ formation enthalpy is reduced to ~ 68 kJ mol⁻¹ H₂ from ~ 75 kJ mol⁻¹ H₂ for pure MgH₂. The composite can be also compressed to nanostructured pellets, with volumetric H₂ density reaching 33.4 g L⁻¹ after 500 MPa compression pressure, which surpasses the 24 g L⁻¹ volumetric capacity of 350 bar compressed H₂. Our approach can be implemented to the design of hybrid H₂ storage materials with enhanced capacity and desorption rate.

Highlights:
1 The as-synthesized rN-pC exhibited H₂ uptake of ~0.9 wt% at 77 K and ultralow pressure of ~0.1 bar, with an isosteric adsorption enthalpy (Qst) of ~14 kJ mol^-1 H₂ at zero coverage.
2 The 60MgH₂@rN-pC started to decompose at 175 °C and released H₂ of 3.38 wt% at 300 °C within 30 min, which showed outstanding desorption kinetics of MgH₂ among Mg-carbon material nanocomposites.
3 The drawback of nanoconfinement scaffolds that cannot store hydrogen was firstly overcome.

Ammonia Borane All-In-One Modification Strategy Enables High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells

2026-01-03T00:54:52+00:00

Perovskite solar cells have achieved remarkable progress in photovoltaic efficiency. However, interfacial defects at the buried and upper interfaces of perovskite layer remain a critical challenge, leading to charge recombination, ion migration, and iodine oxidation. To address this, we propose a novel all-in-one modification strategy employing ammonia borane (BNH₆) as a multifunctional complex. By incorporating BNH₆ at both buried and upper interfaces simultaneously, we achieve dual-interfacial defect passivation and iodide oxidation suppression through three key mechanisms: (1) hydrolysis-induced interaction with SnO₂, (2) coordination with Pb²⁺, and (3) inhibition of I⁻ oxidation. This approach significantly enhances device performance, yielding a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.43% (certified 25.98%). Furthermore, the unencapsulated device demonstrates prominent enhanced operation stability, maintaining 90% of its initial PCE after 500 h under continuous illumination. Notably, our strategy eliminates the need for separate interface treatments, streamlining fabrication and offering a scalable route toward high-performance perovskite photovoltaics.

Highlights:
1 An all-in-one modification strategy was developed by introducing a multifunctional complex ammonia borane (BNH₆) into the buried and upper interfaces simultaneously.
2 BNH₆ uniquely realizes dual-interfacial defect passivation and iodide oxidation suppression by interacting with SnO₂ through hydrolysis, coordinating with Pb²⁺ and inhibiting the oxidation of I⁻.
3 The optimized perovskite solar cells achieve a champion efficiency of 26.43% (certified, 25.98%) with negligible current density–voltage hysteresis and significantly improved thermal and light stability.

Ultrafast Sulfur Redox Dynamics Enabled by a PPy@N-TiO2 Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photoelectrode for Photo-Assisted Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

2026-01-02T10:47:16+00:00

Photo-assisted lithium–sulfur batteries (PALSBs) offer an eco-friendly solution to address the issue of sluggish reaction kinetics of conventional LSBs. However, designing an efficient photoelectrode for practical implementation remains a significant challenge. Herein, we construct a free-standing polymer–inorganic hybrid photoelectrode with a direct Z-scheme heterostructure to develop high-efficiency PALSBs. Specifically, polypyrrole (PPy) is in situ vapor-phase polymerized on the surface of N-doped TiO₂ nanorods supported on carbon cloth (N-TiO₂/CC), thereby forming a well-defined p–n heterojunction. This architecture efficiently facilitates the carrier separation of photo-generated electron–hole pairs and significantly enhances carrier transport by creating a built-in electric field. Thus, the PPy@N-TiO₂/CC can simultaneously act as a photocatalyst and an electrocatalyst to accelerate the reduction and evolution of sulfur, enabling ultrafast sulfur redox dynamics, as convincingly validated by both theoretical simulations and experimental results. Consequently, the PPy@N-TiO₂/CC PALSB achieves a high discharge capacity of 1653 mAh g⁻¹, reaching 98.7% of the theoretical value. Furthermore, 5 h of photo-charging without external voltage enables the PALSB to deliver a discharge capacity of 333 mAh g⁻¹, achieving dual-mode energy harvesting capabilities. This work successfully integrates solar energy conversion and storage within a rechargeable battery system, providing a promising strategy for sustainable energy storage technologies.

Highlights:
1 A novel polymer–inorganic hybrid photoelectrode (PPy@N-TiO₂/CC) with a Z-scheme heterostructure was first constructed for high-efficiency photo-assisted lithium–sulfur battery (PALSB).
2 PPy@N-TiO₂/CC acts not only as a photocatalyst to accelerate sulfur redox reductions through photocatalytic, photoconductive, and photo-charge effects, but also as an electrocatalyst to facilitate intermediate polysulfide conversion.
3 PALSB achieves an ultrahigh discharge capacity of 1653 mAh g⁻¹ and dual-mode energy harvesting: 5 h of photo-charging delivers a discharge capacity of 333 mAh g⁻¹.

Crystallographic Engineering Enables Fast Low-Temperature Ion Transport of TiNb2O7 for Cold-Region Lithium-Ion Batteries

2026-01-01T11:25:45+00:00

TiNb₂O₇ represents an up-and-coming anode material for fast-charging lithium-ion batteries, but its practicalities are severely impeded by slow transfer rates of ionic and electronic especially at the low-temperature conditions. Herein, we introduce crystallographic engineering to enhance structure stability and promote Li⁺ diffusion kinetics of TiNb₂O₇ (TNO). The density functional theory computation reveals that Ti⁴⁺ is replaced by Sb⁵⁺ and Nb⁵⁺ in crystal lattices, which can reduce the Li⁺ diffusion impediment and improve electronic conductivity. Synchrotron radiation X-ray 3D nano-computed tomography and in situ X-ray diffraction measurement confirm the introduction of Sb/Nb alleviates volume expansion during lithiation and delithiation processes, contributing to enhancing structure stability. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra results verify that crystallographic engineering also increases short Nb-O bond length in TNO-Sb/Nb. Accordingly, the TNO-Sb/Nb anode delivers an outstanding capacity retention rate of 89.8% at 10 C after 700 cycles and excellent rate performance (140.4 mAh g⁻¹ at 20 C). Even at −30 °C, TNO-Sb/Nb anode delivers a capacity of 102.6 mAh g⁻¹ with little capacity degeneration for 500 cycles. This work provides guidance for the design of fast-charging batteries at low-temperature condition.

Highlights:
1 Sb element is introduced into TiNb₂O₇ successfully.
2 Such crystallographic engineering can narrow the bandgap and broaden the Li⁺ transport channel, making TNO-Sb/Nb electrode possess a better low-temperature performance.
3 Such a synergy effect enables TNO-Sb/Nb with large reversible capacity, superior rate performance (140.4 mAh g⁻¹ at 20 C), and a high durability of 500 cycles even at −30 °C, holding brand promises in practical applications.

Multiscale Theoretical Calculations Empower Robust Electric Double Layer Toward Highly Reversible Zinc Anode

2025-12-26T02:05:52+00:00

The electric double layer (EDL) at the electrochemical interface is crucial for ion transport, charge transfer, and surface reactions in aqueous rechargeable zinc batteries (ARZBs). However, Zn anodes routinely encounter persistent dendrite growth and parasitic reactions, driven by the inhomogeneous charge distribution and water-dominated environment within the EDL. Compounding this, classical EDL theory, rooted in mean-field approximations, further fails to resolve molecular-scale interfacial dynamics under battery-operating conditions, limiting mechanistic insights. Herein, we established a multiscale theoretical calculation framework from single molecular characteristics to interfacial ion distribution, revealing the EDL’s structure and interactions between different ions and molecules, which helps us understand the parasitic processes in depth. Simulations demonstrate that water dipole and sulfate ion adsorption at the inner Helmholtz plane drives severe hydrogen evolution and by-product formation. Guided by these insights, we engineered a “water-poor and anion-expelled” EDL using 4,1',6'-trichlorogalactosucrose (TGS) as an electrolyte additive. As a result, Zn||Zn symmetric cells with TGS exhibited stable cycling for over 4700 h under a current density of 1 mA cm⁻², while NaV₃O₈·1.5H₂O-based full cells kept 90.4% of the initial specific capacity after 800 cycles at 5 A g⁻¹. This work highlights the power of multiscale theoretical frameworks to unravel EDL complexities and guide high-performance ARZB design through integrated theory-experiment approaches.

Highlights:
1 A multiscale theoretical framework deciphers the molecular-ionic dynamics of the electric double layer (EDL) in aqueous rechargeable zinc batteries, correlating interfacial water aggregation, anion-specific adsorption, and electric field inhomogeneity to parasitic reactions and dendrite growth, thereby establishing EDL-driven design principles for ultra-stable Zn anodes.
2 Molecular adsorption engineering creates a localized “water-poor and anion-expelled” EDL configuration that suppresses hydrogen evolution and by-product formation while enabling dense Zn electrodeposition through flattened interfacial potential gradients and reduced Zn²⁺ electrostatic repulsion.

Gas-Phase Construction of Compact Capping Layers for High-Performance Halide Perovskite X-Ray Detectors

2025-12-21T04:04:54+00:00

Halide perovskites have emerged as promising materials for X-ray detection with exceptional properties and reasonable costs. Among them, heterostructures between 3D perovskites and low-dimensional perovskites attract intensive studies of their advantages due to low-level ion migration and decent stability. However, there is still a lack of methods to precisely construct heterostructures and a fundamental understanding of their structure-dependent optoelectronic properties. Herein, a gas-phase method was developed to grow 2D perovskites directly on 3D perovskites with nanoscale accuracy. In addition, the larger steric hindrance of organic layers of 2D perovskites was proved to enable slower ion migration, which resulted in reduced trap states and better stability. Based on MAPbBr₃ single crystals with the (PA)₂PbBr₄ capping layer, the X-ray detector achieved a sensitivity of 22,245 μC Gy_air⁻¹ cm⁻², a response speed of 240 μs, and a dark current drift of 1.17 × 10^–4 nA cm⁻¹ s⁻¹ V⁻¹, which were among the highest reported for state-of-the-art perovskite-based X-ray detectors. This study presents a precise synthesis method to construct perovskite-based heterostructures. It also brings an in-depth understanding of the relationship between lattice structures and properties, which are beneficial for advancing high-performance and cost-effective X-ray detectors.

Highlights:
1 A gas-phase method has been developed, which can directly grow two-dimensional perovskite on three-dimensional perovskite with nanoscale precision.
2 The steric hindrance of the organic layer within 2D perovskites influences the ion migration in lattice. Larger steric hindrance enables slower ion movement.
3 The constructed 2D/3D heterojunction device showed ultra-high sensitivity, ultra-fast response speed, and ultra-low dark current.

Dynamic Network- and Microcellular Architecture-Driven Biomass Elastomer toward Sustainable and Versatile Soft Electronics

2025-12-15T05:37:13+00:00

Conductive elastomers combining micromechanical sensitivity, lightweight adaptability, and environmental sustainability are critically needed for advanced flexible electronics requiring precise responsiveness and long-term wearability; however, the integration of these properties remains a significant challenge. Here, we present a biomass-derived conductive elastomer featuring a rationally engineered dynamic crosslinked network integrated with a tunable microporous architecture. This structural design imparts pronounced micromechanical sensitivity, an ultralow density (~ 0.25 g cm⁻³), and superior mechanical compliance for adaptive deformation. Moreover, the unique micro-spring effect derived from the porous architecture ensures exceptional stretchability (> 500% elongation at break) and superior resilience, delivering immediate and stable electrical response under both subtle (< 1%) and large (> 200%) mechanical stimuli. Intrinsic dynamic interactions endow the elastomer with efficient room temperature self-healing and complete recyclability without compromising performance. First-principles simulations clarify the mechanisms behind micropore formation and the resulting functionality. Beyond its facile and mild fabrication process, this work establishes a scalable route toward high-performance, sustainable conductive elastomers tailored for next-generation soft electronics.

Highlights:
1 Biomass-derived conductive elastomer featuring dynamic networks and microporous architecture enables ultralight and highly mechanosensitive soft electronics.
2 Micro-spring-like porous structure imparts excellent stretchability, superior resilience, and rapid and precise electrical responsiveness under subtle and large mechanical stimuli.
3 Intrinsic dynamic interactions enable efficient room temperature self-healing and full recyclability, promoting sustainable and scalable fabrication of advanced flexible electronics.

Superhydrated Zwitterionic Hydrogel with Dedicated Water Channels Enables Nonfouling Solar Desalination

2025-12-08T08:41:12+00:00

Solar-driven interfacial desalination (SID) offers a sustainable route for freshwater production, yet its long-term performance is compromised by salt crystallization and microbial fouling under complex marine conditions. Zwitterionic polymers offer promising nonfouling capabilities, but current zwitterionic hydrogel-based solar evaporators (HSEs) suffer from inadequate hydration and salt vulnerability. Inspired by the natural marine environmental adaptive characteristics of saltwater fish, we report a superhydrated zwitterionic poly(trimethylamine N-oxide, PTMAO)/polyacrylamide (PAAm)/polypyrrole (PPy) hydrogel (PTAP) with dedicated water channels for efficient, durable, and nonfouling SID. The directly linked N⁺ and O⁻ groups in PTMAO establish a robust hydration shell that facilitates rapid water transport while resisting salt and microbial adhesion. Integrated PAAm and PPy networks enhance mechanical strength and photothermal conversion. PTAP achieves a high evaporation rate of 2.35 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ under 1 kW m^–2 in 10 wt% NaCl solution, maintaining stable operation over 100 h without salt accumulation. Furthermore, PTAP effectively resists various foulants including proteins, bacterial, and algal adhesion. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the exceptional hydration capacity supports its nonfouling properties. This work advances the development of nonfouling HSEs for sustainable solar desalination in real-world marine environments.

Highlights:
1 A superhydrated zwitterionic poly(trimethylamine N-oxide, PTMAO)/polyacrylamide/polypyrrole hydrogel (PTAP) with dedicated water channels is proposed for nonfouling solar desalination.
2 The directly linked N⁺ and O⁻ groups in PTMAO establish a robust hydration shell that facilitates rapid water transport while resisting salt and microbial adhesion.
3 PTAP achieves a high evaporation rate of 2.35 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ under 1 kW m^–2 in 10 wt% NaCl solution for 100 h without salt accumulation, and can resists various foulants including proteins, bacterial, and algal adhesion.

Scalable and Healable Gradient Textiles for Multi-Scenario Radiative Cooling via Bicomponent Blow Spinning

2025-12-05T06:25:56+00:00

Radiative cooling textiles with spectrally selective surfaces offer a promising energy-efficient approach for sub-ambient cooling of outdoor objects and individuals. However, the spectrally selective mid-infrared emission of these textiles significantly hinders their efficient radiative heat exchange with self-heated objects, thereby posing a significant challenge to their versatile cooling applicability. Herein, we present a bicomponent blow spinning strategy for the production of scalable, ultra-flexible, and healable textiles featuring a tailored dual gradient in both chemical composition and fiber diameter. The gradient in the fiber diameter of this textile introduces a hierarchically porous structure across the sunlight incident area, thereby achieving a competitive solar reflectivity of 98.7% on its outer surface. Additionally, the gradient in the chemical composition of this textile contributes to the formation of Janus infrared-absorbing surfaces: The outer surface demonstrates a high mid-infrared emission, whereas the inner surface shows a broad infrared absorptivity, facilitating radiative heat exchange with underlying self-heated objects. Consequently, this textile demonstrates multi-scenario radiative cooling capabilities, enabling versatile outdoor cooling for unheated objects by 7.8 °C and self-heated objects by 13.6 °C, compared to commercial sunshade fabrics.

Highlights:
1 An ultra-flexible and gradient-structured textile is fabricated through bicomponent blow spinning, enabling the scalable production and in situ healing of the textile.
2 The gradient in fiber diameter of this textile creates a hierarchically porous structure in the region exposed to sunlight, resulting in a solar reflectivity of 98.7% on its outer surface.
3 The gradient in the chemical composition of this textile exhibits asymmetric spectral selectivity, wherein the outer surface offers high mid-infrared emissivity while the inner surface enables efficient radiative heat exchange.
4 The gradient textile demonstrates multi-scenario radiative cooling capabilities, enabling simultaneous cooling for unheated and self-heated outdoor objects.

In-Operando X-Ray Imaging for Sobering Examination of Aqueous Zinc Metal Batteries

2025-12-04T04:31:40+00:00

Aqueous zinc metal batteries (AZMBs) face significant challenges in achieving reversibility and cycling stability, primarily due to hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) and zinc dendrite growth. In this study, by employing carefully designed cells that approximate the structural characteristics of practical batteries, we revisit this widely held view through in-operando X-ray radiography to examine zinc dendrite formation and HER under near-practical operating conditions. While conventional understanding emphasizes the severity of these processes, our findings suggest that zinc dendrites and HER are noticeably less pronounced in dense, real-operation configurations compared to modified cells, possibly due to a more uniform electric field and the suppression of triple-phase boundaries. This study indicates that other components, such as degradation at the cathode current collector interface and configuration mismatches within the full cell, may also represent important barriers to the practical application of AZMBs, particularly during the early stages of electrodeposition.

Highlights:
1 In-operando X-ray imaging reveals distinct behaviors between real-service-inspired and modified aqueous zinc metal batteries (AZMBs).
2 Densely packed setups show suppressed Zn dendrites and hydrogen evolution compared to modified cells.
3 Findings suggest cathode degradation may also critically impact AZMB failure, beyond the anode limitations

Ultrafast Laser Shock Straining in Chiral Chain 2D Materials: Mold Topology-Controlled Anisotropic Deformation

2025-11-21T12:19:38+00:00

Tellurene, a chiral chain semiconductor with a narrow bandgap and exceptional strain sensitivity, emerges as a pivotal material for tailoring electronic and optoelectronic properties via strain engineering. This study elucidates the fundamental mechanisms of ultrafast laser shock imprinting (LSI) in two-dimensional tellurium (Te), establishing a direct relationship between strain field orientation, mold topology, and anisotropic structural evolution. This is the first demonstration of ultrafast LSI on chiral chain Te unveiling orientation-sensitive dislocation networks. By applying controlled strain fields parallel or transverse to Te’s helical chains, we uncover two distinct deformation regimes. Strain aligned parallel to the chain’s direction induces gliding and rotation governed by weak interchain interactions, preserving covalent intrachain bonds and vibrational modes. In contrast, transverse strain drives shear-mediated multimodal deformations—tensile stretching, compression, and bending—resulting in significant lattice distortions and electronic property modulation. We discovered the critical role of mold topology on deformation: sharp-edged gratings generate localized shear forces surpassing those from homogeneous strain fields via smooth CD molds, triggering dislocation tangle formation, lattice reorientation, and inhomogeneous plastic deformation. Asymmetrical strain configurations enable localized structural transformations while retaining single-crystal integrity in adjacent regions—a balance essential for functional device integration. These insights position LSI as a precision tool for nanoscale strain engineering, capable of sculpting 2D material morphologies without compromising crystallinity. By bridging ultrafast mechanics with chiral chain material science, this work advances the design of strain-tunable devices for next-generation electronics and optoelectronics, while establishing a universal framework for manipulating anisotropic 2D systems under extreme strain rates. This work discovered crystallographic orientation-dependent deformation mechanisms in 2D Te, linking parallel strain to chain gliding and transverse strain to shear-driven multimodal distortion. It demonstrates mold geometry as a critical lever for strain localization and dislocation dynamics, with sharp-edged gratings enabling unprecedented control over lattice reorientation. Crucially, the identification of strain field conditions that reconcile severe plastic deformation with single-crystal retention offers a pathway to functional nanostructure fabrication, redefining LSI’s potential in ultrafast strain engineering of chiral chain materials.

Highlights:
1 Realized ultrafast laser shock imprinting on chiral chain tellurene: Reveals crystallographic orientation-dependent deformation in 2D tellurium via laser shock imprinting.
2 Dual deformation regimes: Identifies two distinct strain response modes—parallel strain enables chain gliding and rotation, while transverse strain induces multimodal shear-driven deformations, dramatically altering lattice structure and properties.
3 Mold topology enabled strain localization and single-crystal retention—sharp edges generate localized shear, forming dislocations more effectively than smooth molds. Asymmetric strain achieves dense deformation while preserving single-crystal zones, enabling precise optoelectronic nanostructuring.

Asymmetric Side-Group Engineering of Nonfused Ring Electron Acceptors for High-Efficiency Thick-Film Organic Solar Cells

2025-11-12T04:28:44+00:00

A nonfused ring electron acceptor (NFREA), designated as TT-Ph-C6, has been synthesized with the aim of enhancing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs). By integrating asymmetric phenylalkylamino side groups, TT-Ph-C6 demonstrates excellent solubility and its crystal structure exhibits compact packing structures with a three-dimensional molecular stacking network. These structural attributes markedly promote exciton diffusion and charge carrier mobility, particularly advantageous for the fabrication of thick-film devices. TT-Ph-C6-based devices have attained a PCE of 18.01% at a film thickness of 100 nm, and even at a film thickness of 300 nm, the PCE remains at 14.64%, surpassing that of devices based on 2BTh-2F. These remarkable properties position TT-Ph-C6 as a highly promising NFREA material for boosting the efficiency of OSCs.

Highlights:
1 The asymmetric side-group strategy was employed to develop a nonfused ring electron acceptor, designated as TT-Ph-C6, exhibiting enhanced solubility and three-dimensional molecular stacking.
2 Strong π–π interactions optimized blend film morphology, enabling TT-Ph-C6-based devices to achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.01% and FF of 80.10%, surpassing the 16.78% PCE of symmetric-chain 2BTh-2F.
3 Extended exciton diffusion lengths and accelerated dissociation further endowed TT-Ph-C6 with exceptional thick-film tolerance, delivering 15.18% PCE at 200 nm and 14.64% at 300 nm—among the highest efficiencies reported for non-fused acceptors.

Micro/Nano-Reconfigurable Robots for Intelligent Carbon Management in Confined-Space Life-Support Systems

2025-11-06T01:23:26+00:00

Strategically coupling nanoparticle hybrids and internal thermosensitive molecular switches establishes an innovative paradigm for constructing micro/nanoscale-reconfigurable robots, facilitating energy-efficient CO₂ management in life-support systems of confined space. Here, a micro/nano-reconfigurable robot is constructed from the CO₂ molecular hunters, temperature-sensitive molecular switch, solar photothermal conversion, and magnetically-driven function engines. The molecular hunters within the molecular extension state can capture 6.19 mmol g⁻¹ of CO₂ to form carbamic acid and ammonium bicarbonate. Interestingly, the molecular switch of the robot activates a molecular curling state that facilitates CO₂ release through nano-reconfiguration, which is mediated by the temperature-sensitive curling of Pluronic F127 molecular chains during the photothermal desorption. Nano-reconfiguration of robot alters the amino microenvironment, including increasing surface electrostatic potential of the amino group and decreasing overall lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level. This weakened the nucleophilic attack ability of the amino group toward the adsorption product derivatives, thereby inhibiting the side reactions that generate hard-to-decompose urea structures, achieving the lowest regeneration temperature of 55 °C reported to date. The engine of the robot possesses non-contact magnetically-driven micro-reconfiguration capability to achieve efficient photothermal regeneration while avoiding local overheating. Notably, the robot successfully prolonged the survival time of mice in the sealed container by up to 54.61%, effectively addressing the issue of carbon suffocation in confined spaces. This work significantly enhances life-support systems for deep-space exploration, while stimulating innovations in sustainable carbon management technologies for terrestrial extreme environments.

Highlights:
1 The micro/nano-reconfigurable robots for life-support systems were fabricated by CO₂-capturing molecular hunters, temperature-sensitive molecular switches, and solar photothermal conversion/magnetically-driven dual function engines.
2 The ultralow regeneration temperature (55 °C) and non-contact heat management of robots were achieved through nano-reconfiguration of internal temperature-responsive molecules and micro-reconfiguration of magnetic/photothermal synergy of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles.
3 Exceptional dynamic carbon management of robots extended the survival time of mice in confined spaces by 54.61%.

“Proton-Iodine” Regulation of Protonated Polyaniline Catalyst for High-Performance Electrolytic Zn-I2 Batteries

2025-11-02T02:25:12+00:00

Low-cost and high-safety aqueous Zn-I₂ batteries attract extensive attention for large-scale energy storage systems. However, polyiodide shuttling and sluggish iodine conversion reactions lead to inferior rate capability and severe capacity decay. Herein, a three-dimensional polyaniline is wrapped by carboxyl-carbon nanotubes (denoted as C-PANI) which is designed as a catalytic cathode to effectively boost iodine conversion with suppressed polyiodide shuttling, thereby improving Zn-I₂ batteries. Specifically, carboxyl-carbon nanotubes serve as a proton reservoir for more protonated –NH⁺ = sites in PANI chains, achieving a direct I⁰/I⁻ reaction for suppressed polyiodide generation and Zn corrosion. Attributing to this “proton-iodine” regulation, catalytic protonated C-PANI strongly fixes electrolytic iodine species and stores proton ions simultaneously through reversible –N = /–NH⁺– reaction. Therefore, the electrolytic Zn-I₂ battery with C-PANI cathode exhibits an impressive capacity of 420 mAh g⁻¹ and ultra-long lifespan over 40,000 cycles. Additionally, a 60 mAh pouch cell was assembled with excellent cycling stability after 100 cycles, providing new insights into exploring effective organocatalysts for superb Zn-halogen batteries.

Highlights:
1 A three-dimensional polyaniline wrapped by carboxyl-carbon nanotubes (denoted as C-PANI) is designed as a catalytic cathode to effectively boost direct I0/I− conversion for improved Zn-I₂ batteries.
2 Carboxyl-carbon nanotubes serve as a proton reservoir for more protonated –NH⁺ = sites in PANI chains, achieving “proton-iodine” regulation for suppressed polyiodide shuttling and Zn corrosion.
3 Electrolytic Zn-I₂ battery with C-PANI cathode exhibits an impressive capacity of 420 mAh g⁻¹ and ultra-long lifespan over 40,000 cycles.

Solid–State Hydrogen Storage Materials with Excellent Selective Hydrogen Adsorption in the Presence of Alkanes, Oxygen, and Carbon Dioxide by Atomic Layer Amorphous Al2O3 Encapsulation

2025-10-24T02:40:54+00:00

Metal hydrides with high hydrogen density provide promising hydrogen storage paths for hydrogen transportation. However, the requirement of highly pure H₂ for re-hydrogenation limits its wide application. Here, amorphous Al₂O₃ shells (10 nm) were deposited on the surface of highly active hydrogen storage material particles (MgH₂–ZrTi) by atomic layer deposition to obtain MgH₂–ZrTi@Al₂O₃, which have been demonstrated to be air stable with selective adsorption of H₂ under a hydrogen atmosphere with different impurities (CH₄, O₂, N₂, and CO₂). About 4.79 wt% H₂ was adsorbed by MgH₂–ZrTi@10nmAl₂O₃ at 75 °C under 10%CH₄ + 90%H₂ atmosphere within 3 h with no kinetic or density decay after 5 cycles (~ 100% capacity retention). Furthermore, about 4 wt% of H₂ was absorbed by MgH₂–ZrTi@10nmAl₂O₃ under 0.1%O₂ + 0.4%N₂ + 99.5%H₂ and 0.1%CO₂ + 0.4%N₂ + 99.5%H₂ atmospheres at 100 °C within 0.5 h, respectively, demonstrating the selective hydrogen absorption of MgH₂–ZrTi@10nmAl₂O₃ in both oxygen-containing and carbon dioxide-containing atmospheres hydrogen atmosphere. The absorption and desorption curves of MgH₂–ZrTi@10nmAl₂O₃ with and without absorption in pure hydrogen and then in 21%O₂ + 79%N₂ for 1 h were found to overlap, further confirming the successful shielding effect of Al₂O₃ shells against O₂ and N₂. The MgH₂–ZrTi@10nmAl₂O₃ has been demonstrated to be air stable and have excellent selective hydrogen absorption performance under the atmosphere with CH₄, O₂, N₂, and CO₂.

Highlights:
1 Gas selective amorphous Al₂O₃ encapsulation was constructed on highly reactive MgH₂ using atomic layer deposition.
2 Hydrogen selective adsorption was achieved in the impure hydrogen atmosphere containing impurities (O₂, N₂, CH₄, and CO₂).
3 Excellent air stability with no MgO or Mg(OH)₂ generated after 3 months of air exposure was achieved.

A Reconfigurable Omnidirectional Triboelectric Whisker Sensor Array for Versatile Human–Machine–Environment Interaction

2025-10-24T01:59:56+00:00

Developing effective, versatile, and high-precision sensing interfaces remains a crucial challenge in human–machine–environment interaction applications. Despite progress in interaction-oriented sensing skins, limitations remain in unit-level reconfiguration, multiaxial force and motion sensing, and robust operation across dynamically changing or irregular surfaces. Herein, we develop a reconfigurable omnidirectional triboelectric whisker sensor array (RO-TWSA) comprising multiple sensing units that integrate a triboelectric whisker structure (TWS) with an untethered hydro-sealing vacuum sucker (UHSVS), enabling reversibly portable deployment and omnidirectional perception across diverse surfaces. Using a simple dual-triangular electrode layout paired with MXene/silicone nanocomposite dielectric layer, the sensor unit achieves precise omnidirectional force and motion sensing with a detection threshold as low as 0.024 N and an angular resolution of 5°, while the UHSVS provides reliable and reversible multi-surface anchoring for the sensor units by involving a newly designed hydrogel combining high mechanical robustness and superior water absorption. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of RO-TWSA across various interactive scenarios, including teleoperation, tactile diagnostics, and robotic autonomous exploration. Overall, RO-TWSA presents a versatile and high-resolution tactile interface, offering new avenues for intelligent perception and interaction in complex real-world environments.

Highlights:
1 Dual-triangular electrode layout with MXene/silicone nanocomposite achieves quite competitive omnidirectional force detection (threshold: 0.024 N) and angular resolution (5°) using only two electrodes.
2 Based on a newly designed hydrogel combining high mechanical robustness and superior water absorption, the untethered hydro-sealing vacuum sucker can achieve robust and reversible anchoring on diverse surfaces with a compact structure, maintaining a consistently high anchoring force for more than 200 cycles with a single rehydration.
3 The reconfigurable omnidirectional triboelectric whisker sensor array demonstrates exceptional performance in real-world applications, including teleoperation, adjustable robotic arm palpation, and robotic autonomous environmental exploration, validating its potential as a universal interface for dynamic human–machine–environment interactions.

Regularly Arranged Micropore Architecture Enables Efficient Lithium-Ion Transport in SiOx/Artificial Graphite Composite Electrode

2025-10-10T01:23:39+00:00

To enhance the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes with higher silicon content, it is essential to engineer their microstructure for better lithium-ion transport and mitigated volume change as well. Herein, we suggest an effective approach to control the micropore structure of silicon oxide (SiO_x)/artificial graphite (AG) composite electrodes using a perforated current collector. The electrode features a unique pore structure, where alternating high-porosity domains and low-porosity domains markedly reduce overall electrode resistance, leading to a 20% improvement in rate capability at a 5C-rate discharge condition. Using microstructure-resolved modeling and simulations, we demonstrate that the patterned micropore structure enhances lithium-ion transport, mitigating the electrolyte concentration gradient of lithium-ion. Additionally, perforating current collector with a chemical etching process increases the number of hydrogen bonding sites and enlarges the interface with the SiO_x/AG composite electrode, significantly improving adhesion strength. This, in turn, suppresses mechanical degradation and leads to a 50% higher capacity retention. Thus, regularly arranged micropore structure enabled by the perforated current collector successfully improves both rate capability and cycle life in SiO_x/AG composite electrodes, providing valuable insights into electrode engineering.

Highlights:
1 The internal pores of the electrode were engineered into a regularly arranged micropore (RAM) structure by introducing a perforated and surface-modified Cu current collector (pCu).
2 The pore network, favorable for fast ion transport, effectively mitigates concentration polarization and enables uniform ion distribution, contributing to high-rate operation of lithium-ion batteries.
3 The RAM structure, featuring a unique interlocking electrode configuration and hydroxyl-rich pCu surface, suppressed mechanical degradation and improved long-term cyclability by 50%.

Boron-Insertion-Induced Lattice Engineering of Rh Nanocrystals Toward Enhanced Electrocatalytic Conversion of Nitric Oxide to Ammonia

2025-10-09T02:02:05+00:00

Electrocatalytic nitric oxide (NO) reduction reaction (NORR) is a promising and sustainable process that can simultaneously realize green ammonia (NH₃) synthesis and hazardous NO removal. However, current NORR performances are far from practical needs due to the lack of efficient electrocatalysts. Engineering the lattice of metal-based nanomaterials via phase control has emerged as an effective strategy to modulate their intrinsic electrocatalytic properties. Herein, we realize boron (B)-insertion-induced phase regulation of rhodium (Rh) nanocrystals to obtain amorphous Rh₄B nanoparticles (NPs) and hexagonal close-packed (hcp) RhB NPs through a facile wet-chemical method. A high Faradaic efficiency (92.1 ± 1.2%) and NH₃ yield rate (629.5 ± 11.0 µmol h⁻¹ cm⁻²) are achieved over hcp RhB NPs, far superior to those of most reported NORR nanocatalysts. In situ spectro-electrochemical analysis and density functional theory simulations reveal that the excellent electrocatalytic performances of hcp RhB NPs are attributed to the upshift of d-band center, enhanced NO adsorption/activation profile, and greatly reduced energy barrier of the rate-determining step. A demonstrative Zn–NO battery is assembled using hcp RhB NPs as the cathode and delivers a peak power density of 4.33 mW cm⁻², realizing simultaneous NO removal, NH₃ synthesis, and electricity output.

Highlights:
1 Phase regulation of B-inserted rhodium (Rh) nanocrystals is achieved using a facile wet-chemical approach.
2 The B-inserted Rh nanocatalysts exhibit phase-dependent behaviors in electrocatalytic nitric oxide (NO) reduction reaction.
3 The hexagonal close-packed RhB nanocatalysts demonstrate superior electrocatalytic activity in NH₃ production with a maximum NH₃ yield rate of 629.5 µmol h⁻¹ cm⁻² and FENH₃ of 92.1%.
4 Theoretical simulations reveal possible origin of the excellent electrocatalytic activity, which could be attributed to the d-band center upshift, enhanced NO adsorption/activation, and reduced energy barrier of rate-determining step.

Electrostatic Regulation of Na+ Coordination Chemistry for High-Performance All-Solid-State Sodium Batteries

2025-09-22T01:02:02+00:00

Ion migration capability and interfacial chemistry of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) in all-solid-state sodium metal batteries (ASSMBs) are closely related to the Na⁺ coordination environment. Herein, an electrostatic engineering strategy is proposed to regulate the Na⁺ coordinated structure by employing a fluorinated metal–organic framework as an electron-rich model. Theoretical and experimental results revealed that the abundant electron-rich F sites can accelerate the disassociation of Na-salt through electrostatic attraction to release free Na⁺, while forcing anions into a Na⁺ coordination structure though electrostatic repulsion to weaken the Na⁺ coordination with polymer, thus promoting rapid Na⁺ transport. The optimized anion-rich weak solvation structure fosters a stable inorganic-dominated solid–electrolyte interphase, significantly enhancing the interfacial stability toward Na anode. Consequently, the Na/Na symmetric cell delivered stable Na plating/stripping over 2500 h at 0.1 mA cm⁻². Impressively, the assembled ASSMBs demonstrated stable performance of over 2000 cycles even under high rate of 2 C with capacity retention nearly 100%, surpassing most reported ASSMBs using various solid-state electrolytes. This work provides a new avenue for regulating the Na⁺ coordination structure of SPEs by exploration of electrostatic effect engineering to achieve high-performance all-solid-state alkali metal batteries.

Highlights:
1 An electrostatic engineering strategy is proposed to regulate the Na⁺ coordinated structure by employing a fluorinated metal–organic framework as an electron-rich model.
2 The abundant electron-rich F sites can accelerate Na-salt disassociation while forcing anions into Na⁺ coordination structure though electrostatic effect to weaken the Na–O coordination, thus promoting rapid Na⁺ transport.
3 Anion-rich weak Na⁺ solvation structure is achieved and contributes to a highly stable inorganic-rich solid–electrolyte interphase, significantly enhances the interfacial stability toward Na anode.
4 Impressively, Na/Na symmetric cell delivered stable Na plating/stripping over 2500 h, and the assembled all-solid-state sodium metal batteries demonstrated stable performance of over 2000 cycles under high rate of 2 C with capacity retention nearly 100%.

Directional Three-Dimensional Macroporous Carbon Foams Decorated with WC1−x Nanoparticles Derived from Salting-Out Protein Assemblies for Highly Effective Electromagnetic Absorption

2025-09-17T01:26:46+00:00

Directional three-dimensional carbon-based foams are emerging as highly attractive candidates for promising electromagnetic wave absorbing materials (EWAMs) thanks to their unique architecture, but their construction usually involves complex procedures and extremely depends on unidirectional freezing technique. Herein, we propose a groundbreaking approach that leverages the assemblies of salting-out protein induced by ammonium metatungstate (AM) as the precursor, and then acquire directional three-dimensional carbon-based foams through simple pyrolysis. The electrostatic interaction between AM and protein ensures well dispersion of WC_1−x nanoparticles on carbon frameworks. The content of WC_1−x nanoparticles can be rationally regulated by AM dosage, and it also affects the electromagnetic (EM) properties of final carbon-based foams. The optimized foam exhibits exceptional EM absorption performance, achieving a remarkable minimum reflection loss of − 72.0 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 6.3 GHz when EM wave propagates parallel to the directional pores. Such performance benefits from the synergistic effects of macroporous architecture and compositional design. Although there is a directional dependence of EM absorption, radar stealth simulation demonstrates that these foams can still promise considerable reduction in radar cross section with the change of incident angle. Moreover, COMSOL simulation further identifies their good performance in preventing EM interference among different electronic components.

Highlights:
1 A groundbreaking approach is developed for the fabrication of directional macroporous WC_1−x/C foams, which frees the dependence on unidirectional freezing technique from the construction of directional macroporous carbon-based composites.
2 The electrostatic interaction between ammonium metatungstate and protein makes in situ generated tungsten carbide (WC_1−x) nanoparticles well disperse on carbon flakes.
3 The optimized foam exhibits exceptional electromagnetic absorption performance, achieving a remarkable minimum reflection loss of − 72.0 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 6.3 GHz.

Pressure-Modulated Host–Guest Interactions Boost Effective Blue-Light Emission of MIL-140A Nanocrystals

2025-09-17T01:17:27+00:00

Luminescent metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered significant attention due to their structural tunability and potential applications in solid-state lighting, bioimaging, sensing, anti-counterfeiting, and other fields. Nevertheless, due to the tendency of 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (BDC) to rotate within the framework, MOFs composed of it exhibit significant non-radiative energy dissipation and thus impair the emissive properties. In this study, efficient luminescence of MIL-140A nanocrystals (NCs) with BDC rotors as ligands is achieved by pressure treatment strategy. Pressure treatment effectively modulates the pore structure of the framework, enhancing the interactions between the N, N-dimethylformamide guest molecules and the BDC ligands. The enhanced host–guest interaction contributes to the structural rigidity of the MOF, thereby suppressing the rotation-induced excited-state energy loss. As a result, the pressure-treated MIL-140A NCs displayed bright blue-light emission, with the photoluminescence quantum yield increasing from an initial 6.8% to 69.2%. This study developed an effective strategy to improve the luminescence performance of rotor ligand MOFs, offers a new avenue for the rational design and synthesis of MOFs with superior luminescent properties.

Highlights:
1 The luminescence performance of MIL-140A is successfully improved via pressure treatment strategy with a significant increase of photoluminescence quantum yield from the initial 6.8% to 69.2%.
2 Pressure treatment boosts the host–guest interactions by inducing aperture contraction, which enhances the structural rigidity and thus enables efficient emission.

Flexible Monolithic 3D-Integrated Self-Powered Tactile Sensing Array Based on Holey MXene Paste

2025-09-17T00:57:26+00:00

Flexible electronics face critical challenges in achieving monolithic three-dimensional (3D) integration, including material compatibility, structural stability, and scalable fabrication methods. Inspired by the tactile sensing mechanism of the human skin, we have developed a flexible monolithic 3D-integrated tactile sensing system based on a holey MXene paste, where each vertical one-body unit simultaneously functions as a microsupercapacitor and pressure sensor. The in-plane mesopores of MXene significantly improve ion accessibility, mitigate the self-stacking of nanosheets, and allow the holey MXene to multifunctionally act as a sensing material, an active electrode, and a conductive interconnect, thus drastically reducing the interface mismatch and enhancing the mechanical robustness. Furthermore, we fabricate a large-scale device using a blade-coating and stamping method, which demonstrates excellent mechanical flexibility, low-power consumption, rapid response, and stable long-term operation. As a proof-of-concept application, we integrate our sensing array into a smart access control system, leveraging deep learning to accurately identify users based on their unique pressing behaviors. This study provides a promising approach for designing highly integrated, intelligent, and flexible electronic systems for advanced human–computer interactions and personalized electronics.

Highlights:
1 A flexible monolithic 3D-integrated tactile sensing system, inspired by the tactile perception mechanism of human skin, was developed based on a holey MXene paste.
2 Large-scale device fabrication was achieved using blade-coating and imprinting methods, demonstrating excellent mechanical flexibility, low-power consumption, fast response, and stable long-term performance.
3 The sensor array was integrated into a smart access control system, leveraging deep learning to achieve precise identification based on the unique pressing behaviors of users.

Reproducible Fabrication of Perovskite Photovoltaics via Supramolecule Confinement Growth

2025-09-16T03:02:07+00:00

The solution processibility of perovskites provides a cost-effective and high-throughput route for fabricating state-of-the-art solar cells. However, the fast kinetics of precursor-to-perovskite transformation is susceptible to processing conditions, resulting in an uncontrollable variance in device performance. Here, we demonstrate a supramolecule confined approach to reproducibly fabricate perovskite films with an ultrasmooth, electronically homogeneous surface. The assembly of a calixarene capping layer on precursor surface can induce host–guest interactions with solvent molecules to tailor the desolvation kinetics, and initiate the perovskite crystallization from the sharp molecule–precursor interface. These combined effects significantly reduced the spatial variance and extended the processing window of perovskite films. As a result, the standard efficiency deviations of device-to-device and batch-to-batch devices were reduced from 0.64–0.26% to 0.67–0.23%, respectively. In addition, the perovskite films with ultrasmooth top surfaces exhibited photoluminescence quantum yield > 10% and surface recombination velocities < 100 cm s⁻¹ for both interfaces that yielded p-i-n structured solar cells with power conversion efficiency over 25%.

Highlights:
1 Demonstrating a new concept of “supermolecule confined growth” of perovskite thin films by constructing a compact, ultraflat 4-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene capping layer atop perovskite precursor film to engineer the perovskite formation dynamics.
2 The supramolecule confined approach enabled the highly reproducible fabrication of perovskite films with a root mean square < 10 nm and electronic homogeneity, which significantly minimized the power conversion efficiency variations for both device-to-device and batch-to-batch solar cell devices.
3 The obtained perovskite films exhibited photoluminescence quantum yield > 10% and surface recombination velocities < 100 cm s⁻¹ for both interfaces.

Efficient Neutral Nitrate-to-Ammonia Electrosynthesis Using Synergistic Ru-Based Nanoalloys on Nitrogen-Doped Carbon

2025-09-16T02:50:44+00:00

Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NO₃RR) represents a sustainable and environmentally benign route for ammonia (NH₃) synthesis. However, NO₃RR is still limited by the competition from hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the high energy barrier in the hydrogenation step of nitrogen-containing intermediates. Here, we report a selective etching strategy to construct RuM nanoalloys (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) uniformly dispersed on porous nitrogen-doped carbon substrates for efficient neutral NH₃ electrosynthesis. Density functional theory calculations confirm that the synergic effect between Ru and transition metal M modulates the electronic structure of the alloy, significantly lowering the energy barrier for the conversion of *NO₂ to *HNO₂. Experimentally, the optimized RuFe-NC catalyst achieves 100% Faraday efficiency with a high yield rate of 0.83 mg h⁻¹ mg_cat⁻¹ at a low potential of − 0.1 V vs. RHE, outperforming most reported catalysts. In situ spectroscopic analyses further demonstrate that the RuM-NC effectively promotes the hydrogenation of nitrogen intermediates while inhibiting the formation of hydrogen radicals, thereby reducing HER competition. The RuFe-NC assembled Zn-NO₃⁻ battery achieved a high open-circuit voltage and an outstanding power density and capacity, which drive selective NO₃⁻ conversion to NH₃. This work provides a powerful synergistic design strategy for efficient NH₃ electrosynthesis and a general framework for the development of advanced multi-component catalysts for sustainable nitrogen conversion.

Highlights:
1 A selective etching strategy was developed to construct a serious of RuM nanoalloys (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) uniformly dispersed on porous nitrogen-doped carbon.
2 It has been demonstrated that RuM nanoalloys would present the enhancement synergic effect on significantly improve the kinetic of *NO₂ conversion to *HNO₂, which achieves efficient neutral NH3 electrosynthesis at more positive potential.

Deep Learning-Assisted Organogel Pressure Sensor for Alphabet Recognition and Bio-Mechanical Motion Monitoring

2025-09-12T01:24:57+00:00

Wearable sensors integrated with deep learning techniques have the potential to revolutionize seamless human–machine interfaces for real-time health monitoring, clinical diagnosis, and robotic applications. Nevertheless, it remains a critical challenge to simultaneously achieve desirable mechanical and electrical performance along with biocompatibility, adhesion, self-healing, and environmental robustness with excellent sensing metrics. Herein, we report a multifunctional, anti–freezing, self-adhesive, and self-healable organogel pressure sensor composed of cobalt nanoparticle encapsulated nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (CoN CNT) embedded in a polyvinyl alcohol–gelatin (PVA/GLE) matrix. Fabricated using a binary solvent system of water and ethylene glycol (EG), the CoN CNT/PVA/GLE organogel exhibits excellent flexibility, biocompatibility, and temperature tolerance with remarkable environmental stability. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirms near-stable performance across a broad humidity range (40%-95% RH). Freeze-tolerant conductivity under sub-zero conditions (−20 °C) is attributed to the synergistic role of CoN CNT and EG, preserving mobility and network integrity. The CoN CNT/PVA/GLE organogel sensor exhibits high sensitivity of 5.75 kPa⁻¹ in the detection range from 0 to 20 kPa, ideal for subtle biomechanical motion detection. A smart human–machine interface for English letter recognition using deep learning achieved 98% accuracy. The organogel sensor utility was extended to detect human gestures like finger bending, wrist motion, and throat vibration during speech.

Highlights:
1 We rationally designed a robust, biocompatible CoN CNT/PVA/GLE organogel with self-healing, anti-freezing, and self-adhesive properties for wearable sensing applications.
2 Incorporation of CoN CNT enables high-performance, stable pressure sensing for up to one month, with a sensitivity of S = 5.75 kPa^-1, r² = 0.978 in the detection range 0-20 kPa, with robust operation under high humidity and extreme temperatures (−20 to 45 °C).
3 It accurately detects English alphabets, achieving 98% recognition accuracy using deep learning models.

Differentiating the 2D Passivation from Amorphous Passivation in Perovskite Solar Cells

2025-09-12T01:09:35+00:00

The introduction of two-dimensional (2D) perovskite layers on top of three-dimensional (3D) perovskite films enhances the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the electronic effect of the spacer cation and the quality of the 2D capping layer are critical factors in achieving the required results. In this study, we compared two fluorinated salts: 4-(trifluoromethyl) benzamidine hydrochloride (4TF-BA·HCl) and 4-fluorobenzamidine hydrochloride (4F-BA·HCl) to engineer the 3D/2D perovskite films. Surprisingly, 4F-BA formed a high-performance 3D/2D heterojunction, while 4TF-BA produced an amorphous layer on the perovskite films. Our findings indicate that the balanced intramolecular charge polarization, which leads to effective hydrogen bonding, is more favorable in 4F-BA than in 4TF-BA, promoting the formation of a crystalline 2D perovskite. Nevertheless, 4TF-BA managed to improve efficiency to 24%, surpassing the control device, primarily due to the natural passivation capabilities of benzamidine. Interestingly, the devices based on 4F-BA demonstrated an efficiency exceeding 25% with greater longevity under various storage conditions compared to 4TF-BA-based and the control devices.

Highlights:
1 Benzamidine derivatives are utilized to differentiate between 2D passivation and amorphous passivation.
2 Introducing an n-type 2D passivation layer enhances the charge extraction and transportation and reduces the interface recombination in inverted perovskite solar cells.
3 The intramolecular charge of organic ligands is critical for the formation of crystalline 2D capping layers on 3D perovskite layers.
4 The long-term stability of inverted perovskite solar cells is improved owing to hydrophobic sealing of 3D perovskite via crystalline 2D capping.

Droplets Self-Draining on the Horizontal Slippery Surface for Real-Time Anti-/De-Icing

2025-09-11T03:54:01+00:00

Undesired ice accumulation on infrastructure and transportation systems leads to catastrophic events and significant economic losses. Although various anti-icing surfaces with photothermal effects can initially prevent icing, any thawy droplets remaining on the horizontal surface can quickly re-freezing once the light diminishes. To address these challenges, we have developed a self-draining slippery surface (SDSS) that enables the thawy droplets to self-remove on the horizontal surface, thereby facilitating real-time anti-icing with the aid of sunlight (100 mW cm⁻²). This is achieved by sandwiching a thin pyroelectric layer between slippery surface and photothermal film. Due to the synergy between the photothermal and pyroelectric layers, the SDSS not only maintains a high surface temperature of 19.8 ± 2.2 °C at the low temperature ( −20.0 ± 1.0 °C), but also generates amount of charge through thermoelectric coupling. Thus, as cold droplets dropped on the SDSS, electrostatic force pushes the droplets off the charged surface because of the charge transfer mechanism. Even if the surface freezes overnight, the ice can melt and drain off the SDSS within 10 min of exposure to sunlight at −20.0 ± 1.0 °C, leaving a clean surface. This work provides a new perspective on the anti-icing system in the real-world environments.

Highlights:
1 Self-draining slippery surface with light-thermal-electric synergy were fabricated to auto anti/de-icing even on horizontal devices.
2 The synergy of photothermal conversion and thermoelectric coupling enables the ice melting, and self-draining of thawy droplets at the same time, avoiding the risk of re-freezing.
3 The processes of no matter in ice melting or droplets repulsion on horizontal surface need no additional energy input, just with assistance of sunlight.

Anionically-Reinforced Nanocellulose Separator Enables Dual Suppression of Zinc Dendrites and Polyiodide Shuttle for Long-Cycle Zn-I2 Batteries

2025-09-08T01:27:21+00:00

Zn-I₂ batteries have emerged as promising next-generation energy storage systems owing to their inherent safety, environmental compatibility, rapid reaction kinetics, and small voltage hysteresis. Nevertheless, two critical challenges, i.e., zinc dendrite growth and polyiodide shuttle effect, severely impede their commercial viability. To conquer these limitations, this study develops a multifunctional separator fabricated from straw-derived carboxylated nanocellulose, with its negative charge density further reinforced by anionic polyacrylamide incorporation. This modification simultaneously improves the separator’s mechanical properties, ionic conductivity, and Zn²⁺ ion transfer number. Remarkably, despite its ultrathin 20 μm profile, the engineered separator demonstrates exceptional dendrite suppression and parasitic reaction inhibition, enabling Zn//Zn symmetric cells to achieve impressive cycle life (> 1800 h at 2 mA cm⁻²/2 mAh cm⁻²) while maintaining robust performance even at ultrahigh areal capacities (25 mAh cm⁻²). Additionally, the separator’s anionic characteristic effectively blocks polyiodide migration through electrostatic repulsion, yielding Zn-I₂ batteries with outstanding rate capability (120.7 mAh g⁻¹ at 5 A g⁻¹) and excellent cyclability (94.2% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles). And superior cycling stability can still be achieved under zinc-deficient condition and pouch cell configuration. This work establishes a new paradigm for designing high-performance zinc-based energy storage systems through rational separator engineering.

Highlights:
1 Straw-derived carboxylated nanocellulose separator is modified by anionic polyacrylamide to further enhance the negative charge density.
2 The separator exhibits ultrathin profile and exceptional mechanical strength, as well as enabling rapid zinc ion transport.
3 The separator can not only effectively inhibit zinc dendrites and parasitic reactions but also significantly suppress polyiodide shuttle via electrostatic repulsion, contributing to remarkable performance of Zn-I₂ batteries even under high mass loadings.

Tunable Optical Metamaterial Enables Steganography, Rewriting, and Multilevel Information Storage

2025-09-08T01:16:03+00:00

In the realm of secure information storage, optical encryption has emerged as a vital technique, particularly with the miniaturization of encryption devices. However, many existing systems lack the necessary reconfigurability and dynamic functionality. This study presents a novel approach through the development of dynamic optical-to-chemical energy conversion metamaterials, which enable enhanced steganography and multilevel information storage. We introduce a micro-dynamic multiple encryption device that leverages programmable optical properties in coumarin-based metamaterials, achieved through a direct laser writing grayscale gradient strategy. This methodology allows for the dynamic regulation of photoluminescent characteristics and cross-linking networks, facilitating innovative steganographic techniques under varying light conditions. The integration of a multi-optical field control system enables real-time adjustments to the material’s properties, enhancing the device’s reconfigurability and storage capabilities. Our findings underscore the potential of these metamaterials in advancing the field of microscale optical encryption, paving the way for future applications in dynamic storage and information security.

Highlights:
1 Proposed a dynamic grayscale gradient modulation system enabling multi-information analysis and encryption under multi-optical fields, establishing a new paradigm for multi-dimensional encryption of collaborative multispectral information.
2 Developed coumarin-based photo-responsive in situ reconstruction technology and constructed a multi-optical field coupled control system to achieve dynamic configuration of multi-information carriers.
3 Designed and fabricated a micro-dynamic multiple encryption device with integrated functions for information writing, erasing and rewriting, realizing stable information storage and dynamic destruction through micro/nano-optical keys.

System with Thermal Management for Synergistic Water Production, Electricity Generation and Crop Irrigation

2025-09-05T07:16:17+00:00

Sustainable water, energy and food (WEF) supplies are the bedrock upon which human society depends. Solar-driven interfacial evaporation, combined with electricity generation and cultivation, is a promising approach to mitigate the freshwater, energy and food crises. However, the performance of solar-driven systems decreases significantly during operation due to uncontrollable weather. This study proposes an integrated water/electricity cogeneration–cultivation system with superior thermal management. The energy storage evaporator, consisting of energy storage microcapsules/hydrogel composites, is optimally designed for sustainable desalination, achieving an evaporation rate of around 1.91 kg m⁻² h⁻¹. In the dark, heat released from the phase-change layer supported an evaporation rate of around 0.54 kg m⁻² h⁻¹. Reverse electrodialysis harnessed the salinity-gradient energy enhanced during desalination, enabling the long-running WEC system to achieve a power output of ~0.3 W m⁻², which was almost three times higher than that of conventional seawater/surface water mixing. Additionally, an integrated crop irrigation platform utilized system drainage for real-time, on-demand wheat cultivation without secondary contaminants, facilitating seamless WEF integration. This work presents a novel approach to all-day solar water production, electricity generation and crop irrigation, offering a solution and blueprint for the sustainable development of WEF.

Highlights:
1 Dynamic thermal management: the system achieves evaporation rates of 1.91 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ (1 sun) and 0.54 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ (darkness) through energy storage hydrogel-based energy storage evaporator, effectively mitigating intermittent solar availability.
2 Enhanced salinity gradient utilization: integrated reverse electrodialysis (RED) system harvests ~0.30 W m⁻² from desalination-concentrated brine, tripling the output of conventional seawater/surface water RED system.
3 Sustainable resource integration: drainage water enables zero-pollution crop irrigation (shoot length ~87 mm, 7 d), completing the seamless integration of water-energy-food nexus.

Skin-Inspired Ultra-Linear Flexible Iontronic Pressure Sensors for Wearable Musculoskeletal Monitoring

2025-09-05T03:21:03+00:00

The growing prevalence of exercise-induced tibial stress fractures demands wearable sensors capable of monitoring dynamic musculoskeletal loads with medical-grade precision. While flexible pressure-sensing insoles show clinical potential, their development has been hindered by the intrinsic trade-off between high sensitivity and full-range linearity (R² > 0.99 up to 1 MPa) in conventional designs. Inspired by the tactile sensing mechanism of human skin, where dermal stratification enables wide-range pressure adaptation and ion-channel-regulated signaling maintains linear electrical responses, we developed a dual-mechanism flexible iontronic pressure sensor (FIPS). This innovative design synergistically combines two bioinspired components: interdigitated fabric microstructures enabling pressure-proportional contact area expansion (∝ P^1/3) and iontronic film facilitating self-adaptive ion concentration modulation (∝ P^2/3), which together generate a linear capacitance-pressure response (C ∝ P). The FIPS achieves breakthrough performance: 242 kPa⁻¹ sensitivity with 0.997 linearity across 0–1 MPa, yielding a record linear sensing factor (LSF = 242,000). The design is validated across various substrates and ionic materials, demonstrating its versatility. Finally, the FIPS-driven design enables a smart insole demonstrating 1.8% error in tibial load assessment during gait analysis, outperforming nonlinear counterparts (6.5% error) in early fracture-risk prediction. The biomimetic design framework establishes a universal approach for developing high-performance linear sensors, establishing generalized principles for medical-grade wearable devices.

Highlights:
1 Bioinspired dual-mechanism sensor combining fabric microstructures (∝ P^1/3 contact area) and ionic film (∝ P^2/3 ion modulation) achieves 242 kPa⁻¹ sensitivity with 0.997 linearity (0–1 MPa), yielding record LSF of 242,000.
2 Medical-grade validation via smart insole demonstrates 1.8% GRF error (vs. 6.5% in nonlinear sensors), enabling precise early fracture-risk prediction and validating medical-grade wearables.

Ultrathin Gallium Nitride Quantum-Disk-in-Nanowire-Enabled Reconfigurable Bioinspired Sensor for High-Accuracy Human Action Recognition

2025-09-05T02:41:05+00:00

Human action recognition (HAR) is crucial for the development of efficient computer vision, where bioinspired neuromorphic perception visual systems have emerged as a vital solution to address transmission bottlenecks across sensor-processor interfaces. However, the absence of interactions among versatile biomimicking functionalities within a single device, which was developed for specific vision tasks, restricts the computational capacity, practicality, and scalability of in-sensor vision computing. Here, we propose a bioinspired vision sensor composed of a GaN/AlN-based ultrathin quantum-disks-in-nanowires (QD-NWs) array to mimic not only Parvo cells for high-contrast vision and Magno cells for dynamic vision in the human retina but also the synergistic activity between the two cells for in-sensor vision computing. By simply tuning the applied bias voltage on each QD-NW-array-based pixel, we achieve two biosimilar photoresponse characteristics with slow and fast reactions to light stimuli that enhance the in-sensor image quality and HAR efficiency, respectively. Strikingly, the interplay and synergistic interaction of the two photoresponse modes within a single device markedly increased the HAR recognition accuracy from 51.4% to 81.4% owing to the integrated artificial vision system. The demonstration of an intelligent vision sensor offers a promising device platform for the development of highly efficient HAR systems and future smart optoelectronics.

Highlights:
1 A novel GaN/AlN-based ultrathin quantum-disks-in-nanowires sensor was fabricated, demonstrating voltage bias tunable response characteristics to light stimuli.
2 Image enhancement functionality and a robust reservoir computing system were demonstrated based on the voltage tunable long-term and short-term persistent photocurrent respectively.
3 Furthermore, a high-performance artificial vision system with the two integrated functions was demonstrated, achieving a remarkable improvement in human action recognition.

Moisture-Resistant Scalable Ambient-Air Crystallization of Perovskite Films via Self-Buffered Molecular Migration Strategy

2025-09-05T02:29:44+00:00

Ambient-air, moisture-assisted annealing is widely used in fabricating perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the inherent sensitivity of perovskite intermediate-phase to moisture—due to fast and spontaneous intermolecular exchange reaction—requires strict control of ambient humidity and immediate thermal annealing treatment, raising manufacturing costs and causing fast nucleation of perovskite films. We report herein a self-buffered molecular migration strategy to slow down the intermolecular exchange reaction by introducing a n–butylammonium bromide shielding layer, which limits moisture diffusion into intermediate-phase film. This further endows the notably wide nucleation time and humidity windows for perovskite crystallization in ambient air. Consequently, the optimized 1.68 eV-bandgap n-i-p structured PSC reaches a record-high reverse-scan (RS) PCE of 22.09%. Furthermore, the versatility and applicability of as-proposed self-buffered molecular migration strategy are certified by employing various shielding materials and 1.53 eV-/1.77 eV-bandgap perovskite materials. The n-i-p structured PSCs based on 1.53 eV- and 1.77 eV-bandgap perovskite films achieve outstanding RS PCEs of 25.23% and 19.09%, respectively, both of which are beyond of the state-of-the-art ambient-air processed PSCs.

Highlights:
1 A self-buffered molecular migration strategy is developed to suppress spontaneous intermolecular exchange between perovskite intermediate phase and ambient moisture.
2 Exceptionally broad nucleation time and humidity tolerance windows are achieved for perovskite crystallization under ambient air conditions. 1.68 eV-bandgap perovskite solar cells (PSCs) reach a record efficiency of 22.09% when processed in 50–60% relative humidity.
3 The strategy is broadly applicable to 1.53 eV- and 1.77 eV-bandgap perovskite films, enabling high-efficiency PSCs via air-based crystallization processing.

BaTiO3 Nanoparticle-Induced Interfacial Electric Field Optimization in Chloride Solid Electrolytes for 4.8 V All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries

2025-09-05T02:18:16+00:00

Chloride-based solid electrolytes are considered promising candidates for next-generation high-energy–density all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs). However, their relatively low oxidative decomposition threshold (~ 4.2 V vs. Li⁺/Li) constrains their use in ultrahigh-voltage systems (e.g., 4.8 V). In this work, ferroelectric BaTiO₃ (BTO) nanoparticles with optimized thickness of ~ 50–100 nm were successfully coated onto Li_2.5Y_0.5Zr_0.5Cl₆ (LYZC@5BTO) electrolytes using a time-efficient ball-milling process. The nanoparticle-induced interfacial ionic conduction enhancement mechanism contributed to the preservation of LYZC’s high ionic conductivity, which remained at 1.06 mS cm⁻¹ for LYZC@5BTO. Furthermore, this surface electric field engineering strategy effectively mitigates the voltage-induced self-decomposition of chloride-based solid electrolytes, suppresses parasitic interfacial reactions with single-crystal NCM811 (SCNCM811), and inhibits the irreversible phase transition of SCNCM811. Consequently, the cycling stability of LYZC under high-voltage conditions (4.8 V vs. Li⁺/Li) is significantly improved. Specifically, ASSB cells employing LYZC@5BTO exhibited a superior discharge capacity of 95.4 mAh g⁻¹ over 200 cycles at 1 C, way outperforming cell using pristine LYZC that only shows a capacity of 55.4 mAh g⁻¹. Furthermore, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed that Metal-O-Cl by-products from cumulative interfacial side reactions accounted for 6% of the surface species initially, rising to 26% after 200 cycles in pristine LYZC. In contrast, LYZC@5BTO limited this increase to only 14%, confirming the effectiveness of BTO in stabilizing the interfacial chemistry. This electric field modulation strategy offers a promising route toward the commercialization of high-voltage solid-state electrolytes and energy-dense ASSBs.

Highlights:
1 Time efficient ball milling achieves uniform BaTiO₃ ( coating without sacrificing ionic conductivity (1.06 mS cm⁻¹).
2 Ferroelectric BTO coating suppresses Li_2.5Y_0.5Zr_0.5Cl₆ (LYZC decomposition at 4.8 V via electric field modulation, enabling 76% capacity retention after 150 cycles.
3 BTO effectively minimizes the formation of interfacial ZrCl₃O /YCl₂O byproducts and mitigates the irreversible phase transition of single crystal NCM811 (SCNCM811), thereby improving the compatibility between LYZC and SCNCM811.

Constructing Double Heterojunctions on 1T/2H-MoS2@Co3S4 Electrocatalysts for Regulating Li2O2 Formation in Lithium-Oxygen Batteries

2025-09-05T02:04:23+00:00

Co₃S₄ electrocatalysts with mixed valences of Co ions and excellent structural stability possess favorable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity, yet challenges remain in fabricating rechargeable lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs) due to their poor OER performance, resulting from poor electrical conductivity and overly strong intermediate adsorption. In this work, fancy double heterojunctions on 1T/2H-MoS₂@Co₃S₄ (1T/2H-MCS) were constructed derived from the charge donation from Co to Mo ions, thus inducing the phase transformation of MoS₂ from 2H to 1T. The unique features of these double heterojunctions endow the 1T/2H-MCS with complementary catalysis during charging and discharging processes. It is worth noting that 1T-MoS₂@Co₃S₄ could provide fast Co–S–Mo electron transport channels to promote ORR/OER kinetics, and 2H-MoS₂@Co₃S₄ contributed to enabling moderate e_g orbital occupancy when adsorbed with oxygen-containing intermediates. On the basis, the Li₂O₂ nucleation route was changed to solution and surface dual pathways, improving reversible deposition and decomposition kinetics. As a result, 1T/2H-MCS cathodes exhibit an improved electrocatalytic performance compared with those of Co₃S₄ and MoS₂ cathodes. This innovative heterostructure design provides a reliable strategy to construct efficient transition metal sulfide catalysts by improving electrical conductivity and modulating adsorption toward oxygenated intermediates for LOBs.

Highlights:
1 1T/2H-MoS₂@Co₃S₄ electrocatalysts were constructed by interfacial charge donation from Co to Mo atoms, resulting in formation of double heterojunctions including 1T-MoS₂@Co₃S₄ and 2H-MoS₂@Co₃S₄.
2 Complementary effect from double heterojunctions not only triggered fast charge transport on Co–S–Mo couplings, but also enabled moderate eg orbital occupancy to adsorb oxygen-containing intermediates for efficient oxygen electrocatalysis.
3 Optimal adsorption energies for solution and surface dual reaction pathways were achieved, forming two kinds of discharge product morphologies during cycling to enhance performance of Li–O₂ batteries.

Radiative Coupled Evaporation Cooling Hydrogel for Above-Ambient Heat Dissipation and Flame Retardancy

2025-09-05T01:50:54+00:00

By combining the merits of radiative cooling (RC) and evaporation cooling (EC), radiative coupled evaporative cooling (REC) has attracted considerable attention for sub-ambient cooling purposes. However, for outdoor devices, the interior heating power would increase the working temperature and fire risk, which would suppress their above-ambient heat dissipation capabilities and passive water cycle properties. In this work, we introduced a REC design based on an all-in-one photonic hydrogel for above-ambient heat dissipation and flame retardancy. Unlike conventional design RC film for heat dissipation with limited cooling power and fire risk, REC hydrogel can greatly improve the heat dissipation performance in the daytime with a high workload, indicating a 12.0 °C lower temperature than the RC film under the same conditions in the outdoor experiment. In the nighttime with a low workload, RC-assisted adsorption can improve atmospheric water harvesting to ensure EC in the daytime. In addition, our REC hydrogel significantly enhanced flame retardancy by absorbing heat without a corresponding temperature rise, thus mitigating fire risks. Thus, our design shows a promising solution for the thermal management of outdoor devices, delivering outstanding performance in both heat dissipation and flame retardancy.

Highlights:
1 An all-in-one photonic hydrogel was designed for above-ambient heat dissipation and flame retardancy by sky radiative cooling and evaporation cooling.
2 Radiative coupled with evaporation cooling can greatly improve the heat dissipation performance, indicating a 12.0 °C lower than the radiative cooling film under the same conditions.
3 Radiative cooling-assisted adsorption can improve atmospheric water harvesting to ensure evaporation under periodic workload and meteorological parameters.

High-Performance Wide-Temperature Zinc-Ion Batteries with K+/C3N4 Co-Intercalated Ammonium Vanadate Cathodes

2025-09-04T06:24:54+00:00

NH₄V₄O₁₀ (NVO) is considered a promising cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity. However, its practical application is limited by irreversible deamination, structural collapse, and sluggish reaction kinetics during cycling. Herein, K⁺ and C₃N₄ co-intercalated NVO (KNVO-C₃N₄) nanosheets with expanded interlayer spacing are synthesized for the first time to achieve high-rate, stable, and wide-temperature cathodes. Molecular dynamics and experimental results confirm that there is an optimal C₃N₄ content to achieve higher reaction kinetics. The synergistic effect of K⁺ and C₃N₄ co-intercalation significantly reduces the electrostatic interaction between Zn²⁺ and the [VO_n] layer, improves the specific capacity and cycling stability. Consequently, the KNVO-C₃N₄ electrode displays outstanding electrochemical performance at room temperature and under extreme environments. It exhibits excellent rate performance (228.4 mAh g⁻¹ at 20 A g⁻¹), long-term cycling stability (174.2 mAh g⁻¹ after 10,000 cycles at 20 A g⁻¹), and power/energy density (210.0 Wh kg⁻¹ at 14,200 W kg⁻¹) at room temperature. Notably, it shows remarkable storage performance at − 20 °C (111.3 mAh g⁻¹ at 20 A g⁻¹) and 60 °C (208.6 mAh g⁻¹ at 20 A g⁻¹). This strategy offers a novel approach to developing high-performance cathodes capable of operating under extreme temperatures.

Highlights:
1 Molecular dynamics and experimental results confirm that adjusting the interlayer spacing by changing the C₃N₄ content effectively improves the reaction kinetics.
2 The synergistic effect of K⁺ and C₃N₄ co-intercalation lowers the energy barrier, reduces the electrostatic interaction, and enhances the kinetics and structural stability.
3 The K⁺/C₃N₄ co-intercalated NH₄V₄O₁₀ cathode exhibits excellent electrochemical performance at room temperature and under extreme environments.

Prioritized Na+ Adsorption-Driven Cationic Electrostatic Repulsion Enables Highly Reversible Zinc Anodes at Low Temperatures

2025-09-04T06:04:30+00:00

Aqueous zinc metal batteries (AZMBs) are promising candidates for renewable energy storage, yet their practical deployment in subzero environments remains challenging due to electrolyte freezing and dendritic growth. Although organic additives can enhance the antifreeze properties of electrolytes, their weak polarity diminishes ionic conductivity, and their flammability poses safety concerns, undermining the inherent advantages of aqueous systems. Herein, we present a cost-effective and highly stable Na₂SO₄ additive introduced into a Zn(ClO₄)₂-based electrolyte to create an organic-free antifreeze electrolyte. Through Raman spectroscopy, in situ optical microscopy, density functional theory computations, and molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that Na⁺ ions improve low-temperature electrolyte performance and mitigate dendrite formation by regulating uniform Zn²⁺ deposition through preferential adsorption and electrostatic interactions. As a result, the Zn||Zn cells using this electrolyte achieve a remarkable cycling life of 360 h at − 40 °C with 61% depth of discharge, and the Zn||PANI cells retained an ultrahigh capacity retention of 91% even after 8000 charge/discharge cycles at − 40 °C. This work proposes a cost-effective and practical approach for enhancing the long-term operational stability of AZMBs in low-temperature environments.

Highlights:
1 The introduction of low-cost, low-reduction-potential Na⁺ into aqueous Zn-based battery electrolytes suppresses Zn²⁺ aggregation at the anode interface through preferential Na⁺ adsorption and inter-cationic electrostatic repulsion, thereby enabling homogeneous Zn deposition and significantly enhanced low-temperature reversibility of Zn anodes.
2 Na⁺ with low ionic potential spontaneously adsorbs at the anode–electrolyte interface, effectively reducing solvated water molecules and suppressing parasitic reactions, thus significantly improving the Coulombic efficiency of aqueous zinc metal batteries under low temperatures.
3 At a low temperature of − 40 °C, the Zn||Zn cells maintained stable plating/stripping cycles for over 2500 h, and the Zn||PANI full cell exhibited excellent low-temperature performance with over 8000 charge–discharge cycles and a high capacity retention of more than 90%.

Lithium-Ion Dynamic Interface Engineering of Nano-Charged Composite Polymer Electrolytes for Solid-State Lithium-Metal Batteries

2025-08-29T11:54:35+00:00

Composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) offer a promising solution for all-solid-state lithium-metal batteries (ASSLMBs). However, conventional nanofillers with Lewis-acid–base surfaces make limited contribution to improving the overall performance of CPEs due to their difficulty in achieving robust electrochemical and mechanical interfaces simultaneously. Here, by regulating the surface charge characteristics of halloysite nanotube (HNT), we propose a concept of lithium-ion dynamic interface (Li⁺-DI) engineering in nano-charged CPE (NCCPE). Results show that the surface charge characteristics of HNTs fundamentally change the Li⁺-DI, and thereof the mechanical and ion-conduction behaviors of the NCCPEs. Particularly, the HNTs with positively charged surface (HNTs⁺) lead to a higher Li⁺ transference number (0.86) than that of HNTs⁻ (0.73), but a lower toughness (102.13 MJ m⁻³ for HNTs⁺ and 159.69 MJ m⁻³ for HNTs⁻). Meanwhile, a strong interface compatibilization effect by Li⁺ is observed for especially the HNTs⁺-involved Li⁺-DI, which improves the toughness by 2000% compared with the control. Moreover, HNTs⁺ are more effective to weaken the Li⁺-solvation strength and facilitate the formation of LiF-rich solid–electrolyte interphase of Li metal compared to HNTs⁻. The resultant Li|NCCPE|LiFePO₄ cell delivers a capacity of 144.9 mAh g⁻¹ after 400 cycles at 0.5 C and a capacity retention of 78.6%. This study provides deep insights into understanding the roles of surface charges of nanofillers in regulating the mechanical and electrochemical interfaces in ASSLMBs.

Highlights:
1 The surface charge characteristics of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are manipulated to engineer the Li+-dynamic interface (Li⁺-DI) in composite polymer electrolytes.
2 Surface charge characteristics of HNTs generate pronounced impact on not only the ionic/mechanical properties of the composite electrolytes, but also the formation and composition of solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer.
3 HNTs⁺-supported Li⁺-DI exhibits an anion-rich Li⁺-solvation structure and soft-and-tough mechanical interface, leading to LiF-rich SEI layer and improvement of toughness by over 2000% compared with the control.

An Ultrasonic Microrobot Enabling Ultrafast Bidirectional Navigation in Confined Tubular Environments

2025-08-26T08:52:00+00:00

Pipelines are extensively used in environments such as nuclear power plants, chemical factories, and medical devices to transport gases and liquids. These tubular environments often feature complex geometries, confined spaces, and millimeter-scale height restrictions, presenting significant challenges to conventional inspection methods. Here, we present an ultrasonic microrobot (weight, 80 mg; dimensions, 24 mm × 7 mm; thickness, 210 μm) to realize agile and bidirectional navigation in narrow pipelines. The ultrathin structural design of the robot is achieved through a high-performance piezoelectric composite film microstructure based on MEMS technology. The robot exhibits various vibration modes when driven by ultrasonic frequency signals, its motion speed reaches 81 cm s⁻¹ at 54.8 kHz, exceeding that of the fastest piezoelectric microrobots, and its forward and backward motion direction is controllable through frequency modulation, while the minimum driving voltage for initial movement can be as low as 3 V_P-P. Additionally, the robot can effortlessly climb slopes up to 24.25° and carry loads more than 36 times its weight. The robot is capable of agile navigation through curved L-shaped pipes, pipes made of various materials (acrylic, stainless steel, and polyvinyl chloride), and even over water. To further demonstrate its inspection capabilities, a micro-endoscope camera is integrated into the robot, enabling real-time image capture inside glass pipes.

Highlights:
1 An ultrasonic microrobot achieves bidirectional high-speed locomotion (81 cm s⁻¹) in micro-pipes via frequency modulation.
2 MEMS-fabricated ultrathin piezoelectric composite film enables rapid navigation within confined pipeline (4 mm height), slope climbing (24.25°), and notable load-carrying (>36 times its weight).
3 The microrobot demonstrates agile locomotion across curved pipes, pipes made of various materials, and even over water; integrated micro-endoscope camera enables real-time imaging, highlighting great potential for efficient pipeline inspection.

Superelastic and Washable Micro/Nanofibrous Sponges Based on Biomimetic Helical Fibers for Efficient Thermal Insulation

2025-08-26T08:37:38+00:00

Extreme cold weather seriously harms human thermoregulatory system, necessitating high-performance insulating garments to maintain body temperature. However, as the core insulating layer, advanced fibrous materials always struggle to balance mechanical properties and thermal insulation, resulting in their inability to meet the demands for both washing resistance and personal protection. Herein, inspired by the natural spring-like structures of cucumber tendrils, a superelastic and washable micro/nanofibrous sponge (MNFS) based on biomimetic helical fibers is directly prepared utilizing multiple-jet electrospinning technology for high-performance thermal insulation. By regulating the conductivity of polyvinylidene fluoride solution, multiple-jet ejection and multiple-stage whipping of jets are achieved, and further control of phase separation rates enables the rapid solidification of jets to form spring-like helical fibers, which are directly entangled to assemble MNFS. The resulting MNFS exhibits superelasticity that can withstand large tensile strain (200%), 1000 cyclic tensile or compression deformations, and retain good resilience even in liquid nitrogen (− 196 °C). Furthermore, the MNFS shows efficient thermal insulation with low thermal conductivity (24.85 mW m⁻¹ K⁻¹), close to the value of dry air, and remains structural stability even after cyclic washing. This work offers new possibilities for advanced fibrous sponges in transportation, environmental, and energy applications.

Highlights:
1 A superelastic and washable sponge based on biomimetic spring-like helical micro/nanofibers is directly fabricated by multiple-jet electrospinning technology.
2 The resulting sponge exhibits both lightweight (low density of 7.1 mg cm^–3) and robust mechanical property (large tensile strain up to 200%).
3 The sponge also shows efficient thermal insulation performance with low thermal conductivity (24.85 mW m^–1 K^–1), and remains structural stability even after cyclic washing, making it a promising candidate for personal protection in cold environments.

Chirality-Induced Suppression of Singlet Oxygen in Lithium–Oxygen Batteries with Extended Cycle Life

2025-08-25T09:43:29+00:00

Lithium–oxygen (Li–O₂) batteries are perceived as a promising breakthrough in sustainable electrochemical energy storage, utilizing ambient air as an energy source, eliminating the need for costly cathode materials, and offering the highest theoretical energy density (~ 3.5 kWh kg^–1) among discussed candidates. Contributing to the poor cycle life of currently reported Li–O₂ cells is singlet oxygen (¹O₂) formation, inducing parasitic reactions, degrading key components, and severely deteriorating cell performance. Here, we harness the chirality-induced spin selectivity effect of chiral cobalt oxide nanosheets (Co₃O₄ NSs) as cathode materials to suppress ¹O₂ in Li–O₂ batteries for the first time. Operando photoluminescence spectroscopy reveals a 3.7-fold and 3.23-fold reduction in ¹O₂ during discharge and charge, respectively, compared to conventional carbon paper-based cells, consistent with differential electrochemical mass spectrometry results, which indicate a near-theoretical charge-to-O₂ ratio (2.04 e⁻/O₂). Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that chirality induces a peak shift near the Fermi level, enhancing Co 3d–O 2p hybridization, stabilizing reaction intermediates, and lowering activation barriers for Li₂O₂ formation and decomposition. These findings establish a new strategy for improving the stability and energy efficiency of sustainable Li–O₂ batteries, abridging the current gap to commercialization.

Highlights:
1 Chiral cobalt oxide nanosheets (Co₃O₄ NSs) suppress singlet oxygen (¹O₂) generation in Li–O₂ batteries via the CISS effect.
2 Operando spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations confirm reduced parasitic reactions and enhanced oxygen electrochemistry.
3 This strategy improves energy efficiency and cycle life, offering a path toward stable, high-performance Li–O₂ batteries.

Saturated Alcohols Electrocatalytic Oxidations on Ni-Co Bimetal Oxide Featuring Balanced B- and L-Acidic Active Sites

2025-08-25T09:31:25+00:00

Investigating structural and hydroxyl group effects in electrooxidation of alcohols to value-added products by solid-acid electrocatalysts is essential for upgrading biomass alcohols. Herein, we report efficient electrocatalytic oxidations of saturated alcohols (C₁-C₆) to selectively form formate using NiCo hydroxide (NiCo–OH) derived NiCo₂O₄ solid-acid electrocatalysts with balanced Lewis acid (LASs) and Brønsted acid sites (BASs). Thermal treatment transforms BASs-rich (89.6%) NiCo–OH into NiCo₂O₄ with nearly equal distribution of LASs (53.1%) and BASs (46.9%) which synergistically promote adsorption and activation of OH⁻ and alcohol molecules for enhanced oxidation activity. In contrast, BASs-enriched NiCo–OH facilitates formation of higher valence metal sites, beneficial for water oxidation. The combined experimental studies and theoretical calculation imply the oxidation ability of C₁-C₆ alcohols increases as increased number of hydroxyl groups and decreased HOMO–LUMO gaps: methanol (C₁) < ethylene glycol (C₂) < glycerol (C₃) < meso-erythritol (C₄) < xylitol (C₅) < sorbitol (C₆), while the formate selectivity shows the opposite trend from 100 to 80%. This study unveils synergistic roles of LASs and BASs, as well as hydroxyl group effect in electro-upgrading of alcohols using solid-acid electrocatalysts.

Highlights:
1 NiCo–OH has a relatively high Brønsted acid sites (BASs) content (89.6%), which can promote the adsorption of OH⁻ and inhibit the co-adsorption of OH⁻ and alcohols, resulting in poor alcohol oxidation reaction (AOR) activity but higher oxygen evolution reaction activity.
2 NiCo–OH-derived NiCo₂O₄ solid-acid electrocatalysts with balanced BASs (46.9%) and Lewis acid sites (53.1%) facilitates co-adsorption of alcohols molecules and OH⁻, thereby favoring the AOR.
3 In the AOR on NiCo₂O₄, as the number of hydroxyl groups in C₁-C₆ saturated alcohols increases, the activity shows an increasing trend: C₁<C₂<C₃<C₄<C₅<C₆.

Hydrogen-Bonded Interfacial Super-Assembly of Spherical Carbon Superstructures for High-Performance Zinc Hybrid Capacitors

2025-08-25T09:21:27+00:00

Carbon superstructures with multiscale hierarchies and functional attributes represent an appealing cathode candidate for zinc hybrid capacitors, but their tailor-made design to optimize the capacitive activity remains a confusing topic. Here we develop a hydrogen-bond-oriented interfacial super-assembly strategy to custom-tailor nanosheet-intertwined spherical carbon superstructures (SCSs) for Zn-ion storage with double-high capacitive activity and durability. Tetrachlorobenzoquinone (H-bond acceptor) and dimethylbenzidine (H-bond donator) can interact to form organic nanosheet modules, which are sequentially assembled, orientally compacted and densified into well-orchestrated superstructures through multiple H-bonds (N–H···O). Featured with rich surface-active heterodiatomic motifs, more exposed nanoporous channels, and successive charge migration paths, SCSs cathode promises high accessibility of built-in zincophilic sites and rapid ion diffusion with low energy barriers (3.3 Ω s^−0.5). Consequently, the assembled Zn||SCSs capacitor harvests all-round improvement in Zn-ion storage metrics, including high energy density (166 Wh kg⁻¹), high-rate performance (172 mAh g⁻¹ at 20 A g⁻¹), and long-lasting cycling lifespan (95.5% capacity retention after 500,000 cycles). An opposite charge-carrier storage mechanism is rationalized for SCSs cathode to maximize spatial capacitive charge storage, involving high-kinetics physical Zn²⁺/CF₃SO₃⁻ adsorption and chemical Zn²⁺ redox with carbonyl/pyridine groups. This work gives insights into H-bond-guided interfacial super-assembly design of superstructural carbons toward advanced energy storage.

Highlights:
1 The spherical carbon superstructures (SCS-6) are synthesized by a hydrogen-bonded interfacial super-assembly, owning surface-opening pores, interconnected channels and rich heteroatom species.
2 Maximized accessibility of surface-active sites and opposite charge-carrier storage mechanism ensure high ion storage efficiency.
3 The assembled zinc-ion hybrid capacitor based on SCS-6 delivers ultrahigh energy density (166 Wh kg⁻¹) and super-stable cycle lifespan (500,000 cycles).

Three-dimensional Patterning Super-Black Silica-Based Nanocomposite Aerogels

2025-08-22T09:23:58+00:00

Aerogels are ultra-lightweight, porous materials defined by a complex network of interconnected pores and nanostructures, which effectively suppress heat transfer, making them exceptional for thermal insulation. Furthermore, their porous architecture can trap and scatter light via multiple internal reflections, extending the optical path within the material. When combined with suitable light-absorbing materials, this feature significantly enhances light absorption (darkness). To validate this concept, mesoporous silica aerogel particles were incorporated into a resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) sol, and the silica-to-RF ratio was optimized to achieve uniform carbon compound coatings on the silica pore walls. Notably, increasing silica loading raised the sol viscosity, enabling formulations ideal for direct ink writing processes with excellent shape fidelity for super-black topographical designs. The printed silica–RF green bodies exhibited remarkable mechanical strength and ultra-low thermal conductivity (15.8 mW m^–1 K^–1) prior to pyrolysis. Following pyrolysis, the composites maintained structural integrity and printed microcellular geometries while achieving super-black coloration (abs. 99.56% in the 280–2500 nm range) and high photothermal conversion efficiency (94.2%). Additionally, these silica–carbon aerogel microcellulars demonstrated stable electrical conductivity and low electrochemical impedance. The synergistic combination of 3D printability and super-black photothermal features makes these composites highly versatile for multifunctional applications, including on-demand thermal management, and efficient solar-driven water production.

Highlights:
1 The 3D printed aerogel has an ultra-low thermal conductivity (15.8 mW m^–1 K^–1), make it an ideal insulation material in extreme environment (The surface temperature of a 1 cm thickness green body maintained at ≈60 °C after being placed at 300 °C for 30 min).
2 The super-black silica-carbon aerogel exhibits surprising light absorption feature (as high as 99.56%), and shows rapid evaporation rate (2.25 kg m^-2 h^-1) and excellent energy conversion efficiency (94.2%).
3 The combination of super-black and super-insulation features, offering immense potential for multifunctional, high-performance applications across thermal and optical domains.

Down-Top Strategy Engineered Large-Scale Fluorographene/PBO Nanofibers Composite Papers with Excellent Wave-Transparent Performance and Thermal Conductivity

2025-08-22T09:06:38+00:00

With the miniaturization and high-frequency evolution of antennas in 5G/6G communications, aerospace, and transportation, polymer composite papers integrating superior wave-transparent performance and thermal conductivity for radar antenna systems are urgently needed. Herein, a down-top strategy was employed to synthesize poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) precursor nanofibers (prePNF). The prePNF was then uniformly mixed with fluorinated graphene (FG) to fabricate FG/PNF composite papers through consecutively suction filtration, hot-pressing, and thermal annealing. The hydroxyl and amino groups in prePNF enhanced the stability of FG/prePNF dispersion, while the increased π-π interactions between PNF and FG after annealing improved their compatibility. The preparation time and cost of PNF paper was significantly reduced when applying this strategy, which enabled its large-scale production. Furthermore, the prepared FG/PNF composite papers exhibited excellent wave-transparent performance and thermal conductivity. When the mass fraction of FG was 40 wt%, the FG/PNF composite paper prepared via the down-top strategy achieved the wave-transparent coefficient (|T|²) of 96.3% under 10 GHz, in-plane thermal conductivity (λ_∥) of 7.13 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, and through-plane thermal conductivity (λ_⊥) of 0.67 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, outperforming FG/PNF composite paper prepared by the top-down strategy (|T|² = 95.9%, λ_∥ = 5.52 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, λ_⊥ = 0.52 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹) and pure PNF paper (|T|² = 94.7%, λ_∥ = 3.04 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, λ_⊥ = 0.24 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹). Meanwhile, FG/PNF composite paper (with 40 wt% FG) through the down-top strategy also demonstrated outstanding mechanical properties with tensile strength and toughness reaching 197.4 MPa and 11.6 MJ m⁻³, respectively.

Highlights:
1 The down-top strategy enables large-scale production of poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) nanofiber (PNF) paper with excellent intrinsic wave-transparent performance, thermal conductivity, and mechanical strength while significantly reduces the preparation time and cost.
2 Fluorinated graphene (FG)/PNF composite papers exhibit superior wave-transparent performance and thermal conductivity. When the mass fraction of FG is 40 wt%, its |T|² reaches 96.3% under 10 GHz while λ∥ and λ⊥ increase to 7.13 and 0.67 W m^-1 K^-1, respectively.
3 FG/PNF composite paper with 40 wt% of FG also displays excellent mechanical properties, with the tensile strength and toughness reaching 197.4 MPa and 11.6 MJ m^-3, respectively.

Robust and Biodegradable Heterogeneous Electronics with Customizable Cylindrical Architecture for Interference-Free Respiratory Rate Monitoring

2025-08-21T08:34:57+00:00

A rapidly growing field is piezoresistive sensor for accurate respiration rate monitoring to suppress the worldwide respiratory illness. However, a large neglected issue is the sensing durability and accuracy without interference since the expiratory pressure always coupled with external humidity and temperature variations, as well as mechanical motion artifacts. Herein, a robust and biodegradable piezoresistive sensor is reported that consists of heterogeneous MXene/cellulose-gelation sensing layer and Ag-based interdigital electrode, featuring customizable cylindrical interface arrangement and compact hierarchical laminated architecture for collectively regulating the piezoresistive response and mechanical robustness, thereby realizing the long-term breath-induced pressure detection. Notably, molecular dynamics simulations reveal the frequent angle inversion and reorientation of MXene/cellulose in vacuum filtration, driven by shear forces and interfacial interactions, which facilitate the establishment of hydrogen bonds and optimize the architecture design in sensing layer. The resultant sensor delivers unprecedented collection features of superior stability for off-axis deformation (0–120°, ~ 2.8 × 10^–3 A) and sensing accuracy without crosstalk (humidity 50%–100% and temperature 30–80 °C). Besides, the sensor-embedded mask together with machine learning models is achieved to train and classify the respiration status for volunteers with different ages (average prediction accuracy ~ 90%). It is envisioned that the customizable architecture design and sensor paradigm will shed light on the advanced stability of sustainable electronics and pave the way for the commercial application in respiratory monitory.

Highlights:
1 Piezoresistive sensor in tandem with customizable cylindrical microstructure for ultra-sensitive, stable, and interference-free performance.
2 Molecular dynamics simulations reveal shear-force-driven self-assembly mechanisms.
3 Eco-friendly and robust sensing layer for scalable, sustainable fabrication.

Octopus-Inspired Self-Adaptive Hydrogel Gripper Capable of Manipulating Ultra-Soft Objects

2025-08-21T08:17:12+00:00

Octopuses, due to their flexible arms, marvelous adaptability, and powerful suckers, are able to effortlessly grasp and disengage various objects in the marine surrounding without causing devastation. However, manipulating delicate objects such as soft and fragile foods underwater require gentle contact and stable adhesion, which poses a serious challenge to now available soft grippers. Inspired by the sucker infundibulum structure and flexible tentacles of octopus, herein we developed a hydraulically actuated hydrogel soft gripper with adaptive maneuverability by coupling multiple hydrogen bond-mediated supramolecular hydrogels and vat polymerization three-dimensional printing, in which hydrogel bionic sucker is composed of a tunable curvature membrane, a negative pressure cavity, and a pneumatic chamber. The design of the sucker structure with the alterable curvature membrane is conducive to realize the reliable and gentle switchable adhesion of the hydrogel soft gripper. As a proof-of-concept, the adaptive hydrogel soft gripper is capable of implement diversified underwater tasks, including gingerly grasping fragile foods like egg yolks and tofu, as well as underwater robots and vehicles that station-keeping and crawling based on switchable adhesion. This study therefore provides a transformative strategy for the design of novel soft grippers that will render promising utilities for underwater exploration soft robotics.

Highlights:
1 3D printable supramolecular hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties and stiffness adaptability were enabled by strong and weak H-bonding cooperative interactions and microphase separation.
2 Sucker structure with an alterable membrane was designed and fabricated with 3D printing to realize reliable and gentle switchable adhesion.
3 Octopus-inspired hydrogel gripper that is capable of delicately handling ultra-soft underwater objects in the form of nondestructive surface release was achieved.

Te-Modulated Fe Single Atom with Synergistic Bidirectional Catalysis for High-Rate and Long–Cycling Lithium-Sulfur Battery

2025-08-15T07:10:09+00:00

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have garnered significant attention in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries for their potential to mitigate the severe polysulfide shuttle effect and sluggish redox kinetics. However, the development of highly efficient SACs and a comprehensive understanding of their structure–activity relationships remain enormously challenging. Herein, a novel kind of Fe-based SAC featuring an asymmetric FeN₅-TeN₄ coordination structure was precisely designed by introducing Te atom adjacent to the Fe active center to enhance the catalytic activity. Theoretical calculations reveal that the neighboring Te atom modulates the local coordination environment of the central Fe site, elevating the d-band center closer to the Fermi level and strengthening the d-p orbital hybridization between the catalyst and sulfur species, thereby immobilizing polysulfides and improving the bidirectional catalysis of Li-S redox. Consequently, the Fe-Te atom pair catalyst endows Li-S batteries with exceptional rate performance, achieving a high specific capacity of 735 mAh g⁻¹ at 5 C, and remarkable cycling stability with a low decay rate of 0.038% per cycle over 1000 cycles at 1 C. This work provides fundamental insights into the electronic structure modulation of SACs and establishes a clear correlation between precisely engineered atomic configurations and their enhanced catalytic performance in Li-S electrochemistry.

Highlights:
1 The Te modulator induces a polarized charge distribution to optimize the electronic structure of the central Fe site, elevating the d-band center and enhancing the density of states near the Fermi level.
2 Strengthened d-p orbital hybridization between the catalyst and sulfur species optimizes the adsorption behavior toward LiPSs and facilitates the bidirectional redox process of Li-S batteries.
3 The Fe-Te atom pair catalyst endows Li-S batteries remarkable rate performance, extraordinary cycling stability and anticipated areal capacity.

Tellurium-Terminated MXene Synthesis via One-Step Tellurium Etching

2025-08-15T06:43:09+00:00

With the rapid development of two-dimensional MXene materials, numerous preparation strategies have been proposed to enhance synthesis efficiency, mitigate environmental impact, and enable scalability for large-scale production. The compound etching approach, which relies on cationic oxidation of the A element of MAX phase precursors while anions typically adsorb onto MXene surfaces as functional groups, remains the main prevalent strategy. By contrast, synthesis methodologies utilizing elemental etching agents have been rarely reported. Here, we report a new elemental tellurium (Te)-based etching strategy for the preparation of MXene materials with tunable surface chemistry. By selectively removing the A-site element in MAX phases using Te, our approach avoids the use of toxic fluoride reagents and achieves tellurium-terminated surface groups that significantly enhance sodium storage performance. Experimental results show that Te-etched MXene delivers substantially higher capacities (exceeding 50% improvement over conventionally etched MXene) with superior rate capability, retaining high capacity at large current densities and demonstrating over 90% capacity retention after 1000 cycles. This innovative synthetic strategy provides new insight into controllable MXene preparation and performance optimization, while the as-obtained materials hold promises for high-performance sodium-ion batteries and other energy storage systems.

Highlights:
1 A novel and efficient Te etching method for the preparation of Te-functionalized MXene materials is presented
2 This simple etching method enables the processing of V- and Nb-based MAX phases and demonstrates potential for large-scale production.
3 V₂CTe_x MXene has a sodium storage capacity of up to 247 mAh g⁻¹ and maintains 216 mAh g⁻¹ at 23 C.

Nature-Inspired Upward Hanging Evaporator with Photothermal 3D Spacer Fabric for Zero-Liquid-Discharge Desalination

2025-08-09T02:44:18+00:00

While desalination is a key solution for global freshwater scarcity, its implementation faces environmental challenges due to concentrated brine byproducts mainly disposed of via coastal discharge systems. Solar interfacial evaporation offers sustainable management potential, yet inevitable salt nucleation at evaporation interfaces degrades photothermal conversion and operational stability via light scattering and pathway blockage. Inspired by the mangrove leaf, we propose a photothermal 3D polydopamine and polypyrrole polymerized spacer fabric (PPSF)-based upward hanging model evaporation configuration with a reverse water feeding mechanism. This design enables zero-liquid-discharge (ZLD) desalination through phase-separation crystallization. The interconnected porous architecture and the rough surface of the PPSF enable superior water transport, achieving excellent solar-absorbing efficiency of 97.8%. By adjusting the tilt angle (θ), the evaporator separates the evaporation and salt crystallization zones via controlled capillary-driven brine transport, minimizing heat dissipation from brine discharge. At an optimal tilt angle of 52°, the evaporator reaches an evaporation rate of 2.81 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ with minimal heat loss (0.366 W) under 1-sun illumination while treating a 7 wt% waste brine solution. Furthermore, it sustains an evaporation rate of 2.71 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ over 72 h while ensuring efficient salt recovery. These results highlight a scalable, energy-efficient approach for sustainable ZLD desalination.

Highlights:
1 Successful fabrication of photothermal 3D polypyrrole polymerized spacer fabric with excellent water transport capability and high solar absorption efficiency.
2 The upward hanging model evaporator with reverse water feeding achieves an optimized solar evaporation rate of 2.81 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ with minimal heat (0.366 W) loss at a 52° tilt.
3 A mangrove leaf-inspired upward hanging model evaporator design separates evaporation and crystallization zones for zero-liquid-discharge desalination.

Bioinspired Precision Peeling of Ultrathin Bamboo Green Cellulose Frameworks for Light Management in Optoelectronics

2025-08-05T11:47:51+00:00

Cellulose frameworks have emerged as promising materials for light management due to their exceptional light-scattering capabilities and sustainable nature. Conventional biomass-derived cellulose frameworks face a fundamental trade-off between haze and transparency, coupled with impractical thicknesses (≥ 1 mm). Inspired by squid’s skin-peeling mechanism, this work develops a peroxyformic acid (HCOOOH)-enabled precision peeling strategy to isolate intact 10-µm-thick bamboo green (BG) frameworks—100 × thinner than wood-based counterparts while achieving an unprecedented optical performance (88% haze with 80% transparency). This performance surpasses delignified biomass (transparency < 40% at 1 mm) and matches engineered cellulose composites, yet requires no energy-intensive nanofibrillation. The preserved native cellulose I crystalline structure (64.76% crystallinity) and wax-coated uniaxial fibril alignment (Hermans factor: 0.23) contribute to high mechanical strength (903 MPa modulus) and broadband light scattering. As a light-management layer in polycrystalline silicon solar cells, the BG framework boosts photoelectric conversion efficiency by 0.41% absolute (18.74% → 19.15%), outperforming synthetic anti-reflective coatings. The work establishes a scalable, waste-to-wealth route for optical-grade cellulose materials in next-generation optoelectronics.

Highlights:
1 First successful peeling of bamboo green into micrometer-scale optical films (10 μm) via a bioinspired peroxyformic acid strategy, achieving intact preservation of monolayer cellular structure.
2 Scalable and stable peeling process enables high-yield production of bamboo green frameworks, demonstrating significant potential for sustainable optical material applications.
3 Experimental validation in light management shows 0.41% absolute photoelectric conversion efficiency enhancement in solar cells, proving practical value as high-performance optical films.

Multifunctional MXene for Thermal Management in Perovskite Solar Cells

2025-08-05T11:37:23+00:00

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as promising photovoltaic technologies owing to their remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, heat accumulation under continuous illumination remains a critical bottleneck, severely affecting device stability and long-term operational performance. Herein, we present a multifunctional strategy by incorporating highly thermally conductive Ti₃C₂T_X MXene nanosheets into the perovskite layer to simultaneously enhance thermal management and optoelectronic properties. The Ti₃C₂T_X nanosheets, embedded at perovskite grain boundaries, construct efficient thermal conduction pathways, significantly improving the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the film. This leads to a notable reduction in the device’s steady-state operating temperature from 42.96 to 39.97 °C under 100 mW cm⁻² illumination, thereby alleviating heat-induced performance degradation. Beyond thermal regulation, Ti₃C₂T_X, with high conductivity and negatively charged surface terminations, also serves as an effective defect passivation agent, reducing trap-assisted recombination, while simultaneously facilitating charge extraction and transport by optimizing interfacial energy alignment. As a result, the Ti₃C₂T_X-modified PSC achieve a champion PCE of 25.13% and exhibit outstanding thermal stability, retaining 80% of the initial PCE after 500 h of thermal aging at 85 °C and 30 ± 5% relative humidity. (In contrast, control PSC retain only 58% after 200 h.) Moreover, under continuous maximum power point tracking in N₂ atmosphere, Ti₃C₂T_X-modified PSC retained 70% of the initial PCE after 500 h, whereas the control PSC drop sharply to 20%. These findings highlight the synergistic role of Ti₃C₂T_X in thermal management and optoelectronic performance, paving the way for the development of high-efficiency and heat-resistant perovskite photovoltaics.

Highlights:
1 Incorporating Ti₃C₂T_X nanosheets enhanced perovskite thermal conductivity (from 0.236 to 0.413 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹) and reduced operating temperature by ~3 °C under illumination, mitigating heat-induced degradation.
2 Ti₃C₂T_X offers multiple additional functionalities, including defect passivation, improved charge transfer efficiency, and optimized energy level alignment.
3 Champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) reached 25.13% (vs. 23.70% control). Retained 80% PCE after 500 h at 85 °C/RH = 30 ± 5%, outperforming control (58% after 200 h). MPP tracking showed 70% PCE retention after 500 h in N₂ (vs. 20% control).

Nanosized Anatase TiO2 with Exposed (001) Facet for High-Capacity Mg2+ Ion Storage in Magnesium Ion Batteries

2025-08-01T12:18:11+00:00

Micro-sized anatase TiO₂ displays inferior capacity as cathode material for magnesium ion batteries because of the higher diffusion energy barrier of Mg²⁺ in anatase TiO₂ lattice. Herein, we report that nanosized anatase TiO₂ exposed (001) facet doubles the capacity compared to the micro-sized sample ascribed to the interfacial Mg²⁺ ion storage. First-principles calculations reveal that the diffusion energy barrier of Mg²⁺ on the (001) facet is significantly lower than those in the bulk phase and on (100) facet, and the adsorption energy of Mg²⁺ on the (001) facet is also considerably lower than that on (100) facet, which guarantees superior interfacial Mg²⁺ storage of (001) facet. Moreover, anatase TiO₂ exposed (001) facet displays a significantly higher capacity of 312.9 mAh g⁻¹ in Mg–Li dual-salt electrolyte compared to 234.3 mAh g⁻¹ in Li salt electrolyte. The adsorption energies of Mg²⁺ on (001) facet are much lower than the adsorption energies of Li⁺ on (001) facet, implying that the Mg²⁺ ion interfacial storage is more favorable. These results highlight that controlling the crystal facet of the nanocrystals effectively enhances the interfacial storage of multivalent ions. This work offers valuable guidance for the rational design of high-capacity storage systems.

Highlights:
1 Nanosized anatase TiO₂ exposed (001) facet doubles the capacity compared to the micro-sized sample ascribed to the interfacial Mg²⁺ ion storage.
2 Anatase TiO₂ exposed (001) facet displays a significantly higher capacity of 312.9 mAh g⁻¹ in Mg–Li dual-salt electrolyte.
3 The adsorption energies of Mg²⁺ on (001) facet are much lower than the adsorption energies of Li⁺ on (001) facet, implying that the Mg²⁺ ion interfacial storage is more favorable.

Quantum-Size FeS2 with Delocalized Electronic Regions Enable High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries Across Wide Temperatures

2025-07-30T04:36:03+00:00

Wide-temperature applications of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are severely limited by the sluggish ion insertion/diffusion kinetics of conversion-type anodes. Quantum-sized transition metal dichalcogenides possess unique advantages of charge delocalization and enrich uncoordinated electrons and short-range transfer kinetics, which are crucial to achieve rapid low-temperature charge transfer and high-temperature interface stability. Herein, a quantum-scale FeS₂ loaded on three-dimensional Ti₃C₂ MXene skeletons (FeS₂ QD/MXene) fabricated as SIBs anode, demonstrating impressive performance under wide-temperature conditions (− 35 to 65 °C). The theoretical calculations combined with experimental characterization interprets that the unsaturated coordination edges of FeS₂ QD can induce delocalized electronic regions, which reduces electrostatic potential and significantly facilitates efficient Na⁺ diffusion across a broad temperature range. Moreover, the Ti₃C₂ skeleton reinforces structural integrity via Fe–O–Ti bonding, while enabling excellent dispersion of FeS₂ QD. As expected, FeS₂ QD/MXene anode harvests capacities of 255.2 and 424.9 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 A g⁻¹ under − 35 and 65 °C, and the energy density of FeS₂ QD/MXene//NVP full cell can reach to 162.4 Wh kg⁻¹ at − 35 °C, highlighting its practical potential for wide-temperatures conditions. This work extends the uncoordinated regions induced by quantum-size effects for exceptional Na⁺ ion storage and diffusion performance at wide-temperatures environment.

Highlights:
1 Quantum-scaled FeS₂ induces delocalized electronic regions, effectively reducing electrostatic potential barriers and accelerating Na⁺ diffusion kinetics.
2 The free charge accumulation regions were formed by edge mismatched atoms, activating numerous electrochemically sites to enable high-capacity Na⁺ storage and ultrafast-ion transport across wide temperature range (−35 to 65 °C).
3 The FeS₂ QD/MXene anode delivers superior wide-temperature capacity of 255.2 mAh g⁻¹ (−35 °C) and 424.9 mAh g⁻¹ (65 °C) at 0.1 A g⁻¹. The FeS₂ QD/MXene//NVP cell achieves a record energy density of 162.4 Wh kg⁻¹ at − 35 °C.

Lattice Anchoring Stabilizes α-FAPbI3 Perovskite for High-Performance X-Ray Detectors

2025-07-30T04:13:31+00:00

Formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI₃) perovskite exhibits an impressive X-ray absorption coefficient and a large carrier mobility-lifetime product (µτ), making it as a highly promising candidate for X-ray detection application. However, the presence of larger FA⁺ cation induces to an expansion of the Pb-I octahedral framework, which unfortunately affects both the stability and charge carrier mobility of the corresponding devices. To address this challenge, we develop a novel low-dimensional (HtrzT)PbI₃ perovskite featuring a conjugated organic cation (1H-1,2,4-Triazole-3-thiol, HtrzT⁺) which matches well with the α-FAPbI₃ lattices in two-dimensional plane. Benefiting from the matched lattice between (HtrzT)PbI₃ and α-FAPbI₃, the anchored lattice enhances the Pb-I bond strength and effectively mitigates the inherent tensile strain of the α-FAPbI₃ crystal lattice. The X-ray detector based on (HtrzT)PbI₃(1.0)/FAPbI₃ device achieves a remarkable sensitivity up to 1.83 × 10⁵ μC Gy_air⁻¹ cm⁻², along with a low detection limit of 27.6 nGy_air s⁻¹, attributed to the release of residual stress, and the enhancement in carrier mobility-lifetime product. Furthermore, the detector exhibits outstanding stability under X-ray irradiation with tolerating doses equivalent to nearly 1.17 × 10⁶ chest imaging doses.

Highlights:
1 A lattice-anchoring strategy using low-dimensional perovskite addresses structural instability in α-formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI₃) by matching crystal lattice, mitigating residual stress and tensile strain.
2 Enhanced Pb-I bonding strength and reduced lattice strain improve structural stability and carrier mobility-lifetime product, enabling efficient charge transport.
3 Optimized X-ray detectors achieve high sensitivity (1.83 × 10⁵ μC Gyair^–1 cm^–2), low detection limit (27.6 nGyair s^–1), and stable performance under prolonged irradiation.

Electric-Field-Driven Generative Nanoimprinting for Tilted Metasurface Nanostructures

2025-07-30T03:57:28+00:00

Tilted metasurface nanostructures, with excellent physical properties and enormous application potential, pose an urgent need for manufacturing methods. Here, electric-field-driven generative-nanoimprinting technique is proposed. The electric field applied between the template and the substrate drives the contact, tilting, filling, and holding processes. By accurately controlling the introduced included angle between the flexible template and the substrate, tilted nanostructures with a controllable angle are imprinted onto the substrate, although they are vertical on the template. By flexibly adjusting the electric field intensity and the included angle, large-area uniform-tilted, gradient-tilted, and high-angle-tilted nanostructures are fabricated. In contrast to traditional replication, the morphology of the nanoimprinting structure is extended to customized control. This work provides a cost-effective, efficient, and versatile technology for the fabrication of various large-area tilted metasurface structures. As an illustration, a tilted nanograting with a high coupling efficiency is fabricated and integrated into augmented reality displays, demonstrating superior imaging quality.

Highlights:
1 The developed electric-field-driven generative-nanoimprinting technology enables direct fabrication of large-area tilted metasurface nanostructures with cost-efficiency and high-throughput advantages.
2 Real-time tuning of process parameters facilitates customized fabrication of various tilted metasurface nanostructures.
3 Integration of these custom-designed high-angle-tilted nanostructures into augmented reality displays achieves superior image quality.

A Hierarchical Short Microneedle-Cupping Dual-Amplified Patch Enables Accelerated, Uniform, Pain-Free Transdermal Delivery of Extracellular Vesicles

2025-07-25T02:58:26+00:00

Microneedles (MNs) have been extensively investigated for transdermal delivery of large-sized drugs, including proteins, nucleic acids, and even extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, for their sufficient skin penetration, conventional MNs employ long needles (≥ 600 μm), leading to pain and skin irritation. Moreover, it is critical to stably apply MNs against complex skin surfaces for uniform nanoscale drug delivery. Herein, a dually amplified transdermal patch (MN@EV/SC) is developed as the stem cell-derived EV delivery platform by hierarchically integrating an octopus-inspired suction cup (SC) with short MNs (≤ 300 μm). While leveraging the suction effect to induce nanoscale deformation of the stratum corneum, MN@EV/SC minimizes skin damage and enhances the adhesion of MNs, allowing EV to penetrate deeper into the dermis. When MNs of various lengths are applied to mouse skin, the short MNs can elicit comparable corticosterone release to chemical adhesives, whereas long MNs induce a prompt stress response. MN@EV/SC can achieve a remarkable penetration depth (290 µm) for EV, compared to that of MN alone (111 µm). Consequently, MN@EV/SC facilitates the revitalization of fibroblasts and enhances collagen synthesis in middle-aged mice. Overall, MN@EV/SC exhibits the potential for skin regeneration by modulating the dermal microenvironment and ensuring patient comfort.

Highlights:
1 A bio-inspired dual-amplified patch (MN@EV/SC) was fabricated by integrating extracellular vesicle-loaded microneedles with a soft suction chamber for effective transdermal delivery.
2 The MN@EV/SC system achieved an exceptional penetration depth of 290 μm, while minimizing plasma corticosterone levels with short microneedles, ensuring patient comfort through pain-free application.
3 This system showed the potential for dermatological application by revitalizing dermal fibroblasts, and enhancing collagen synthesis through effective delivery of extracellular vesicles while preserving their biological functionality.

Metallic WO2-Promoted CoWO4/WO2 Heterojunction with Intercalation-Mediated Catalysis for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

2025-07-21T02:24:52+00:00

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries require efficient catalysts to accelerate polysulfide conversion and mitigate the shuttle effect. However, the rational design of catalysts remains challenging due to the lack of a systematic strategy that rationally optimizes electronic structures and mesoscale transport properties. In this work, we propose an autogenously transformed CoWO₄/WO₂ heterojunction catalyst, integrating a strong polysulfide-adsorbing intercalation catalyst with a metallic-phase promoter for enhanced activity. CoWO₄ effectively captures polysulfides, while the CoWO₄/WO₂ interface facilitates their S–S bond activation on heterogenous catalytic sites. Benefiting from its directional intercalation channels, CoWO₄ not only serves as a dynamic Li-ion reservoir but also provides continuous and direct pathways for rapid Li-ion transport. Such synergistic interactions across the heterojunction interfaces enhance the catalytic activity of the composite. As a result, the CoWO₄/WO₂ heterostructure demonstrates significantly enhanced catalytic performance, delivering a high capacity of 1262 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 C. Furthermore, its rate capability and high sulfur loading performance are markedly improved, surpassing the limitations of its single-component counterparts. This study provides new insights into the catalytic mechanisms governing Li–S chemistry and offers a promising strategy for the rational design of high-performance Li–S battery catalysts.

Highlights:
1 The CoWO₄/WO₂ heterojunction was successfully constructed through hydrothermal synthesis of precursors followed by autogenous transformation induced by hydrogen reduction.
2 The synergistic effect of CoWO₄ and WO₂ promotes the catalytic conversion of polysulfides and suppresses the shuttle effect.
3 The CoWO₄/WO₂ heterojunction demonstrates significantly enhanced catalytic performance, delivering a high capacity of 1262 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 C.

Ultrahigh Dielectric Permittivity of a Micron-Sized Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 Thin-Film Capacitor After Missing of a Mixed Tetragonal Phase

2025-07-21T02:13:21+00:00

Innovative use of HfO₂-based high-dielectric-permittivity materials could enable their integration into few-nanometre-scale devices for storing substantial quantities of electrical charges, which have received widespread applications in high-storage-density dynamic random access memory and energy-efficient complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor devices. During bipolar high electric-field cycling in numbers close to dielectric breakdown, the dielectric permittivity suddenly increases by 30 times after oxygen-vacancy ordering and ferroelectric-to-nonferroelectric phase transition of near-edge plasma-treated Hf_0.5Zr_0.5O₂ thin-film capacitors. Here we report a much higher dielectric permittivity of 1466 during downscaling of the capacitor into the diameter of 3.85 μm when the ferroelectricity suddenly disappears without high-field cycling. The stored charge density is as high as 183 μC cm⁻² at an operating voltage/time of 1.2 V/50 ns at cycle numbers of more than 10¹² without inducing dielectric breakdown. The study of synchrotron X-ray micro-diffraction patterns show missing of a mixed tetragonal phase. The image of electron energy loss spectroscopy shows the preferred oxygen-vacancy accumulation at the regions near top/bottom electrodes as well as grain boundaries. The ultrahigh dielectric-permittivity material enables high-density integration of extremely scaled logic and memory devices in the future.

Highlights:
1 Ferroelectric-to-nonferroelectric transition occurs in a micron-sized Hf_0.5Zr_0.5O₂ thin-film capacitor with the generation of a giant dielectric permittivity.
2 Synchrotron X-ray micro-diffraction patterns show missing of a mixed tetragonal phase in the capacitor.
3 The stored charge density of the capacitor is as high as 183 μC cm^-2 at an operating voltage/time of 1.2 V/50 ns at cycle numbers of more than 1012 without inducing dielectric breakdown.

A Promising Strategy for Solvent-Regulated Selective Hydrogenation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural over Porous Carbon-Supported Ni-ZnO Nanoparticles

2025-07-21T02:03:41+00:00

Developing biomass platform compounds into high value-added chemicals is a key step in renewable resource utilization. Herein, we report porous carbon-supported Ni-ZnO nanoparticles catalyst (Ni-ZnO/AC) synthesized via low-temperature coprecipitation, exhibiting excellent performance for the selective hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). A linear correlation is first observed between solvent polarity (E_T(30)) and product selectivity within both polar aprotic and protic solvent classes, suggesting that solvent properties play a vital role in directing reaction pathways. Among these, 1,4-dioxane (aprotic) favors the formation of 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) with 97.5% selectivity, while isopropanol (iPrOH, protic) promotes 2,5-dimethylfuran production with up to 99.5% selectivity. Mechanistic investigations further reveal that beyond polarity, proton-donating ability is critical in facilitating hydrodeoxygenation. iPrOH enables a hydrogen shuttle mechanism where protons assist in hydroxyl group removal, lowering the activation barrier. In contrast, 1,4-dioxane, lacking hydrogen bond donors, stabilizes BHMF and hinders further conversion. Density functional theory calculations confirm a lower activation energy in iPrOH (0.60 eV) compared to 1,4-dioxane (1.07 eV). This work offers mechanistic insights and a practical strategy for solvent-mediated control of product selectivity in biomass hydrogenation, highlighting the decisive role of solvent-catalyst-substrate interactions.

Highlights:
1 A porous carbon-supported Ni-ZnO nanoparticles catalyst (Ni-ZnO/AC) was synthesized by low-temperature coprecipitation, demonstrating exceptional catalytic activity and stability.
2 Selective hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (97.5%) or 2,5-dimethylfuran (99.5%) is achieved over Ni-ZnO/AC catalyst by solvent-tuning.
3 Solvent-catalyst interaction jointly regulates hydrodeoxygenation behavior in HMF hydrogenation by modulating rate and pathway via a hydrogen shuttle mechanism.

A Synchronous Strategy to Zn-Iodine Battery by Polycationic Long-Chain Molecules

2025-07-21T01:41:38+00:00

Aqueous Zn-iodine batteries (ZIBs) face the formidable challenges towards practical implementation, including metal corrosion and rampant dendrite growth on the Zn anode side, and shuttle effect of polyiodide species from the cathode side. These challenges lead to poor cycle stability and severe self-discharge. From the fabrication and cost point of view, it is technologically more viable to deploy electrolyte engineering than electrode protection strategies. More importantly, a synchronous method for modulation of both cathode and anode is pivotal, which has been often neglected in prior studies. In this work, cationic poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (Pah⁺) is adopted as a low-cost dual-function electrolyte additive for ZIBs. We elaborate the synchronous effect by Pah⁺ in stabilizing Zn anode and immobilizing polyiodide anions. The fabricated Zn-iodine coin cell with Pah⁺ (ZnI₂ loading: 25 mg cm⁻²) stably cycles 1000 times at 1 C, and a single-layered 3 × 4 cm² pouch cell (N/P ratio ~ 1.5) with the same mass loading cycles over 300 times with insignificant capacity decay.

Highlights:
1 A long chain polycation (Pah⁺) is propos ed to simultaneously regulate Zn anode deposition , mitigate side reactions and stabilize iodine cathode chemistry.
2 The iodophilic and low diffusivity nature of Pah enables effective polyiodide immobilization, suppressing the shuttle effect and ensuring a stable redox environment.
3 The Zn iodine battery delivers high areal capacity (~4 mAh cm⁻² at 1 C) and excellent durability, with 95% capacity retained over 1000 cycles.

Entropy-Driven Cellulosic Elastomer Self-Assembly for Mechanical Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Sensing

2026-01-22T00:54:14+00:00

The rapid advancement of flexible electronics technology has placed higher demands on the structural design and performance regulation of elastic materials. Cellulosic elastomers, with their biodegradability, renewability, and tunability, emerge as ideal candidate materials. Entropy-driven self-assembly promotes the spontaneous formation of ordered structures, serving as a crucial pathway for optimizing cellulose elastomer properties. However, the structure–property relationship between the self-assembled ordered structures of cellulose elastomers and their mechanical and electrical properties remains insufficiently explored. It hinders the expansion of their applications in electronic devices. This paper systematically reviews the structure–property regulation mechanisms of self-assembled cellulosic elastomers from an entropy-driven perspective. It elucidates the application principles and performance optimization strategies for mechanical energy harvesting and self-powered sensing, while also exploring the challenges and prospects for performance enhancement. This work provides a reference for the development of self-assembled cellulosic elastomers in the field of energy devices.

Highlights:
1 It systematically discusses the contribution of entropy-driven approaches to the design of self-assembled structures and performance regulation in cellulosic elastomers.
2 This review systematically examines design strategies for ordered self-assembled structures in cellulosic elastomers and investigates their structure-property relationships.
3 It presents a comprehensive review of performance design strategies for self-assembled cellulosic elastomers across mechanical and electrical domains, focusing on electromechanical conversion and self-powered sensing applications.

Flexible Polymer-Based Electronics for Human Health Monitoring: A Safety-Level-Oriented Review of Materials and Applications

2026-01-22T00:30:55+00:00

Health monitoring is becoming increasingly critical for disease prevention, early diagnosis, and high-quality living. Polymeric materials, with their mechanical flexibility, biocompatibility, and tunable biochemical properties, offer unique advantages for creating next-generation personalized devices. In recent years, flexible polymer-based platforms have shown remarkable potential to capture diverse physiological signals in both daily and clinical contexts, including electrophysiological, biochemical, mechanical, and thermal indicators. In this review, we introduce a safety-level-oriented framework to evaluate material and device strategies for health monitoring, spanning the continuum from noninvasive wearables to deeply embedded implants. Physiological signals are systematically classified by use case, and application-specific requirements such as stability, comfort, and long-term compatibility are highlighted as critical factors guiding the selection of polymers, interfacial designs, and device architectures. Special emphasis is placed on mapping material types—including hydrogels, elastomers, and conductive composites—to their most suitable applications. Finally, we propose design principles for developing safe, functional, and adaptive polymer-based systems, aiming at reliable integration with the human body and enabling personalized, preventive healthcare.

Highlights:
1 A safety-level-oriented framework is proposed to systematically classify polymer-based flexible health-monitoring devices from noninvasive to long-term implantable modalities.
2 Material–safety relationships are elucidated by mapping hydrogels, elastomers, and conductive composites to modality-specific requirements in mechanical compliance, biochemical stability, electrical safety, and long-term biointegration.
3 Time-scale-dependent design principles are summarized to guide future development of safe, adaptive, and clinically translatable polymer-based monitoring systems.

Key Advancements and Emerging Trends of Perovskite Solar Cells in 2024–2025

2026-01-17T06:55:25+00:00

The past two years have witnessed remarkable progress in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), marked by breakthroughs in power conversion efficiency and strides in addressing long-term operational stability. At present, the certified power conversion efficiencies of single-junction PSCs and silicon/perovskite tandem cells have surpassed 27% and 34%, respectively. Regarding stability, researchers begun to focus their attention on the challenges faced by PSCs when operated in outdoor environments. Furthermore, breakthroughs in the utilization of green solvents, fabrication in ambient air conditions, aqueous-phase synthesis of perovskite raw materials at kilogram scale, vacuum flash evaporation, and machine learning-assisted design are accelerating the commercialization of PSCs. The review summarizes the key advancements of PSCs during 2024–2025. It identifies a critical performance discrepancy between small-area devices and perovskite solar modules and delves into strategies aimed at bridging this gap. Finally, perspectives on the future directions of PSCs are presented, with a particular emphasis on improving photocurrent and environmental sustainability.

Highlights:
1 The key advancements in perovskite solar cells during the years 2024–2025 are summarized, along with an in-depth exploration of the underlying enhancement mechanisms.
2 The performance gap between small-area devices and perovskite solar modules is highlighted.
3 The future directions aimed at accelerating the commercialization and enhancing the sustainability of perovskite solar cells are provided.

Thermal Management Technologies for Improving the Thermal Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells

2026-01-17T02:29:17+00:00

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved excellent power conversion efficiencies; however, under direct sunlight, device temperatures can exceed ambient temperatures by more than 50 ℃, making thermal stability a critical challenge for commercialization. This review first summarizes the degradation mechanisms of PSCs induced by elevated temperatures, followed by a discussion of heat generation, with Joule heat identified as the primary contributor. Advanced thermal management strategies are then highlighted, including the use of high thermal conductivity materials, integration with thermoelectric devices, external radiative cooling layers, down-conversion approaches, and tandem structures. By systematically presenting these strategies, this review provides guidance for enhancing both the efficiency and thermal stability of PSCs, thereby supporting their pathway toward commercialization

Highlights:
1 Joule heating is the dominant cause of elevated device temperature in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) under operation, significantly degrades their long-term thermal stability.
2 High temperatures degrade PSCs primarily through accelerated material decomposition and interfacial reactions, posing a major barrier to commercialization.
3 Key thermal management strategies, such as integrating thermally conductive materials, radiative cooling layers, and tandem structures, effectively suppress heat accumulation and enhance device durability.

Organic Phototransistor Photonic Synapses for Artificial Vision

2026-01-16T10:39:58+00:00

The von Neumann architecture faces significant limitations, including low transmission efficiency and high energy consumption, when handling large-scale data and unstructured problems. Benefiting from the inherent merits of optical signals including high bandwidth, near-zero Joule heating, fast transmission speed, and immunity to electromagnetic interference, photonics provides a powerful pathway for high-speed neuromorphic computing. Together with the mechanical flexibility and largearea manufacturability of organic semiconductors, organic phototransistor (OPT)-based photonic synapses have therefore attracted extensive attention in recent years. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in OPT-based photonic synapses, covering operational principles, active materials, advances in bidirectional photoresponse process, as well as cutting-edge applications. Finally, the current challenges and opportunities in this field are highlighted. Distinct from previous reviews, this review emphasizes an in-depth exploration of bidirectional photoresponse mechanisms, a systematic dissection of material–structure–function correlations enabling integrated sensing-memory technology, and emerging.

Highlights:
1 The latest progress in neuromorphic artificial synapses based on organic phototransistors is reviewed from three aspects: functional semiconductor materials, operating behaviors, and frontier applications/advancements.
2 The negative photoconductance behavior of novel phototransistors is discussed, along with their fascinating information-erasing capabilities demonstrated in organic photonic synapses.
3 Frontier applications and advancements in neuromorphic vision driven by organic photonic synapses, such as human visual adaptation, polarization-sensitive detection, high-dimensional reservoir computing, and multimodal neuromorphic encryption, are demonstrated.

High-Entropy Layered Hydroxides: Pioneering Synthesis, Mechanistic Insights, and Multifunctional Applications in Sustainable Energy and Biomedicine

2026-01-14T04:33:57+00:00

High-entropy layered hydroxides (HELHs), an emerging frontier in entropy-stabilized materials derived from layered double hydroxides (LDHs), have captivated attention with their unparalleled tunability, thermodynamic stability, and electrochemical performance. The integration of the high-entropy concept into LDHs empowers HELHs to surmount the constraints of conventional materials through compositional diversity, structurally disordered configurations, and synergistic multi-element interactions. This review systematically embarks on their synthesis methodologies, functional mechanisms, and applications in energy conversion/storage and biomedicine. Advanced synthesis strategies, such as plasma-assisted hydrothermal methods, facilitate precise control over HELH architectures while supporting scalable production. HELHs demonstrate superior electrochemical performance in critical reactions, including oxygen evolution reaction, water oxidation, hydrogen evolution, and glucose electrooxidation. Future directions encompass integrating in situ characterization with simulations, leveraging machine learning for composition screening, and expanding HELHs application through interdisciplinary collaborations. This work establishes a comprehensive roadmap for advancing HELHs as next-generation multifunctional platforms for sustainable energy and biomedical technologies.

Highlights:
1 Synthesis Methodologies: We systematically investigate co-precipitation, framework-guided, and plasma-assisted hydrothermal methods for the synthesis of high-entropy layered hydroxides (HELHs), achieving precise control over the porosity, surface chemistry, and interfacial properties of ultrathin nanosheets through atomic-level mixing and defect engineering.
2 Functional Mechanisms: HELHs possess compositional disorder, synergistic interactions among multiple components, lattice distortion-induced active sites, and inherent structural stability, collectively contributing to their superior electrochemical performance.
3 Multifunctional Applications: HELHs excel as oxygen/hydrogen evolution reactions electrocatalysts for energy devices and enable photocatalytic reactive oxygen species generation for cancer treatment, underscoring their dual potential in sustainable energy conversion and biomedical therapeutics.

Synaptic Plasticity Engineering for Neural Precision, Temporal Learning, and Scalable Neuromorphic Systems

2026-01-09T03:43:08+00:00

Manipulating the expression of synaptic plasticity in neuromorphic devices provides essential foundations for developing intelligent, adaptive hardware systems. In recent years, advances have shifted from static emulation toward dynamic, network-oriented plasticity design, offering enhanced computational accuracy and functional relevance. This review highlights how diversified plasticity behaviors, including multilevel long-term potentiation and depression for spatial models, tunable short-term memory for temporal models, as well as wavelength-selective response, excitatory and inhibitory synergy, and adaptive threshold modulation, collectively support key tasks such as stable learning, temporal processing, and context-aware adaptation. Beyond behavioral innovations, strategies such as multifunctional single-device integration, multimodal fusion, and heterogeneous system assembly enable compact, energy-efficient, and versatile neuromorphic architectures. Recent developments at the array level further demonstrate high-performance scalability and system-level applicability. Despite notable progress, current modulation strategies remain constrained in flexibility, diversity, and large-scale coordination. Future research should focus on enriching the behavioral repertoire of plasticity, advancing cross-modal convergence, and improving array-level uniformity, paving the way toward deployable, high-efficiency neuromorphic intelligence.

Highlights:
1 This review provides an in-depth discussion of computing-unit optimization through synaptic plasticity engineering, enabling precise weight modulation in spatial models and effective temporal information processing in dynamic neural networks.
2 It delves into algorithmic advancement through plasticity modulation, improving accuracy, stability, and convergence in neuromorphic computing models.
3 It explores resource-efficient neuromorphic architectures, integrating multifunctional devices, multimodal fusion, and heterogeneous arrays for scalable, low-power, and generalizable intelligent systems.

Non-Invasive Brain-Computer Interfaces: Converging Frontiers in Neural Signal Decoding and Flexible Bioelectronics Integration

2026-01-16T09:36:51+00:00

The development of non-invasive brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) relies on multidisciplinary integration across neuroscience, artificial intelligence, flexible electronics, and systems engineering. Recent advances in deep learning have significantly improved the accuracy and robustness of neural signal decoding. Parallel progress in electrode design—particularly through the use of flexible and stretchable materials like nanostructured conductors and novel fabrication strategies—has enhanced wearability and operational stability. Nevertheless, key challenges persist, including individual variability, biocompatibility limitations, and susceptibility to interference in complex environments. Further validation and optimization are needed to address gaps in generalization capability, long-term reliability, and real-world operational robustness. This review systematically examines the representative progress in neural decoding algorithms and flexible bioelectronic platforms over the past decade, highlighting key design principles, material innovations, and integration strategies that are poised to advance non-invasive BCI capabilities. It also discusses the importance of multimodal data fusion, hardware-software co-optimization, and closed-loop control strategies. Furthermore, the review discusses the application potential and associated engineering challenges of this technology in clinical rehabilitation and industrial translation, aiming to provide a reference for advancing non-invasive BCIs toward practical and scalable deployment.

Highlights:
1 The latest advancements in neural signal decoding and the integration of flexible bioelectronics for non-invasive brain-computer interfaces are reviewed.
2 Multimodal data fusion, hardware-software co-optimization, and closed-loop control strategies are critical for enhancing the robustness, adaptability, and real-time performance of brain-computer interface (BCI) systems.
3 The robust real-world deployment of BCIs requires breakthroughs in cross-subject generalization, environmental adaptability, and system reproducibility.

Self-Rectifying Memristors for Beyond-CMOS Computing: Mechanisms, Materials, and Integration Prospects

2026-01-16T05:02:59+00:00

The deceleration of Moore’s law and the energy–latency drawbacks of the von Neumann bottleneck have heightened the pursuit for beyond‑CMOS designs that integrate memory and compute. Self‑rectifying memristors (SRMs) have emerged as promising building blocks for high‑performance, low‑power systems by combining resistive switching with intrinsic diode-like behavior. Their unidirectional conduction inhibits sneak‑path currents in crossbar arrays devoid of external selectors, while nonlinear I–V characteristics, adjustable conductance states, low operating voltages, and rapid switching facilitate efficient vector–matrix operations, neuromorphic plasticity, and hardware security primitives. This review synthesizes the working mechanisms of SRMs, surveys material, and structural strategies and compares device metrics relevant to array‑scale deployment (rectification ratio, nonlinearity, endurance, retention, variability, and operating voltage). We assess SRM-enabled in-memory computing and neuromorphic applications, as well as security functions such as physical unclonable functions and reconfigurable cryptographic primitives. Integration pathways toward CMOS compatibility are analyzed, including back-end-of-line thermal budgets, uniformity, write disturb mitigation, and reliability. Finally, we outline key challenges and opportunities: materials/architecture co‑design, precision analog training, stochasticity control/exploitation, 3D stacking, and standardized benchmarking that can accelerate large‑scale SRM adoption. Through the use of specialized materials and structural optimization, SRMs are set to provide selector‑free, densely integrated, and energy‑efficient hardware for future information processing.

Highlights:
1 SRMs integrate intrinsic diode-like rectification, enabling sneak path suppression in crossbar arrays without external selectors, simplifying design, and enhancing energy efficiency for high-density in-memory computing.
2 Key metrics such as rectification ratio, nonlinearity, and CMOS compatibility are systematically reviewed, highlighting progress in 3D integration and scalable array.
3 Applications span in-memory computing, neuromorphic networks, and hardware security, with emerging potentials in in-sensor computing and self-supervised learning, positioning SRMs as pivotal beyond-CMOS building blocks.

Next-Generation Joint-on-a-Chip: Toward Precision Mechanical Control in Multi-Tissue Systems

2026-01-13T12:24:42+00:00

Osteoarthritis is among the leading causes of disability worldwide, and no pharmacological therapies currently exist to reverse its progression. This lack of therapies is primarily attributed to the inadequacies of conventional in vitro models of joint physiology and pathology, which significantly hinder advancements in disease mechanism research and drug development. As an emerging in vitro joint model, joint-on-a-chip (JoC) technology allows low-cost, efficient simulation of physiological and pathological joint activities, making it a focal point of current research. Cartilage, subchondral bone, and synovium are among the key tissues required for constructing in vitro joint models, with cartilage playing a central load-bearing role in joint movement. This article provides a detailed overview of the structure and function of these tissues, with an emphasis on the load-bearing mechanisms of cartilage, and identifies the microenvironmental characteristics that JoC should aim to replicate. Subsequently, we review the current types of JoC and highlight their core challenge: the seamless integration of multi-tissue co-culture with specific mechanical stimulation. To address this issue, we propose potential solutions and present a conceptual design for a JoC prototype. Finally, we discuss the challenges and issues related to the outlook for JoC. Our ultimate goal is to develop a JoC capable of replicating the key microenvironments of joints, serving as a high-performance in vitro joint model to advance the study of disease mechanisms and facilitate drug development.

Highlights:
1 Outlines key structural and microenvironmental features of joints.
2 Discusses strategies to integrate mechanical stimulation with multi-tissue co-culture.
3 Proposes innovative design concepts toward next-generation joint-on-a-chip platforms.

Halide Perovskite Heterostructures for High-Performance Light-Emitting Diodes

2026-01-13T11:34:46+00:00

Metal halide perovskites have emerged as highly promising candidates for the emissive layer in next-generation light-emitting diodes (LEDs) due to their narrow emission linewidths, high photoluminescence quantum yields, and tunable emission wavelengths. Achieving high-performance perovskite LEDs (PeLEDs) requires the emissive layer to possess efficient radiative recombination, low defect density, minimal ion mobility, and effective carrier confinement. Perovskite/perovskite heterostructure (PPHS) offers a compelling approach for engineering emissive layers with these desired attributes, owing to their ability to passivate surface defects, tailor bandgaps, and suppress ion migration. PeLEDs based on PPHS have demonstrated superior performance compared to single-phase devices, particularly in terms of external quantum efficiency and operational stability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the typical PPHS architectures applied in PeLEDs, including vertical, lateral, and bulk configurations. We discuss representative fabrication strategies and the associated optoelectronic properties of these heterostructures, highlighting the mechanisms by which they enhance device efficiency and stability. Finally, we explore the remaining challenges and prospects for the application of PPHS in PeLEDs and other luminescent technologies.

Highlights:
1 This review systematically summarizes the application of perovskite/perovskite heterostructures (PPHSs) in light-emitting diodes (LEDs), highlighting their critical roles in defect passivation, carrier confinement, lattice stabilization, and light management.
2 This review categorized PPHSs by dimensional combinations (e.g., 3D/3D, 2D/3D, 0D/3D) and spatial architectures—vertical, lateral, and bulk heterostructures—elucidating the structure-property relationships for efficient LEDs.
3 Key challenges and future directions are outlined, including advances in high-resolution characterization, carrier dynamics analysis, and controlled synthesis of PPHSs for next-generation optoelectronic applications.

Scalable Manufacturing and Precise Patterning of Perovskites for Light-Emitting Diodes

2026-01-13T11:02:50+00:00

Owing to the exceptional optoelectronic properties, metal halide perovskites have emerged as leading semiconductor materials for next-generation display technologies, providing perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) great potential for high-quality color displays with a wide color gamut and pure color emission. Although laboratory-scale PeLEDs have achieved near-theoretical efficiencies, challenges such as achieving uniform large-area films, improving material stability, and enhancing patterning precision remain barriers to commercialization. This review presents a systematic analysis of scalable manufacturing and precision patterning strategies for PeLEDs, focusing on their applications in large-area lighting and full-color displays. Fabrication methods are categorized into film deposition techniques (spin-coating, blade-coating, and thermal evaporation) and patterning strategies, including top-down (photolithography, laser/e-beam lithography, and nanoimprinting) and bottom-up (patterned crystal growth, inkjet printing, and electrohydrodynamic jet printing) approaches. In this review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of each strategy, highlight current challenges, and outlook possible pathways towards scalable, high-performance PeLEDs for advanced optoelectronic applications.

Highlights:
1 This review provides a comprehensive exploration of advanced film and patterning fabrication techniques for high-performance perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs).
2 This review examines both top-down and bottom-up techniques, such as photolithography and inkjet printing to achieve precise patterning of PeLEDs for full-color displays.
3 This review discusses critical challenges, including device stability, scalable manufacturing, and microscale pixel patterning, as well as promising strategies to overcome these obstacles for the commercialization of PeLEDs.

Oxide Semiconductor for Advanced Memory Architectures: Atomic Layer Deposition, Key Requirement and Challenges

2026-01-13T09:44:45+00:00

Oxide semiconductors (OSs), introduced by the Hosono group in the early 2000s, have evolved from display backplane materials to promising candidates for advanced memory and logic devices. The exceptionally low leakage current of OSs and compatibility with three-dimensional (3D) architectures have recently sparked renewed interest in their use in semiconductor applications. This review begins by exploring the unique material properties of OSs, which fundamentally originate from their distinct electronic band structure. Subsequently, we focus on atomic layer deposition (ALD), a core technique for growing excellent OS films, covering both basic and advanced processes compatible with 3D scaling. The basic surface reaction mechanisms—adsorption and reaction—and their roles in film growth are introduced. Furthermore, material design strategies, such as cation selection, crystallinity control, anion doping, and heterostructure engineering, are discussed. We also highlight challenges in memory applications, including contact resistance, hydrogen instability, and lack of p-type materials, and discuss the feasibility of ALD-grown OSs as potential solutions. Lastly, we provide an outlook on the role of ALD-grown OSs in memory technologies. This review bridges material fundamentals and device-level requirements, offering a comprehensive perspective on the potential of ALD-driven OSs for next-generation semiconductor memory devices.

Highlights:
1 This review outlines the emergence of oxide semiconductors as promising channel materials for high-density, low-power next-generation memory applications.
2 Adsorption and reaction mechanisms of atomic layer deposition have enabled the design of high-performance oxide semiconductors for next-generation memory applications.
3 This review discusses key challenges toward successfully integrating oxide semiconductors into next-generation memory devices.

Microscale Architectures for Intelligent Soft Robotics: From Functional Microneedles to Biointegrated Wearable Systems

2026-01-13T09:33:18+00:00

Soft robots, characterized by compliance, adaptability, and multimodal responsiveness, represent a rapidly advancing frontier in biomedical applications, wearable technologies, and environmental exploration. This review summarizes recent progress in soft robotics with a focus on material innovation, structural design, functional integration, and intelligent responsiveness. Emphasis is placed on the development of bioinspired and stimuli-responsive materials, the construction of modular and reconfigurable architectures, and the integration of actuation, sensing, and energy systems. Microneedle array-based soft robots and hydrogel-based 4D-printed systems are introduced as representative platforms for drug delivery, wound healing, and environmental monitoring. Key challenges, including limited durability, power autonomy, and multifunctional synergy, are critically analyzed in relation to practical operation and long-term reliability. Future directions involve the convergence of self-healing materials, intelligent control algorithms, and multiscale integration strategies to achieve enhanced adaptability and clinical translation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the interdisciplinary development of next-generation soft robots that bridge materials science, biomedical engineering, and intelligent systems, paving the way toward real-world applications.

Highlights:
1 Comprehensive perspective on soft robotic systems integrating material innovation, structural design, functional synergy, and intelligent control across biomedical and environmental applications.
2 Representative platforms including microneedle array-based soft robots and 4D-printed hydrogel systems are analyzed to demonstrate programmable actuation, sensing, and therapeutic functions.
3 Critical challenges and future directions are outlined, emphasizing modular standardization, self-healing materials, and data-driven control strategies for next-generation adaptive soft robots.

Engineering Renewable Lignocellulosic Biomass as Sustainable Solar-Driven Interfacial Evaporators

2026-01-13T05:21:44+00:00

The increasing scarcity of freshwater resources has driven the rapid emergence of solar-driven interfacial evaporators (SDIEs) as a sustainable approach to harvest fresh water by utilizing solar energy. Lignocellulosic biomass, featuring natural abundance, excellent renewability, unique natural structures, and superior biodegradability compared to the synthetic polymers, is highly attractive for constructing solar steam generators. This review aims to offer an innovative and in-depth insight into designing and optimizing high-performance integrated solar interfacial evaporators derived from renewable lignocellulosic biomass. First, the structural characteristics of lignocellulosic biomass are briefly introduced, serving as photothermal layer or supporting substrates in SDIEs. Secondly, the fabrication methods and processing technologies of lignocellulosic biomass-based evaporators are summarized from the perspective of photothermal layer and supporting substrates. Next, the most recent advances of regulation and optimization strategies are proposed to improve evaporation efficiency. Subsequently, this review summarizes the diverse functionalities of SDIEs, including desalination, power generation, wastewater treatment and antimicrobial, atmospheric water harvesting, and photocatalytic hydrogen production. Finally, the challenges in this field and outlook on the future development are discussed, which are anticipated to provide new opportunities for the advancement of lignocellulosic biomass-based SDIEs.

Highlights:
1 This review systematically summarizes solar evaporator design and optimization using renewable lignocellulosic biomass.
2 Unique structural merits and fabrication methods for photothermal layer and hydrophilic substrate are thoroughly discussed.
3 Multifunctional integrated applications beyond desalination are highlighted.
4 Current challenges and future development opportunities for scalable biomass-based evaporators are outlined.

In situ Studies of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies: From Materials, Intermediates, and Products to Surroundings

2026-01-13T01:43:24+00:00

Escalating global energy demands and climate urgency necessitate advanced electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies (EECSTs) like electrocatalysis and rechargeable batteries. Improving their performance relies on elucidating reaction mechanisms and structure-performance relationships via in situ studies. This review summarizes recent in situ studies of EECSTs through a variety of advanced characterization techniques aiming at mapping reaction pathways for the rational design of overall high-performance reaction systems. We outline the principles, capabilities, advantages, and limitations of various in situ techniques. Their applications in in situ studies of fuel cells, water/CO₂ electrolysis, and lithium batteries are highlighted with representative examples. These studies enable dynamic tracking of chemical and structural evolution of overall reaction systems, including materials, intermediates, products, and surroundings during operation, providing insights critical to rational system design. Future advancements will involve integrating multimodal in situ/operando approaches with artificial intelligence to enable real-time monitoring at practical scales. Such integration promises precise mechanistic insights and robust structure-performance correlations, ultimately accelerating the development of high-performance EECSTs aligned with sustainability and market requirements.

Highlights:
1 An overview of the principles, capabilities, advantages, and limitations of various advanced in situ characterization techniques is provided.
2 In situ studies of fuel cells, water electrolysis, CO₂ reduction reaction, and lithium batteries are reviewed across multiple scales, from materials to surroundings.
3 Challenges and prospects of in situ studies of electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies are proposed.

Interface Engineering Strategies for Shuttle Mitigation in Alkali Metal–Sulfur Batteries: A Comparative Review from Li–S to Na–S and K–S Systems

2026-01-12T07:44:19+00:00

Rechargeable alkali metal-sulfur (M–S) batteries, including Li/Na/K–S chemistries, have the potential to utilize abundant and low-cost sulfur cathodes yet offer high theoretical energy densities. However, their practical electrochemical performance is fundamentally limited by the polysulfide shuttle effect. This challenge is particularly exacerbated in Na–S and K–S systems owing to larger metal-ion radii, weaker solvation energies, slower redox kinetics, and greater electrolyte–electrode incompatibilities compared to Li–S batteries. This review presents a comparative analysis of interface engineering strategies designed to suppress the shuttle effect across these three systems. Following a summary of sulfur cathode properties and reaction mechanisms, we systematically examine the origins of polysulfide shuttling. Our analysis progresses from functional separator design and interlayer enhancements to the implementation of solid‑state electrolytes for root-cause inhibition. By evaluating interface engineering research specific to Na–S and K–S batteries, we elucidate both shared principles and unique challenges inherent to alkali M-S systems. Finally, we propose multifaceted solutions to achieve shuttle-free operation and enhance overall battery performance, thereby establishing a foundation for future advancements.

Highlights:
1 The inherent differences and connections in interface engineering for inhibiting shuttle effects in alkali M (Li, Na, K)-S batteries are reviewed.
2 The research progress on the application of internal interface engineering in shuttle suppression is summarized.
3 The shuttle effect challenge analysis of Li^-, Na- and K-S batteries and the prospect of the development direction of the next generation of alkaline M-S batteries are proposed.

Design, Fabrication, and Application of Stretchable Electronic Conductors

2026-01-12T06:14:32+00:00

Stretchable electronics have been recognized as intriguing next-generation electronics that possess huge market value, and stretchable electronic conductors (SECs) are essential for stretchable electronics, which not only can serve as critical functional components but also are the indispensable electronic connections bridging various electronic components within stretchable electronic systems. Herein, we offer a comprehensive review of recent progress in SECs including the material categories, structure designs, fabrication techniques, and applications. The characteristics, performance enhancement strategies, and application requirements are emphasized. Based on the recent advances, the existing challenges and future prospects are outlined and discussed.

Highlights:
1 A comprehensive review of recent advances in stretchable electronic conductors including the material categories, structure designs, fabrication techniques, and applications.
2 A novel emphasis on the characteristics, performance enhancement strategies, and application requirements of stretchable electronic conductors.
3 An exhaustive analysis of the existing challenges and future prospects for stretchable electronic conductors.

Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced Wearable Blood Pressure Monitoring in Resource-Limited Settings: A Co-Design of Sensors, Model, and Deployment

2026-01-12T05:34:05+00:00

Accurate blood pressure (BP) monitoring is essential for preventing and managing cardiovascular disease. Advancements in materials science, medicine, flexible electronic, and artificial intelligence (AI) have enabled cuffless, unobtrusive BP monitoring systems, offering an alternative to traditional sphygmomanometers. However, extending these advances to real-world cardiovascular care particularly in resource-limited settings remains challenging due to constraints in computational resources, power efficiency, and deployment scalability. This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of AI-enhanced wearable BP monitoring, emphasizing its potential for personalized, scalable, and accessible healthcare. We systematically analyze the end-to-end system architecture, from mechano-electric sensing principles and AI-based estimation models to edge-aware deployment strategies tailored for low-resource environments. We further discuss clinical validation metrics and implementation barriers and prospective strategies. To bridge lab-to-field translation, we propose an innovative "sensor-model-deployment-assessment" co-design framework. This roadmap highlights how AI-enhanced BP technologies can support proactive hypertension control and promote cardiovascular health equity on a global scale.

Highlights:
1 Integrative Co-Design Framework: We synthesize current advances in sensing, models, accuracy/reliability assessment, and hardware into a sensor–model–deployment–assessment framework that organizes evidence and design trade-offs for cuffless blood pressure monitoring. The framework seeks to balance precision and efficiency by jointly considering low-power edge AI, streamlined sensor architectures, and adaptive computational models, providing a structured basis for reproducible and clinically meaningful wearable solutions.
2 Pathways to Clinical Translation: We critically assess barriers to real-world deployment, offering actionable strategies to bridge the translational gap between laboratory innovations and scalable implementation in low-resource regions with minimal healthcare infrastructure.
3 Interdisciplinary Synthesis: By integrating cutting-edge advances in materials science, digital health, and embedded AI, we provide evidence-based recommendations to empower biomedical researchers, engineers, and data scientists in advancing equitable diagnostic solutions.

Vapor Deposition Engineering for Thin-Film Microbatteries: From Nanoscale Ionics to Interface-Integrated Architectures

2026-01-12T01:55:02+00:00

The rapid proliferation of microelectronics, coupled with the advent of the internet of things (IoT) era, has created an urgent demand for miniaturized, integrable, and reliable on-chip energy storage systems. All-solid-state thin-film microbatteries (TFMBs), distinguished by their intrinsic safety, compact design, and compatibility with microfabrication techniques, have emerged as promising candidates to power next-generation IoT devices. Nevertheless, in contrast to the well-established development of conventional lithium-ion batteries, the advancement of TFMBs remains at an early stage, facing persistent challenges in materials innovation, interface optimization, and scalable manufacturing. This review critically examines the pivotal role of vapor deposition technologies, including magnetron sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, thermal/electron-beam evaporation, chemical vapor deposition, and atomic layer deposition, in the fabrication and performance modulation of TFMBs. We systematically summarize recent progress in thin-film electrodes and solid-state electrolytes, with particular emphasis on how deposition parameters dictate crystallinity, lattice orientation, and ionic transport in functional layers. Furthermore, we highlight strategies for solid–solid interface engineering, three-dimensional structural design, and multifunctional integration to enhance capacity retention, cycling stability, and interfacial compatibility. Looking ahead, TFMBs are expected to evolve toward multifunctional platforms, exhibiting mechanical flexibility, optical transparency, and hybrid energy-harvesting compatibility, thereby meeting the heterogeneous energy requirements of future IoT ecosystems. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive perspective on vapor-phase-enabled TFMB technologies, delivering both theoretical insights and technological guidelines for the scalable realization of high-performance microscale power sources.

Highlights:
1 Tailored crystallinity and defect engineering in ultrathin solid-state electrolytes enable enhanced nanoscale ion transport.
2 Chemically stable and conformal interfaces mitigate interfacial failure and space charge effects in microbattery architectures.
3 Spatial atomic layer deposition and scalable vapor-phase strategies enable 3D integration and monolithic interfacing of thin-film microbatteries with internet of things device platforms.

Flexible Sensors for Battery Health Monitoring

2026-01-10T23:15:09+00:00

With the widespread application of lithium batteries in electric vehicles and energy storage systems, battery-related safety and reliability issues have become increasingly prominent. Conventional monitoring methods often struggle to address dynamic changes under complex operando. In recent years, flexible sensing technology has emerged as a promising solution for battery health monitoring due to its high adaptability and conformability to complex structures. Meanwhile, empowered by artificial intelligence (AI) for data analysis, the collected data enables efficient and accurate state assessment, offering robust support for accident prevention. Against this background, this paper first explores the integrated applications of flexible sensors in battery health monitoring and their unique advantages in addressing complex battery operating conditions, while analyzing the potential of AI in battery state analysis. Subsequently, it systematically reviews mainstream flexible sensing technologies (e.g., film sensors, thermocouples, and optical fiber sensors), elucidating their mechanisms for revealing intricate internal battery processes during operation. Finally, the paper discusses AI’s role in enhancing monitoring efficiency and accuracy, and envisions future research directions and application prospects. This work aims to provide technical references for the battery health monitoring field as well as promote the application of flexible sensing technologies in improving battery system safety and reliability.

Highlights:
1 Flexible sensing technology enables battery health monitoring under complex operating conditions, overcoming the limitations of traditional monitoring methods.
2 Artificial intelligence (AI) -powered data processing facilitates the construction of a "sensing–AI–control" framework, enhancing monitoring efficiency.

Emerging Chemical and Biological Materials Technologies in the Extraplanetary Environment

2026-01-16T02:27:07+00:00

Space exploration and manufacturing are of critical importance for scientific advancement, technological innovation, national security, and the acquisition of extraterrestrial resources. In view of this, chemical and biological nano-/micro-/meso-scale manufacturing provide complementary approaches to overcome key space exploration challenges by enabling the in-situ production of essential life-support materials, propellants, and other resources. This review examines the origin and historical evolution of space manufacturing and the latest advances across different environments—from orbital space stations and the lunar surface to Mars and asteroids. It is structured to present the current state of research, outline key manufacturing strategies and technologies, assess the technical and environmental challenges, and discuss emerging trends and future directions. Besides, the potential applications of emerging technologies such as synthetic biology and artificial intelligence in overcoming the limitations of microgravity, limited resources, and extreme conditions are discussed. Ultimately, this integrative review could serve to guide future development, from advancing space science and disruptive manufacturing to enabling interdisciplinary and application-level innovations.

Highlights:
1 The exploration and multiscale manufacturing in outer space hold vital significance
2 Chemical and biological nano/micro/meso-scale manufacturing offer strategies to address challenges
3 Emerging advances encompass novel manufacturing technologies and resource utilization strategies across orbital space stations, the Moon, Mars, and asteroids
4 Emerging technologies like synthetic biology and artificial intelligence are discussed
5 Key innovations, cross-disciplinary applications, and limitations are highlighted

Bright Sparks of Single-Atom and Nano-Islands in Catalysis: Breaking Activity-Stability Trade-Off

2026-01-16T01:40:14+00:00

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) are among the most cutting-edge catalysts in the multiphase catalysis track due to their unique geometrical and electronic properties, the highest atom utilization efficiency, and uniform active sites. SACs have been facing an unresolved problem in practical applications: the opposing contradiction of activity-stability. The successful development of single-atom nano-islands (SANIs) cleverly combines the ultra-high atom utilization efficiency of SACs with the confinement effect and structural stability of nano-island structures, realizing the “moving but not aggregation” of SACs, which fundamentally solves this inherent contradiction. Although research on the precise loading of single atoms on nano-islands continues to advance, existing reviews have not yet established a closed-loop cognitive framework encompassing “models-synthesis-high stability mechanisms-high activity essence-applications.” This work fills this critical gap by systematically integrating the basic conceptual models and cutting-edge synthesis strategies of SANIs, focusing on revealing the underlying mechanisms by which SANIs overcome the stability bottleneck of SACs, elucidating the role of nano-islands and their synergistic mechanisms to clarify the high activity essence, and establishing the structure–activity relationship between atomic confinement effects and macroscopic performance, ultimately achieving breakthrough validation across catalytic systems. This review aims to open new perspectives, drive a paradigm shift in understanding the multi-dimensional advantages of SANIs, and thereby spur breakthrough progress in this frontier field.

Highlights:
1 Single-atom nano-islands architecture enables “moving but not aggregation” of single atoms, fundamentally overcoming the inherent activity-stability trade-off in single-atom catalysts.
2 Systematic synthesis strategies and multi-scale stabilization mechanisms for single-atom nano-islands are detailed, including one-step and two-step approaches, alongside electronic structure modulation via nano-island interactions.
3 Single-atom nano-islands demonstrate exceptional performance across diverse catalytic applications, including batteries, clean energy production, chemical synthesis, and environmental catalysis, establishing robust structure-activity relationships.

Dynamic Radiative Cooling: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Applications for Smart Thermal Management

2026-01-15T23:24:07+00:00

As an emerging thermal management strategy, dynamic radiative cooling (DRC) technology enables dynamic modulation of spectral radiation properties under varying environmental conditions through the directional design of material spectral characteristics. However, a comprehensive review of the basic physical mechanisms of radiative heat transfer in DRC materials and various design principles involved in dynamic radiative thermal regulation is still lacking. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in this field, spanning from fundamental physical principles to intrinsic molecular and electronic mechanisms, and further to representative material systems and multi-band regulation strategies, highlighting the interdisciplinary research achievements and technological innovations. This work outlines the core mechanisms governing the regulation of different spectral bands during radiative heat transfer processes. Then, the main categories of DRC materials are systematically reviewed, including actively responsive structures, passively responsive structures, and multi-stimuli-responsive materials. Furthermore, the challenges faced by current DRC technology and future development trends are summarized and discussed, providing valuable reference and guidance for further research in this field. Although DRC technologies still face significant challenges in material stability, manufacturing processes, and system integration, the continuous advances in related areas and multifunctional materials are expected to broaden the application prospects of DRC in the future.

Highlights:
1 This review systematically summarizes recent advances in dynamic radiative cooling (DRC), spanning from fundamental physical principles to intrinsic molecular and electronic mechanisms, and further to representative material systems.
2 This study deeply explored the innovative design of DRC technology in active response materials, passive response materials, and multi-stimuli response materials.
3 The current challenges and development trends of DRC technology are comprehensively analyzed, providing reference and guidance for further research in this field.

Rational Design and Functionalization of Melt Electrowritten 4D Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications

2026-01-15T11:14:45+00:00

Melt electrowriting (MEW) enables the precise deposition of polymeric fibers at micro-/nanoscale, allowing for the fabrication of 3D biomimetic scaffolds. By incorporating stimuli-responsive polymers and/or functional fillers, MEW-based 4D printing creates scaffolds capable of undergoing controlled, reversible shape transformations in response to external stimuli over time. These dynamic 4D scaffolds can be tailored for minimally invasive delivery, remote actuation, and real-time responsiveness to physiological environments, making them highly relevant for biomedical applications. This review systematically elucidates the principles of MEW-based 4D printing, including material considerations, actuation methods, and structure design strategies, along with shape programming and morphing mechanisms. The versatility of MEW for rational fabrication of biomimetic scaffolds is firstly introduced. Subsequently, the critical elements underpinning MEW-based 4D printing process are overviewed, including an analysis of stimuli-responsive materials compatible with MEW, an evaluation of applicable external stimuli, and a discussion on the advancements in design strategies for 4D scaffolds. Recent progress of MEW 4D scaffolds for applications in tissue engineering, biomedical implants, and drug delivery systems are highlighted. Finally, key challenges and perspectives toward material innovation, fabrication optimization, and actuation control are discussed. This review aims to provide valuable insights for design and creation of multifunctional biomimetic dynamic scaffolds by MEW-based 4D printing.

Highlights:
1 This review categorically analyzes the state of the art of the structural complexity of melt electrowriting (MEW) scaffolds, ranging from 1D, 2D to 3D architectures, and presents advanced strategies to enhance scaffold quality.
2 This review systematically elucidates the principles of MEW-based 4D printing, including material considerations, actuation methods, and structure design strategies, along with shape programming and morphing mechanisms.
3 This review highlights the advances of MEW 4D scaffolds in tissue engineering, personalized biomedical implants, and drug delivery systems.

Hydrogel Electrolytes for Zinc-Ion Batteries: Materials Design, Functional Strategies, and Future Perspectives

2026-01-10T23:02:42+00:00

With the escalating demand for safe, sustainable, and high-performance energy storage systems, hydrogel electrolytes have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional liquid electrolytes in zinc-ion batteries. By integrating the high ionic conductivity of liquid electrolytes with the mechanical robustness of solid frameworks, hydrogel electrolytes offer distinct advantages in suppressing zinc dendrite formation, enhancing interfacial stability, and enabling reliable operation under extreme environmental conditions. This review systematically summarizes the fundamental characteristics and design criteria of hydrogel electrolytes, including mechanical flexibility, ionic transport capabilities, and environmental adaptability. It further explores various compositional design strategies involving natural polymers, synthetic polymers, and composite systems, as well as the incorporation of electrolyte salts and functional additives. In addition, recent advances in functional optimization, such as anti-freezing properties, self-healing abilities, thermal responsiveness, and biocompatibility, are comprehensively discussed. Finally, the review outlines the current challenges and proposes potential directions for future research.

Highlights:
1 Provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental properties and structural components of hydrogel electrolytes, systematically summarizing key material elements and performance tuning strategies.
2 Focuses on the functional characteristics of hydrogel electrolytes, outlining mechanisms for enhanced performance and adaptability across diverse application scenarios.
3 Analyzes the core challenges currently facing hydrogel electrolytes and proposes future development pathways centered on green, safe, and multifunctional integrated optimization.

Harnessing the Power from Ambient Moisture with Hygroscopic Materials

2026-01-10T00:18:48+00:00

Moisture electricity generation (MEG) has emerged as a sustainable and versatile energy-harvesting technology capable of converting ubiquitous environmental moisture into electrical energy, which holds great promise for renewable energy and constructing self-powered electronics. In this review, we begin by outlining the fundamental mechanisms—ion diffusion, electric double layer formation, and streaming potential—that govern charge transport for MEG in moist environments. A comprehensive survey of material innovations follows, highlighting breakthroughs in carbon-based materials, conductive polymers, hydrogels, and bio-inspired systems that enhance MEG performance, scalability, and biocompatibility. We then explore a range of device architectures, from planar and layered systems to flexible, miniaturized, and textile-integrated designs, engineered for both energy conversion and sensor integration. Key challenges are analyzed, along with strategies for overcoming them. We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on future directions, including hybrid energy systems, AI-assisted material design, and real-world deployment. This review presents a timely and comprehensive overview of MEG technologies and their trajectory toward practical and sustainable energy solutions.

Highlights:
1 Typical structures/working mechanisms of moisture electricity generation (MEG) devices are comprehensively reviewed.
2 An extensive comparison of the power generation between various materials and architectures are summarized.
3 Applications, challenges, and future development directions of MEG technology, especially the artificial intelligence-assisted material discovery, are discussed.

Fuel-Powered Soft Actuators: Emerging Strategies for Autonomous and Miniaturized Robots

2026-01-08T02:15:13+00:00

Soft actuators, capable of producing mechanical work in response to external stimuli, have potential applications in robotics and exoskeletons. However, they face major challenges related to energy supply, especially in long-distance and miniaturized environments. Fuel-driven actuators offer a promising solution by enabling the conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy, supporting self-sustaining operations. Chemical energy from fuel can be converted into mechanical energy either directly or indirectly through methods such as electron transfer-induced charge injection, structural changes, fuel-to-electricity conversion, fuel combustion-induced heat, or fuel-induced pneumatic actuation. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in fuel-powered actuators, covering their fundamental principles, advancements, and challenges. It concludes with an outlook for miniaturized and autonomous robots, highlighting the great potential of integrating fuel-powered actuators.

Highlights:
1 Fuel-powered soft actuators are elucidated in terms of their high power densities, enabling robots to operate effectively in long-distance or miniaturized environments.
2 The working principles, applications, and potential future improvements of typical fuel-powered actuators are comprehensively reviewed and discussed
3 Existing challenges and the future pathways for fuel-powered soft robots are delineated.

Inorganic Interface Engineering for Stabilizing Zn Metal Anode

2026-01-03T01:32:01+00:00

Aqueous zinc (Zn) metal batteries (AZMBs) have distinct advantages in terms of safety and cost-effectiveness. However, the industrial application of AZMBs is currently not ready due to challenges of Zn dendrite growth and the side reactions such as hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on the Zn anodes. In this review, we discuss how inorganic interfaces impact the Zn²⁺ plating/stripping reaction and overall cell performance. The discussion is categorized based on the types of inorganic materials, including metal oxides, other metal compounds, and inorganic salts. The proposed protection mechanisms for Zn metal anodes are highlighted, with a focus on the dendrite and HER inhibition mechanisms facilitated by various inorganic materials. We also provide our perspective on the rational design of advanced interfaces to enable highly reversible Zn²⁺ plating/stripping reactions toward highly stable AZMBs, paving the way for their practical implementation in energy storage.

Highlights:
1 A broad overview of the inorganic interface engineering strategies, along with deep analysis of the mechanisms on regulating the Zn²⁺ plating/stripping process.
2 Identify the limitations of interface engineering strategies and provide our perspective on the future research, highlighting more comprehensive analysis of the interfaces.

The mRNA-Based Innovative Strategy: Progress and Challenges

2026-01-17T04:18:24+00:00

As the central template for protein expression, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) holds immense potential for novel therapeutic strategies. Over the past few decades, mRNA-based therapeutics have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in a range of applications, including epidemic vaccine, cancer vaccine, protein replacement therapy, cytokine therapy, cell therapy and gene editing. Due to the inherent instability of mRNA, the rational design of mRNA structure is the prerequisite for therapeutic utility while effective delivery systems are also essential for in vivo applications. This review focuses on the optimization of mRNA structure and highlights key delivery strategies. It also provides a comprehensive overview of the major applications of mRNA-based strategies. In addition, it highlights the persistent challenges in mRNA therapeutics, particularly in terms of stability, immunogenicity, delivery efficiency and safety. By examining recent advances in mRNA design, delivery and application, this review aims to support ongoing research and development in the field of mRNA-based therapeutics.

Highlights:
1 Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) structural optimization and delivery systems were comprehensively summarized.
2 Current mRNA applications were thoroughly introduced.
3 The challenges and future prospects of mRNA-based therapeutics were critically analyzed and discussed.

Multisensory Neuromorphic Devices: From Physics to Integration

2026-01-15T04:40:55+00:00

The increasing complexity of intelligent sensing environments, driven by the growth of Internet of Things technologies, has created a strong demand for neuromorphic systems capable of real-time, low-power multisensory perception. Traditional sensory architectures, constrained by single-modal processing and centralized computing, struggle to meet the requirements of diverse and dynamic input conditions. Multisensory neuromorphic devices offer a promising solution by mimicking the distributed, event-driven processing of biological systems. Recent efforts have explored synaptic devices and material systems that respond to various input modalities, including visual, tactile, thermal, and chemical stimuli. However, challenges remain in signal conversion, encoding compatibility, and the fusion of heterogeneous inputs without loss of unisensory information. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the physical mechanisms, device behaviors, and integration strategies that underpin signal processing in neuromorphic hardware. We highlight synaptic mechanisms conducive to cross-modal interaction, analyze representative signal fusion approaches at the device level, and discuss future directions for constructing efficient, scalable, and biologically inspired multisensory neuromorphic systems.

Highlights:
1 This review provides a comprehensive overview of the physical mechanisms, device behaviors, and integration strategies that underpin multimodal signal processing in neuromorphic hardware.
2 This review examines implementation strategies for multimodal integration, including signal fusion methods and processing techniques for handling cross-modal stimuli.
3 This review categorizes multimodal neuromorphic devices into three distinct frameworks and comprehensively discusses their respective advantages and limitations.

Photo-Assisted Flexible Energy Storage Devices: Progress, Challenges, and Future Prospects

2026-01-15T01:43:22+00:00

Photo-assisted flexible energy storage devices, combining photoelectric conversion and electrochemical energy storage, emerge as an innovative solution for sustainable energy systems. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in photo-assisted flexible energy storage technology, covering material design, working mechanisms, and practical applications. We systematically examine diverse electrode materials, such as metal oxides, metal sulfides, organic photosensitive materials, and composites, emphasizing their roles in boosting device performance. Special focus is placed on emerging technologies—including heterostructure engineering, surface modification, and intelligent control systems—that have notably enhanced energy conversion efficiency and storage capacity. The review also discusses current challenges, such as material stability, conversion efficiency, and standardization, and proposes strategic directions for future development. Recent breakthroughs in photo-assisted supercapacitors, lithium-based batteries, zinc-based batteries, and other innovative storage systems are critically assessed, offering key insights into their practical application potential in wearable electronics, self-powered sensors, and beyond. This comprehensive analysis establishes a framework for understanding the current status of photo-assisted flexible energy storage technology and guides future research toward high-performance, sustainable energy storage solutions.

Highlights:
1 This review provides a comprehensive integration of photoconversion and electrochemical storage mechanisms for flexible wearable applications.
2 It systematically classifies and compares various flexible light-assisted energy storage systems—from supercapacitors to diverse metal batteries—within a unified framework.
3 The review highlights advanced material design strategies and performance enhancement techniques specifically tailored for light-responsive energy storage, including heterojunctions, doping, and nanostructures.

Artificial Intelligence Empowered New Materials: Discovery, Synthesis, Prediction to Validation

2026-01-14T23:30:05+00:00

Recent years have witnessed the significant breakthrough in the field of new materials discovery brought about by the artificial intelligence (AI). AI has successfully been applied for predicting the formability, revealing the properties, and guiding the experimental synthesis of materials. Rapid progress has been made in the integration of increasing database and improved computing power. Though some reviews present the development from their unique aspects, reviews from the view of how AI empowered both discovery of new materials and cognition of existing materials that covers the completed contents with two synergistical aspects are few. Here, the newest development is systematically reviewed in the field of AI empowered materials, reflecting advanced design of the intelligent systems for discovery, synthesis, prediction and validation of materials. First, background and mechanisms are briefed, after which the design for the AI systems with data, machine learning and automated laboratory included is illustrated. Next, strategies are summarized to obtain the AI systems for materials with improved performance which comprehensively cover the aspects from the in-depth cognizance of existing material and the rapid discovery of new materials, and then, the design thought for future AI systems in material science is pointed out. Finally, some perspectives are put forward.

Highlights:
1 A comprehensive review focused on the recent advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) powered materials research from various aspects, including material discovery, synthesis, prediction and validation, is presented.
2 The design strategies for the enhanced performance of AI for materials can be implemented from various procedures for cognizance of existing materials and discovery of novel materials with the data processing, algorithm design and automated laboratory construction included.
3 A broad outlook on the future considerations of the AI systems for material is proposed.

Functionalized Wood: A Green Nanoengineering Platform for Sustainable Technologies

2026-01-14T23:13:54+00:00

Wood, once regarded primarily as a structural material, possesses rich physicochemical complexity that has long been underexplored. In the context of industrialization and carbon imbalance, it is now emerging as a renewable and multifunctional platform for green nanotechnologies. Recent advances in wood nanotechnology have enabled the transformation of natural wood into programmable substrates with tailored nanoarchitectures, establishing it as a representative class of bio-based nanomaterials. This review systematically categorizes wood-specific nanoengineering strategies—including thermal carbonization, laser-induced graphenization, targeted delignification, nanomaterial integration, and mechanical processing—highlighting their mechanisms and impacts on wood’s multiscale structural and functional properties. Importantly, these functionalization strategies can be flexibly combined in a modular, “Lego-like” manner, enabling wood to be reconfigured and optimized for diverse application scenarios. We summarize recent progress in applying functionalized wood to sustainable technologies such as energy storage (e.g., metal-ion batteries, Zn–air systems, supercapacitors), water treatment (e.g., adsorption, photothermal filtration, catalytic degradation), and energy conversion (e.g., solar evaporation, ionic thermoelectrics, hydrovoltaics, and triboelectric nanogenerators). These studies reveal how nanoengineered wood structures can enable efficient charge transport, selective adsorption, and enhanced light-to-heat conversion. Finally, the review discusses current challenges—such as scalable fabrication, material integration, and long-term environmental stability—and outlines future directions for the development of wood-based platforms in next-generation green energy and environmental systems.

Highlights:
1 The intrinsic hierarchical, anisotropic, and porous architecture of wood provides a structurally programmable scaffold that supports subsequent nanoengineering strategies, enabling multiscale property modulation for diverse sustainable applications.
2 Wood-specific hierarchical nanoengineering strategies—including carbonization, delignification, laser-induced graphene formation, and nanomaterial integration—are systematically categorized to enable tunable structures and properties across multiple length scales.
3 Functionalized wood with nanostructures enables sustainable solutions in energy storage (e.g., Zn–air batteries, supercapacitors), water treatment (e.g., adsorption, filtration), and renewable power generation (e.g., solar-thermal, thermoelectric and hydrovoltaic systems).

A Comprehensive Review of the Functionalized Integrated Application of Gel Polymer Electrolytes in Electrochromic Devices

2026-01-14T06:45:06+00:00

With the global push for energy conservation and the rapid development of low-power, flexible and wearable optical displays, the demand for electrochromic technology has surged. Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs), a crucial component of electrochromic devices (ECDs), show great promise in applications. This is attributed to their efficient ion-transport capabilities, excellent mechanical properties and strong adhesion. All of these characteristics are conducive to enhancing the safety of the devices, streamlining the packaging process, significantly improving the electrochromic performance of ECDs and boosting their commercial application potential. This review provides a comprehensive overview of GPEs for ECDs, focusing on their basic designs, functional modifications and practical applications. Firstly, this review outlines the fundamental design of GPEs for ECDs, encompassing key performance index, classification, gelation mechanism and preparation methods. Building on this foundation, it provides an in-depth discussion of functionalized GPEs developed to enhance device performance or expand functionality, including electrochromic, temperature-responsive, photo-responsive and stretchable self-healing GPE. Furthermore, the integration of GPEs into various ECD applications, including smart windows, displays, energy storage devices and wearable electronic, are summarized to highlight the advantages that the design of GPEs brings to the practical application of ECDs. Finally, based on the summary of GPEs employed for ECDs, the challenges and development expectations in this direction were indicated.

Highlights:
1 In response to the demands of electrochromic devices, the advantages and designs of the corresponding multifunctional integrated gel polymer electrolytes were discussed.
2 Through reviewing the applications of electrochromic devices based on gel polymer electrolytes, the remarkable advantages that gel polymer electrolytes bring to electrochromic devices and their practical applications in electrochromic devices were analyzed.
3 The future research directions of gel polymer electrolytes for electrochromic devices were explored, thereby facilitating their further development and commercial application.

Pulsed Dynamic Water Electrolysis: Mass Transfer Enhancement, Microenvironment Regulation, and Hydrogen Production Optimization

2026-01-14T00:49:30+00:00

Pulsed dynamic electrolysis (PDE), driven by renewable energy, has emerged as an innovative electrocatalytic conversion method, demonstrating significant potential in addressing global energy challenges and promoting sustainable development. Despite significant progress in various electrochemical systems, the regulatory mechanisms of PDE in energy and mass transfer and the lifespan extension of electrolysis systems, particularly in water electrolysis (WE) for hydrogen production, remain insufficiently explored. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a deeper understanding of the unique contributions of PDE in mass transfer enhancement, microenvironment regulation, and hydrogen production optimization, aiming to achieve low-energy consumption, high catalytic activity, and long-term stability in the generation of target products. Here, this review critically examines the microenvironmental effects of PDE on energy and mass transfer, the electrode degradation mechanisms in the lifespan extension of electrolysis systems, and the key factors in enhancing WE for hydrogen production, providing a comprehensive summary of current research progress. The review focuses on the complex regulatory mechanisms of frequency, duty cycle, amplitude, and other factors in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance within PDE strategies, revealing the interrelationships among them. Finally, the potential future directions and challenges for transitioning from laboratory studies to industrial applications are proposed.

Highlights:
1 The mechanisms, key factors, and merits of pulsed dynamic electrolysis (PDE) in energy and mass transfer, extending system lifespan, and enhancing water electrolysis are covered.
2 Synergies and parameter-performance relationships between PDE and hydrogen evolution reaction are emphasized.
3 Future prospects and challenges for the development of PDE technology are outlined.

Rational Electrolyte Structure Engineering for Highly Reversible Zinc Metal Anode in Aqueous Batteries

2026-01-14T00:35:57+00:00

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have garnered considerable attention as promising post-lithium energy storage technologies owing to their intrinsic safety, cost-effectiveness, and competitive gravimetric energy density. However, their practical commercialization is hindered by critical challenges on the anode side, including dendrite growth and parasitic reactions at the anode/electrolyte interface. Recent studies highlight that rational electrolyte structure engineering offers an effective route to mitigate these issues and strengthen the electrochemical performance of the zinc metal anode. In this review, we systematically summarize state-of-the-art strategies for electrolyte optimization, with a particular focus on the zinc salts regulation, electrolyte additives, and the construction of novel electrolytes, while elucidating the underlying design principles. We further discuss the key structure–property relationships governing electrolyte behavior to provide guidance for the development of next-generation electrolytes. Finally, future perspectives on advanced electrolyte design are proposed. This review aims to serve as a comprehensive reference for researchers exploring high-performance electrolyte engineering in AZIBs.

Highlights:
1 This review systematically summarizes the electrochemical principles governing Zn²⁺ nucleation and deposition, elucidating their intrinsic correlations.
2 The review discusses zinc salt optimization, electrolyte additives, and novel electrolyte designs, providing mechanistic insights into anodic Zn²⁺ electrodeposition.
3 The review proposes future directions for aqueous zinc metal anode, including dynamic reconstruction, AI-guided additive screening, etc.

Innovative Strategies to Overcome Stability Challenges of Single-Atom Nanozymes

2026-01-09T23:25:36+00:00

Single-atom nanozymes (SAzymes) exhibit exceptional catalytic efficiency due to their maximized atom utilization and precisely modulated metal-carrier interactions, which have attracted significant attention in the biomedical field. However, stability issues may impede the clinical translation of SAzymes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the applications of SAzymes in various biomedical fields, including disease diagnosis (e.g., biosensors and diagnostic imaging), antitumor therapy (e.g., photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy), antimicrobial therapy, and anti-oxidative stress therapy. More importantly, the existing challenges of SAzymes are discussed, such as metal atom clustering and active site loss, ligand bond breakage at high temperature, insufficient environment tolerance, biosecurity risks, and limited catalytic long-term stability. Finally, several innovative strategies to address these stability concerns are proposed—synthesis process optimization (space-limited strategy, coordination site design, bimetallic synergistic strategy, defect engineering strategy, atom stripping-capture), surface modification, and dynamic responsive design—that collectively pave the way for robust, clinically viable SAzymes.

Highlights:
1 This review uniquely provides an in-depth focus on the stability issues of single-atom nanozymes (SAzymes), covering multiple aspects such as metal atom clustering and active site loss, ligand bond breakage at high temperature, insufficient environment tolerance, biosecurity risks, and limited catalytic long-term stability.
2 This review integrates and systematically discusses a wide range of potential strategies to overcome stability issues, including synthesis process optimization (space-limited strategy, coordination site design, bimetallic synergistic strategy, defect engineering strategy, atom stripping-capture), surface modification, and dynamic responsive design.
3 To transform SAzymes from “star materials” of the laboratory into precise clinical tools for medicine, the authors propose the four-dimensional roadmap: structure-predictable, activity-tunable, biocompatible, and scalable.

Multifunctional Dipoles Enabling Enhanced Ionic and Electronic Transport for High-Energy Batteries

2026-01-09T04:34:02+00:00

Achieving high-energy density remains a key objective for advanced energy storage systems. However, challenges, such as poor cathode conductivity, anode dendrite formation, polysulfide shuttling, and electrolyte degradation, continue to limit performance and stability. Molecular and ionic dipole interactions have emerged as an effective strategy to address these issues by regulating ionic transport, modulating solvation structures, optimizing interfacial chemistry, and enhancing charge transfer kinetics. These interactions also stabilize electrode interfaces, suppress side reactions, and mitigate anode corrosion, collectively improving the durability of high-energy batteries. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is essential to guide the design of next-generation battery materials. Herein, this review summarizes the development, classification, and advantages of dipole interactions in high-energy batteries. The roles of dipoles, including facilitating ion transport, controlling solvation dynamics, stabilizing the electric double layer, optimizing solid electrolyte interphase and cathode–electrolyte interface layers, and inhibiting parasitic reactions—are comprehensively discussed. Finally, perspectives on future research directions are proposed to advance dipole-enabled strategies for high-performance energy storage. This review aims to provide insights into the rational design of dipole-interactive systems and promote the progress of electrochemical energy storage technologies.

Highlights:
1 Offers a thorough review on the mechanism of molecular and ion dipoles in high-energy batteries, covering development, classification, and multifaceted roles in battery systems.
2 Elucidates how molecular and ion dipoles regulate ionic transport, optimize solvation structures, strengthen the electric double layer, and construct stable solid electrolyte interphase/cathode–electrolyte interface layers, all of which boost battery performance.
3 Demonstrates the wide-ranging applications of dipole interactions in various battery systems, such as suppressing dendrites in lithium–metal batteries and improving the cycling stability of lithium–sulfur batteries.
4 Proposes future research directions including AI-assisted materials design, in-depth mechanism exploration, multidisciplinary integration, database establishment, and promoting practical applications, aiming to drive the development of high-energy batteries.

Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Future Space Missions

2026-01-07T23:49:00+00:00

Space exploration is significant for scientific innovation, resource utilization, and planetary security. Space exploration involves several systems including satellites, space suits, communication systems, and robotics, which have to function under harsh space conditions such as extreme temperatures (− 270 to 1650 °C), microgravity (10⁻⁶ g), unhealthy humidity (< 20% RH or > 60% RH), high atmospheric pressure (~ 1450 psi), and radiation (4000–5000 mSv). Conventional energy-harvesting technologies (solar cells, fuel cells, and nuclear energy), that are normally used to power these space systems have certain limitations (e.g., sunlight dependence, weight, degradation, big size, high cost, low capacity, radioactivity, complexity, and low efficiency). The constraints in conventional energy resources have made it imperative to look for non-conventional yet efficient alternatives. A great potential for enhancing efficiency, sustainability, and mission duration in space exploration can be offered by integrating triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) with existing energy sources. Recently, the potential of TENG including energy harvesting (from vibrations/movements in satellites and spacecraft), self-powered sensing, and microgravity, for multiple applications in different space missions has been discussed. This review comprehensively covers the use of TENGs for various space applications, such as planetary exploration missions (Mars environment monitoring), manned space equipment, In-orbit robotic operations /collision monitoring, spacecraft's design and structural health monitoring, Aeronautical systems, and conventional energy harvesting (solar and nuclear). This review also discusses the use of self-powered TENG sensors for deep space object perception. At the same time, this review compares TENGs with conventional energy harvesting technologies for space systems. Lastly, this review talks about energy harvesting in satellites, TENG-based satellite communication systems, and future practical implementation challenges (with possible solutions).

Highlights:
1 This review paper highlights the comprehensive evaluation of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for various space environments.
2 This review paper discusses the multifunctional role of TENGs beyond energy harnessing.
3 This review demonstrates the future trends (possible roadmap) of utilization of TENGs in space exploration.

Advancing Energy Development with MBene: Chemical Mechanism, AI, and Applications in Energy Storage and Harvesting

2026-01-04T06:32:47+00:00

MXene derivatives are notable two-dimensional nanomaterials with numerous prospective applications in the domains of energy development. MXene derivative, MBene, diversifies its focus on energy storage and harvesting due to its exceptional electrical conductivity, structural flexibility, and mechanical properties. This comprehensive review describes the sandwich-like structure of the synthesized MBene, derived from its multilayered parent material and its distinct chemical framework to date. The fields of focus encompass the investigation of novel MBenes, the study of phase-changing mechanisms, and the examination of hex-MBenes, ortho-MBenes, tetra-MBenes, tri-MBenes, and MXenes with identical transition metal components. A critical analysis is also provided on the electrochemical mechanism and performance of MBene in energy storage (Li/Na/Mg/Ca/Li–S batteries and supercapacitors), as well as conversion and harvesting (CO₂ reduction, and nitrogen reduction reactions). The persistent difficulties associated with conducting experimental synthesis and establishing artificial intelligence-based forecasts are extensively deliberated alongside the potential and forthcoming prospects of MBenes. This review provides a single platform for an overview of the MBene’s potential in energy storage and harvesting.

Highlights:
1 Revealing the synergistic potential of MBene as an advanced material.
2 Comprehensive study into MBene chemistry and electrochemical efficacy.
3 The potential research for batteries, supercapacitors, CO₂ reduction, and nitrogen reduction reactions is unveiled.
4 AI-driven predictions and limitations in experimental synthesis are addressed comprehensively.

Surface/Interface Engineering for High-Resolution Micro-/Nano-Photodetectors

2026-01-04T01:05:52+00:00

Photodetectors can convert light energy into electrical signals, so are widely used in photovoltaics, photon counting, monitoring, and imaging. Photodetectors are easy to prepare high-resolution photochips because of their small size unit integration. However, these photodetector units often exhibit poor photoelectric performance due to material defects and inadequate structures, which greatly limit the functions of devices. Designing modification strategies and micro-/nanostructures can compensate for defects, adjust the bandgap, and develop novel quantum structures, which consequently optimize photovoltaic units and revolutionize optoelectronic devices. Here, this paper aims to comprehensively elaborate on the surface/interface engineering scheme of micro-/nano-photodetectors. It starts from the fundamentals of photodetectors, such as principles, types, and parameters, and describes the influence of material selection, manufacturing techniques, and post-processing. Then, we analyse in detail the great influence of surface/interface engineering on the performance of photovoltaic devices, including surface/interface modification and micro-/nanostructural design. Finally, the applications and prospects of optoelectronic devices in various fields such as miniaturization of electronic devices, robotics, and human–computer interaction are shown.

Highlights:
1 Surface/interface engineering can compensate for defects, adjust the bandgap, and develop novel quantum structures, which consequently optimize photovoltaic units and revolutionize optoelectronic devices.
2 This review comprehensively elaborates on the surface/interface engineering scheme of micro-/nano-photodetectors from principles, types, and parameters, and describes the influence of material selection and manufacturing techniques.
3 Surface/interface engineering continuously promotes the development of low-dimensional optoelectronic materials and drives the industrialization of flexible optoelectronic devices.

Lignocellulose-Mediated Gel Polymer Electrolytes Toward Next-Generation Energy Storage

2025-11-25T02:53:22+00:00

The pursuit of high energy density and sustainable energy storage devices has been the target of many researchers. However, safety issues such as the susceptibility of conventional liquid electrolytes to leakage and flammability, as well as performance degradation due to uncontrollable dendrite growth in liquid electrolytes, have been limiting the further development of energy storage devices. In this regard, gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) based on lignocellulosic (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) have attracted great interest due to their high thermal stability, excellent electrolyte wettability, and natural abundance. Therefore, in this critical review, a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by GPEs is presented, followed by a detailed description of the opportunities and advantages of lignocellulosic materials for the fabrication of GPEs for energy storage devices. Notably, the key properties and corresponding construction strategies of GPEs for energy storage are analyzed and discussed from the perspective of lignocellulose for the first time. Moreover, the future challenges and prospects of lignocellulose-mediated GPEs in energy storage applications are also critically reviewed and discussed. We sincerely hope this review will stimulate further research on lignocellulose-mediated GPEs in energy storage and provide meaningful directions for the strategy of designing advanced GPEs.

Highlights:
1 The latest strategies for the construction of lignocellulose-mediated gel polymer electrolytes are summarized.
2 The great potential of macroscopic preparation processes and microstructural design of lignocellulose-mediated gel polymer electrolytes are summarized.
3 The excellent suitability of the physicochemical structure of lignocellulosic gel electrolytes and energy storage applications is summarized.

An Emerging Liquid-Crystalline Conducting Polymer Thermoelectrics: Opportunities and Challenges

2025-11-15T05:36:17+00:00

Thermoelectric (TE) materials, being capable of converting waste heat into electricity, are pivotal for sustainable energy solutions. Among emerging TE materials, organic TE materials, particularly conjugated polymers, are gaining prominence due to their unique combination of mechanical flexibility, environmental compatibility, and solution-processable fabrication. A notable candidate in this field is poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT), a liquid-crystalline conjugated polymer, with high charge carrier mobility and adaptability to melt-processing techniques. Recent advancements have propelled PBTTT’s figure of merit from below 0.1 to a remarkable 1.28 at 368 K, showcasing its potential for practical applications. This review systematically examines strategies to enhance PBTTT’s TE performance through doping (solution, vapor, and anion exchange doping), composite engineering, and aggregation state controlling. Recent key breakthroughs include ion exchange doping for stable charge modulation, multi-heterojunction architectures reducing thermal conductivity, and proton-coupled electron transfer doping for precise Fermi-level tuning. Despite great progress, challenges still persist in enhancing TE conversion efficiency, balancing or decoupling electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient and thermal conductivity, and leveraging melt-processing scalability of PBTTT. By bridging fundamental insights with applied research, this work provides a roadmap for advancing PBTTT-based TE materials toward efficient energy harvesting and wearable electronics.

Highlights:
1 Poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT) synthesis and main strategies to enhance its thermoelectric performance (including doping, composite engineering and aggregation state controlling) are comprehensively reviewed.
2 The thermoelectric performances of PBTTT-related materials are systematically summarized and compared.
3 Future opportunities of PBTTT thermoelectric performance enhancement and effective utilization of its unique melt processibility in multiscale regulation, composite and hybrid, and processing technology innovation are outlooked.

High-Entropy Amorphous Catalysts for Water Electrolysis: A New Frontier

2025-10-24T02:31:05+00:00

High‐entropy amorphous catalysts (HEACs) integrate multielement synergy with structural disorder, making them promising candidates for water splitting. Their distinctive features—including flexible coordination environments, tunable electronic structures, abundant unsaturated active sites, and dynamic structural reassembly—collectively enhance electrochemical activity and durability under operating conditions. This review summarizes recent advances in HEACs for hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution, and overall water splitting, highlighting their disorder-driven advantages over crystalline counterparts. Catalytic performance benchmarks are presented, and mechanistic insights are discussed, focusing on how multimetallic synergy, amorphization effect, and in‐situ reconstruction cooperatively regulate reaction pathways. These insights provide guidance for the rational design of next‐generation amorphous high‐entropy electrocatalysts with improved efficiency and durability.

Highlights:
1 This review comprehensively summarizes the recent progress of high-entropy amorphous catalysts for electrochemical water splitting.
2 The unique structural characteristics of high-entropy amorphous materials—such as short-range order, high defect density, and flexible coordination—are discussed in relation to their electrocatalytic advantages.
3 Mechanistic insights into multimetallic synergy, amorphization effect, and in-situ reconstruction are highlighted to guide rational catalyst design.

Cobalt-Based Electrocatalysts for Sustainable Nitrate Conversion: Structural Design and Mechanistic Advancements

2025-10-09T01:48:22+00:00

Electrocatalytic nitrate-to-ammonia conversion offers dual environmental and sustainable synthesis benefits, but achieving high efficiency with low-cost catalysts remains a major challenge. This review focuses on cobalt-based electrocatalysts, emphasizing their structural engineering for enhanced the performance of electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NO₃RR) through dimensional control, compositional tuning, and coordination microenvironment modulation. Notably, by critically analyzing metallic cobalt, cobalt alloys, cobalt compounds, cobalt single atom and molecular catalyst configurations, we firstly establish correlations between atomic-scale structural features and catalytic performance in a coordination environment perspective for NO₃RR, including the dynamic reconstruction during operation and its impact on active site. Synergizing experimental breakthroughs with computational modeling, we decode mechanisms underlying competitive hydrogen evolution suppression, intermediate adsorption-energy optimization, and durability enhancement in complex aqueous environments. The development of cobalt-based catalysts was summarized and prospected, and the emerging opportunities of machine learning in accelerating the research and development of high-performance catalysts and the configuration of series reactors for scalable nitrate-to-ammonia systems were also introduced. Bridging surface science and applications, it outlines a framework for designing multifunctional electrocatalysts to restore nitrogen cycle balance sustainably.

Highlights:
1 This review covers almost all cobalt-based electrocatalysts for nitrate reduction reaction (NO₃RR), including metallic cobalt, cobalt alloys, cobalt compounds, cobalt single-atom and molecular catalysts, etc.
2 The mechanism of enhancing the NO₃RR performance by suppressing the hydrogen evolution reaction, as well as the durability and degradation processes, was discussed from the perspective of the electronic structure and adsorption behavior.
3 The influence of different coordination environments of Co active sites on NO₃RR performance was discussed, including different isomorphic forms of the same elements around Co, different types of elements, doping of trace elements, and in situ evolution of constituent elements, etc.

Beyond the Silicon Plateau: A Convergence of Novel Materials for Transistor Evolution

2025-09-17T01:08:58+00:00

As silicon-based transistors face fundamental scaling limits, the search for breakthrough alternatives has led to innovations in 3D architectures, heterogeneous integration, and sub-3 nm semiconductor body thicknesses. However, the true effectiveness of these advancements lies in the seamless integration of alternative semiconductors tailored for next-generation transistors. In this review, we highlight key advances that enhance both scalability and switching performance by leveraging emerging semiconductor materials. Among the most promising candidates are 2D van der Waals semiconductors, Mott insulators, and amorphous oxide semiconductors, which offer not only unique electrical properties but also low-power operation and high carrier mobility. Additionally, we explore the synergistic interactions between these novel semiconductors and advanced gate dielectrics, including high-K materials, ferroelectrics, and atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride layers. Beyond introducing these novel material configurations, we address critical challenges such as leakage current and long-term device reliability, which become increasingly crucial as transistors scale down to atomic dimensions. Through concrete examples showcasing the potential of these materials in transistors, we provide key insights into overcoming fundamental obstacles—such as device reliability, scaling down limitations, and extended applications in artificial intelligence—ultimately paving the way for the development of future transistor technologies.

Highlights:
1 This review introduces promising semiconductor materials for future transistors, including two-dimensional van der Waals materials, Mott insulators, halide perovskites, and amorphous oxides, with advantages such as clean interfaces, ultra-thin channels, and defect tolerance.
2 These materials, when combined with advanced gate dielectrics and next-generation interconnects, offer synergistic solutions to scaling challenges such as carrier scattering, oxide thickness limitations, and interface degradation.
3 The review also discusses reliability concerns including thermal instability and leakage current, and explores future applications in artificial intelligence hardware, in-memory computing, and three-dimensional integration.

Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Current Challenges, Development, and Perspectives

2025-09-15T04:03:07+00:00

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), while dominant in energy storage due to high energy density and cycling stability, suffer from severe capacity decay, rate capability degradation, and lithium dendrite formation under low-temperature (LT) operation. Therefore, a more comprehensive and systematic understanding of LIB behavior at LT is urgently required. This review article comprehensively reviews recent advancements in electrolyte engineering strategies aimed at improving the low-temperature operational capabilities of LIBs. The study methodically examines critical performance-limiting mechanisms through fundamental analysis of four primary challenges: insufficient ionic conductivity under cryogenic conditions, kinetically hindered charge transfer processes, Li⁺ transport limitations across the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), and uncontrolled lithium dendrite growth. The work elaborates on innovative optimization approaches encompassing lithium salt molecular design with tailored dissociation characteristics, solvent matrix optimization through dielectric constant and viscosity regulation, interfacial engineering additives for constructing low-impedance SEI layers, and gel-polymer composite electrolyte systems. Notably, particular emphasis is placed on emerging machine learning-guided electrolyte formulation strategies that enable high-throughput virtual screening of constituent combinations and prediction of structure–property relationships. These artificial intelligence-assisted rational design frameworks demonstrate significant potential for accelerating the development of next-generation LT electrolytes by establishing quantitative composition-performance correlations through advanced data-driven methodologies.

Highlights:
1 Key electrolyte-related factors limiting the low-temperature performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are analyzed.
2 Emerging strategies to enhance the low-temperature performance of LIBs are summarized from the perspectives of electrolyte engineering and artificial intelligence (AI) -assisted design.
3 Perspectives and challenges on AI-driven design, advanced characterization, and novel electrolyte systems for low-temperature LIBs.

Two-Dimensional MXene-Based Advanced Sensors for Neuromorphic Computing Intelligent Application

2025-09-15T03:43:37+00:00

As emerging two-dimensional (2D) materials, carbides and nitrides (MXenes) could be solid solutions or organized structures made up of multi-atomic layers. With remarkable and adjustable electrical, optical, mechanical, and electrochemical characteristics, MXenes have shown great potential in brain-inspired neuromorphic computing electronics, including neuromorphic gas sensors, pressure sensors and photodetectors. This paper provides a forward-looking review of the research progress regarding MXenes in the neuromorphic sensing domain and discussed the critical challenges that need to be resolved. Key bottlenecks such as insufficient long-term stability under environmental exposure, high costs, scalability limitations in large-scale production, and mechanical mismatch in wearable integration hinder their practical deployment. Furthermore, unresolved issues like interfacial compatibility in heterostructures and energy inefficiency in neuromorphic signal conversion demand urgent attention. The review offers insights into future research directions enhance the fundamental understanding of MXene properties and promote further integration into neuromorphic computing applications through the convergence with various emerging technologies.

Highlights:
1 The latest research progress in the field of MXene-based neuromorphic computing is reviewed.
2 The design strategy of MXene-based neuromorphic devices encompasses multiple factors are summarized, including material selection, circuit integration, and architecture optimization.
3 Future development paths for MXene-based neuromorphic computing are discussed, including large-scale manufacturing, stability enhancement, and interdisciplinary integration.

Advancements and Innovations in Low-Temperature Hydrogen Electrochemical Conversion Devices Driven by 3D Printing Technology

2025-09-12T00:49:13+00:00

3D printing, as a versatile additive manufacturing technique, offers high design flexibility, rapid prototyping, minimal material waste, and the capability to fabricate complex, customized geometries. These attributes make it particularly well-suited for low-temperature hydrogen electrochemical conversion devices—specifically, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells, anion exchange membrane electrolyzer cells, and alkaline electrolyzers—which demand finely structured components such as catalyst layers, gas diffusion layers, electrodes, porous transport layers, and bipolar plates. This review provides a focused and critical summary of the current progress in applying 3D printing technologies to these key components. It begins with a concise introduction to the principles and classifications of mainstream 3D printing methods relevant to the hydrogen energy sector and proceeds to analyze their specific applications and performance impacts across different device architectures. Finally, the review identifies existing technical challenges and outlines future research directions to accelerate the integration of 3D printing in next-generation low-temperature hydrogen energy systems.

Highlights:
1 Outlines 3D printing methods and their benefits in fabricating complex components for low-temperature hydrogen devices.
2 Summarizes current applications in fuel cells and electrolyzers, highlighting recent progress in hydrogen energy.
3 Explores future directions and challenges, offering insights into trends and opportunities in hydrogen-related systems.

Synergistic Ferroptosis–Immunotherapy Nanoplatforms: Multidimensional Engineering for Tumor Microenvironment Remodeling and Therapeutic Optimization

2025-09-05T03:33:40+00:00

Emerging ferroptosis–immunotherapy strategies, integrating functionalized nanoplatforms with ferroptosis-inducing agents and immunomodulatory therapeutics, demonstrate significant potential in managing primary, recurrent, and metastatic malignancies. Mechanistically, ferroptosis induction not only directly eliminates tumor cells but also promotes immunogenic cell death (ICD), eliciting damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) release to activate partial antitumor immunity. However, standalone ferroptosis therapy fails to initiate robust systemic antitumor immune responses due to inherent limitations: low tumor immunogenicity, immunosuppressive microenvironment constraints, and tumor microenvironment (TME)-associated physiological barriers (e.g., hypoxia, dense extracellular matrix). To address these challenges, synergistic approaches have been developed to enhance immune cell infiltration and reestablish immunosurveillance, encompassing (1) direct amplification of antitumor immunity, (2) disruption of immunosuppressive tumor niches, and (3) biophysical hallmark remodeling in TME. Rational nanocarrier design has emerged as a critical enabler for overcoming biological delivery barriers and optimizing therapeutic efficacy. Unlike prior studies solely addressing ferroptosis or nanotechnology in tumor therapy, this work first systematically outlines the synergistic potential of nanoparticles in combined ferroptosis–immunotherapy strategies. It advances multidimensional nanoplatform design principles for material selection, structural configuration, physicochemical modulation, multifunctional integration, and artificial intelligence-enabled design, providing a scientific basis for efficacy optimization. Moreover, it examines translational challenges of ferroptosis–immunotherapy nanoplatforms across preclinical and clinical stages, proposing actionable solutions while envisioning future onco-immunotherapy directions. Collectively, it provides systematic insights into advanced nanomaterial design principles and therapeutic optimization strategies, offering a roadmap for accelerating clinical translation in onco-immunotherapy research.

Highlights:
1 First systematic integration: This work presents the first comprehensive outline of the synergistic potential of nanoparticle-enabled ferroptosis–immunotherapy strategies against malignancies, moving beyond studies solely focusing on ferroptosis induction or standalone nanotherapeutics in cancer.
2 Multidimensional nanoplatform design: Establishes advanced design principles for functionalized nanoplatforms, including rational material selection, structural configuration, physicochemical modulation, multifunctional integration, and AI-enabled design, to overcome tumor microenvironment barriers and optimize ferroptosis–immunotherapy efficacy.
3 Translational focus & AI integration: Provides a critical analysis of translational hurdles for ferroptosis–immunotherapy nanoplatforms across preclinical and clinical development, proposing actionable solutions while pioneering the integration of artificial intelligence into future nanoplatform design and onco-immunotherapy direction.

Solar-Driven Redox Reactions with Metal Halide Perovskites Heterogeneous Structures

2025-09-04T09:22:53+00:00

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) with striking electrical and optical properties have appeared at the forefront of semiconductor materials for photocatalytic redox reactions but still suffer from some intrinsic drawbacks such as inferior stability, severe charge-carrier recombination, and limited active sites. Heterojunctions have recently been widely constructed to improve light absorption, passivate surface for enhanced stability, and promote charge-carrier dynamics of MHPs. However, little attention has been paid to the review of MHPs-based heterojunctions for photocatalytic redox reactions. Here, recent advances of MHPs-based heterojunctions for photocatalytic redox reactions are highlighted. The structure, synthesis, and photophysical properties of MHPs-based heterojunctions are first introduced, including basic principles, categories (such as Schottky junction, type-I, type-II, Z-scheme, and S-scheme junction), and synthesis strategies. MHPs-based heterojunctions for photocatalytic redox reactions are then reviewed in four categories: H₂ evolution, CO₂ reduction, pollutant degradation, and organic synthesis. The challenges and prospects in solar-light-driven redox reactions with MHPs-based heterojunctions in the future are finally discussed.

Highlights:
1 This paper reviews the fundamentals and research progress of metal halide perovskites (MHPs)-based heterojunctions for solar-driven redox reactions.
2 A comprehensive summary is presented for the construction of various MHPs-based heterojunctions (e.g., Schottky-junction, type-I/II, Z-scheme, and S-scheme).
3 The versatile use of MHPs-based heterojunctions in key photocatalytic redox reactions are summarized, including H₂ evolution, CO₂ reduction, pollutant degradation, and organic synthesis.

Wearable Ultrasound Devices for Therapeutic Applications

2025-08-26T09:23:14+00:00

Wearable ultrasound devices represent a transformative advancement in therapeutic applications, offering noninvasive, continuous, and targeted treatment for deep tissues. These systems leverage flexible materials (e.g., piezoelectric composites, biodegradable polymers) and conformable designs to enable stable integration with dynamic anatomical surfaces. Key innovations include ultrasound-enhanced drug delivery through cavitation-mediated transdermal penetration, accelerated tissue regeneration via mechanical and electrical stimulation, and precise neuromodulation using focused acoustic waves. Recent developments demonstrate wireless operation, real-time monitoring, and closed-loop therapy, facilitated by energy-efficient transducers and AI-driven adaptive control. Despite progress, challenges persist in material durability, clinical validation, and scalable manufacturing. Future directions highlight the integration of nanomaterials, 3D-printed architectures, and multimodal sensing for personalized medicine. This technology holds significant potential to redefine chronic disease management, postoperative recovery, and neurorehabilitation, bridging the gap between clinical and home-based care.

Highlights:
1 Flexible ultrasound devices enable deep-tissue therapy via conformable designs, overcoming limitations of rigid systems for continuous monitoring and treatment.
2 Cavitation-enhanced drug delivery and neuromodulation demonstrate noninvasive, targeted interventions for chronic diseases and neural disorders.
3 Wireless, AI-integrated platforms pave the way for personalized, adaptive therapeutics in home-based and clinical settings.

Recent Advancements and Perspectives of Low-Dimensional Halide Perovskites for Visual Perception and Optoelectronic Applications

2025-08-26T09:11:39+00:00

Low-dimensional (LD) halide perovskites have attracted considerable attention due to their distinctive structures and exceptional optoelectronic properties, including high absorption coefficients, extended charge carrier diffusion lengths, suppressed non-radiative recombination rates, and intense photoluminescence. A key advantage of LD perovskites is the tunability of their optical and electronic properties through the precise optimization of their structural arrangements and dimensionality. This review systematically examines recent progress in the synthesis and optoelectronic characterizations of LD perovskites, focusing on their structural, optical, and photophysical properties that underpin their versatility in diverse applications. The review further summarizes advancements in LD perovskite-based devices, including resistive memory, artificial synapses, photodetectors, light-emitting diodes, and solar cells. Finally, the challenges associated with stability, scalability, and integration, as well as future prospects, are discussed, emphasizing the potential of LD perovskites to drive breakthroughs in device efficiency and industrial applicability.

Highlights:
1 This review uniquely bridges the relationship between 0D, 1D, and 2D structural motifs of halide perovskites and their distinct optoelectronic properties; such as photoluminescence, charge transport, and excitonic behavior and how these impact performance across various devices (e.g., LEDs, photodetectors, synapses). This dimensional-property-functionality mapping is not extensively covered in previous reviews.
2 Unlike many earlier reviews focused solely on photovoltaics or LEDs, this article expands into emerging fields like artificial synapses and visual perception-related electronics, offering insights into how low-dimensional perovskites could enable next-generation neuromorphic and intelligent sensing systems.
3 The review doesn't just summarize the field it also critically evaluates current limitations in scalability, environmental stability, and device integration, and provides future directions to overcome these, particularly through material design and interfacial engineering, making it highly relevant for guiding industrial research.

High-Entropy Oxide Memristors for Neuromorphic Computing: From Material Engineering to Functional Integration

2025-08-25T11:45:27+00:00

High-entropy oxides (HEOs) have emerged as a promising class of memristive materials, characterized by entropy-stabilized crystal structures, multivalent cation coordination, and tunable defect landscapes. These intrinsic features enable forming-free resistive switching, multilevel conductance modulation, and synaptic plasticity, making HEOs attractive for neuromorphic computing. This review outlines recent progress in HEO-based memristors across materials engineering, switching mechanisms, and synaptic emulation. Particular attention is given to vacancy migration, phase transitions, and valence-state dynamics—mechanisms that underlie the switching behaviors observed in both amorphous and crystalline systems. Their relevance to neuromorphic functions such as short-term plasticity and spike-timing-dependent learning is also examined. While encouraging results have been achieved at the device level, challenges remain in conductance precision, variability control, and scalable integration. Addressing these demands a concerted effort across materials design, interface optimization, and task-aware modeling. With such integration, HEO memristors offer a compelling pathway toward energy-efficient and adaptable brain-inspired electronics.

Highlights:
1 Comprehensive overview of high-entropy oxides (HEOs) in memristive devices, emphasizing their potential in neuromorphic computing and their ability to simulate synaptic plasticity and multilevel conductance modulation.
2 Detailed exploration of resistive switching mechanisms in HEO-based memristors, focusing on vacancy migration, phase transitions, and valence-state dynamics, which underpin their performance in brain-inspired electronics.
3 Insightful discussion on the challenges and opportunities for integrating HEO-based memristors into large-scale neuromorphic systems, highlighting the need for advancements in material design, interface optimization, and scalability.

Flexible Tactile Sensing Systems: Challenges in Theoretical Research Transferring to Practical Applications

2025-08-22T09:50:44+00:00

Since the first design of tactile sensors was proposed by Harmon in 1982, tactile sensors have evolved through four key phases: industrial applications (1980s, basic pressure detection), miniaturization via MEMS (1990s), flexible electronics (2010s, stretchable materials), and intelligent systems (2020s-present, AI-driven multimodal sensing). With the innovation of material, processing techniques, and multimodal fusion of stimuli, the application of tactile sensors has been continuously expanding to a diversity of areas, including but not limited to medical care, aerospace, sports and intelligent robots. Currently, researchers are dedicated to develop tactile sensors with emerging mechanisms and structures, pursuing high-sensitivity, high-resolution, and multimodal characteristics and further constructing tactile systems which imitate and approach the performance of human organs. However, challenges in the combination between the theoretical research and the practical applications are still significant. There is a lack of comprehensive understanding in the state of the art of such knowledge transferring from academic work to technical products. Scaled-up production of laboratory materials faces fatal challenges like high costs, small scale, and inconsistent quality. Ambient factors, such as temperature, humidity, and electromagnetic interference, also impair signal reliability. Moreover, tactile sensors must operate across a wide pressure range (0.1 kPa to several or even dozens of MPa) to meet diverse application needs. Meanwhile, the existing algorithms, data models and sensing systems commonly reveal insufficient precision as well as undesired robustness in data processing, and there is a realistic gap between the designed and the demanded system response speed. In this review, oriented by the design requirements of intelligent tactile sensing systems, we summarize the common sensing mechanisms, inspired structures, key performance, and optimizing strategies, followed by a brief overview of the recent advances in the perspectives of system integration and algorithm implementation, and the possible roadmap of future development of tactile sensors, providing a forward-looking as well as critical discussions in the future industrial applications of flexible tactile sensors.

Highlights:
1 This review presents current advances in flexible tactile sensor research from multifaceted perspectives including mechanisms, materials, structural design, and system integration.
2 It establishes performance-oriented rational design principles for sensors in practical.
3 It summarized the challenges and strategies in translating flexible tactile sensing systems into practical applications, and proposed a research roadmap for future investigations.

Emerging Role of 2D Materials in Photovoltaics: Efficiency Enhancement and Future Perspectives

2025-08-21T08:04:32+00:00

The growing global energy demand and worsening climate change highlight the urgent need for clean, efficient and sustainable energy solutions. Among emerging technologies, atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) materials offer unique advantages in photovoltaics due to their tunable optoelectronic properties, high surface area and efficient charge transport capabilities. This review explores recent progress in photovoltaics incorporating 2D materials, focusing on their application as hole and electron transport layers to optimize bandgap alignment, enhance carrier mobility and improve chemical stability. A comprehensive analysis is presented on perovskite solar cells utilizing 2D materials, with a particular focus on strategies to enhance crystallization, passivate defects and improve overall cell efficiency. Additionally, the application of 2D materials in organic solar cells is examined, particularly for reducing recombination losses and enhancing charge extraction through work function modification. Their impact on dye-sensitized solar cells, including catalytic activity and counter electrode performance, is also explored. Finally, the review outlines key challenges, material limitations and performance metrics, offering insight into the future development of next-generation photovoltaic devices encouraged by 2D materials.

Highlights:
1 A novel strategy employs 2D materials to construct cascaded band alignment, enabling efficient charge transport and reducing energy loss.
2 An innovative approach utilizes donor–acceptor blends; active layer morphology and interfacial engineering minimize charge recombination to enable high performance and long-term device stability.
3 This review uniquely consolidates the roles of 2D materials as electron transport layers and hole transport layers across three major classes of solar cells: perovskite, organic and dye-sensitized solar cells.

Additive Manufacturing for Nanogenerators: Fundamental Mechanisms, Recent Advancements, and Future Prospects

2025-08-15T07:01:09+00:00

Additive manufacturing (AM), with its high flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and customization, significantly accelerates the advancement of nanogenerators, contributing to sustainable energy solutions and the Internet of Things. In this review, an in-depth analysis of AM for piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators is presented from the perspectives of fundamental mechanisms, recent advancements, and future prospects. It highlights AM-enabled advantages of versatility across materials, structural topology optimization, microstructure design, and integrated printing, which enhance critical performance indicators of nanogenerators, such as surface charge density and piezoelectric constant, thereby improving device performance compared to conventional fabrication. Common AM techniques for nanogenerators, including fused deposition modeling, direct ink writing, stereolithography, and digital light processing, are systematically examined in terms of their working principles, improved metrics (output voltage/current, power density), theoretical explanation, and application scopes. Hierarchical relationships connecting AM technologies with performance optimization and applications of nanogenerators are elucidated, providing a solid foundation for advancements in energy harvesting, self-powered sensors, wearable devices, and human–machine interaction. Furthermore, the challenges related to fabrication quality, cross-scale manufacturing, processing efficiency, and industrial deployment are critically discussed. Finally, the future prospects of AM for nanogenerators are explored, aiming to foster continuous progress and innovation in this field.

Highlights:
1 The advantages of additive manufacturing for nanogenerators are firstly examined from the perspective of underlying mechanisms coupled with theoretical explanations, providing critical insights into enhancing output performance and expanding applications.
2 Recent advancements in additive manufacturing for nanogenerators are systematically reviewed, emphasizing the characteristics of common technologies, their application scopes, and their impacts on nanogenerator performance metrics.
3 The current challenges and future prospects of additive manufacturing for nanogenerators are explored, aiming to promote continuous advancements in this field.

Cement-Based Thermoelectric Materials, Devices and Applications

2025-08-15T06:52:14+00:00

Cement stands as a dominant contributor to global energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction industry. With the upgrading of infrastructure and the improvement of building standards, traditional cement fails to reconcile ecological responsibility with advanced functional performance. By incorporating tailored fillers into cement matrices, the resulting composites achieve enhanced thermoelectric (TE) conversion capabilities. These materials can harness solar radiation from building envelopes and recover waste heat from indoor thermal gradients, facilitating bidirectional energy conversion. This review offers a comprehensive and timely overview of cement-based thermoelectric materials (CTEMs), integrating material design, device fabrication, and diverse applications into a holistic perspective. It summarizes recent advancements in TE performance enhancement, encompassing fillers optimization and matrices innovation. Additionally, the review consolidates fabrication strategies and performance evaluations of cement-based thermoelectric devices (CTEDs), providing detailed discussions on their roles in monitoring and protection, energy harvesting, and smart building. We also address sustainability, durability, and lifecycle considerations of CTEMs, which are essential for real-world deployment. Finally, we outline future research directions in materials design, device engineering, and scalable manufacturing to foster the practical application of CTEMs in sustainable and intelligent infrastructure.

Highlights:
1 Covering the most cutting-edge advances in cement-based thermoelectric materials.
2 The first systematic summary of the preparation, performance and functional applications of cement-based thermoelectric devices.
3 The challenges and strategies for materials, devices and applications are fully discussed.

Wide-Temperature Electrolytes for Aqueous Alkali Metal-Ion Batteries: Challenges, Progress, and Prospects

2025-08-15T06:27:34+00:00

Aqueous alkali metal-ion batteries (AAMIBs) have been recognized as emerging electrochemical energy storage technologies for grid-scale applications owning to their intrinsic safety, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability. However, the practical application of AAMIBs is still severely constrained by the tendency of aqueous electrolytes to freeze at low temperatures and decompose at high temperatures, limiting their operational temperature range. Considering the urgent need for energy systems with higher adaptability and resilience at various application scenarios, designing novel electrolytes via structure modulation has increasingly emerged as a feasible and economical strategy for the performance optimization of wide-temperature AAMIBs. In this review, the latest advancement of wide-temperature electrolytes for AAMIBs is systematically and comprehensively summarized. Specifically, the key challenges, failure mechanisms, correlations between hydrogen bond behaviors and physicochemical properties, and thermodynamic and kinetic interpretations in aqueous electrolytes are discussed firstly. Additionally, we offer forward-looking insights and innovative design principles for developing aqueous electrolytes capable of operating across a broad temperature range. This review is expected to provide some guidance and reference for the rational design and regulation of wide-temperature electrolytes for AAMIBs and promote their future development.

Highlights:
1 The key challenges and fundamental principles of wide-temperature aqueous electrolytes for alkali metal ion batteries were analyzed.
2 The design strategies for aqueous electrolytes with broad operating temperature ranges were summarized. The future research directions for high-performance wide-temperature aqueous alkali metal ion batteries were proposed.

Recent Advances in Regulation Strategy and Catalytic Mechanism of Bi-Based Catalysts for CO2 Reduction Reaction

2025-08-09T03:23:31+00:00

Using photoelectrocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) to produce valuable fuels is a fascinating way to alleviate environmental issues and energy crises. Bismuth-based (Bi-based) catalysts have attracted widespread attention for CO₂RR due to their high catalytic activity, selectivity, excellent stability, and low cost. However, they still need to be further improved to meet the needs of industrial applications. This review article comprehensively summarizes the recent advances in regulation strategies of Bi-based catalysts and can be divided into six categories: (1) defect engineering, (2) atomic doping engineering, (3) organic framework engineering, (4) inorganic heterojunction engineering, (5) crystal face engineering, and (6) alloying and polarization engineering. Meanwhile, the corresponding catalytic mechanisms of each regulation strategy will also be discussed in detail, aiming to enable researchers to understand the structure–property relationship of the improved Bi-based catalysts fundamentally. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities of the Bi-based catalysts in the photoelectrocatalytic CO₂RR application field will also be featured from the perspectives of the (1) combination or synergy of multiple regulatory strategies, (2) revealing formation mechanism and realizing controllable synthesis, and (3) in situ multiscale investigation of activation pathways and uncovering the catalytic mechanisms. On the one hand, through the comparative analysis and mechanism explanation of the six major regulatory strategies, a multidimensional knowledge framework of the structure–activity relationship of Bi-based catalysts can be constructed for researchers, which not only deepens the atomic-level understanding of catalytic active sites, charge transport paths, and the adsorption behavior of intermediate products, but also provides theoretical guiding principles for the controllable design of new catalysts; on the other hand, the promising collaborative regulation strategies, controllable synthetic paths, and the in situ multiscale characterization techniques presented in this work provides a paradigm reference for shortening the research and development cycle of high-performance catalysts, conducive to facilitating the transition of photoelectrocatalytic CO₂RR technology from the laboratory routes to industrial application.

Highlights:
1 Six major types of structural regulation strategies of various Bi-based catalysts used in photoelectrocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) in recent years are comprehensively summarized.
2 The corresponding catalytic mechanisms of each regulation strategy are discussed in detail, aiming to enable researchers to understand the structure–property relationship of the improved Bi-based catalysts fundamentally.
3 The challenges and future opportunities of the Bi-based catalysts in the photoelectrocatalytic CO₂RR application field are featured from the perspectives of the combination of multiple regulatory strategies, revealing formation mechanism and realizing controllable synthesis, and in situ multiscale investigation of activation pathways and uncovering the catalytic mechanisms.

On-Skin Epidermal Electronics for Next-Generation Health Management

2025-08-09T03:12:48+00:00

Continuous monitoring of biosignals is essential for advancing early disease detection, personalized treatment, and health management. Flexible electronics, capable of accurately monitoring biosignals in daily life, have garnered considerable attention due to their softness, conformability, and biocompatibility. However, several challenges remain, including imperfect skin-device interfaces, limited breathability, and insufficient mechanoelectrical stability. On-skin epidermal electronics, distinguished by their excellent conformability, breathability, and mechanoelectrical robustness, offer a promising solution for high-fidelity, long-term health monitoring. These devices can seamlessly integrate with the human body, leading to transformative advancements in future personalized healthcare. This review provides a systematic examination of recent advancements in on-skin epidermal electronics, with particular emphasis on critical aspects including material science, structural design, desired properties, and practical applications. We explore various materials, considering their properties and the corresponding structural designs developed to construct high-performance epidermal electronics. We then discuss different approaches for achieving the desired device properties necessary for long-term health monitoring, including adhesiveness, breathability, and mechanoelectrical stability. Additionally, we summarize the diverse applications of these devices in monitoring biophysical and physiological signals. Finally, we address the challenges facing these devices and outline future prospects, offering insights into the ongoing development of on-skin epidermal electronics for long-term health monitoring.

Highlights:
1 This review comprehensively examines representative functional materials, analyzes their intrinsic properties, and illustrates how rational structural design and fabrication strategies can be employed to achieve high-performance epidermal electronics.
2 Three essential performance requirements for long-term, continuous health monitoring—adhesiveness, breathability, and mechanoelectrical stability—are emphasized, alongside effective strategies for their realization.
3 Current scientific challenges in this field are critically discussed, offering in-depth insights into the development of next-generation on-skin epidermal electronics aimed at transforming personalized healthcare.

Correction: Optimizing Exciton and Charge-Carrier Behavior in Thick-Film Organic Photovoltaics: A Comprehensive Review

2025-08-09T03:04:18+00:00

Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have achieved remarkable progress, with laboratory-scale single-junction devices now demonstrating power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 20%. However, these efficiencies are highly dependent on the thickness of the photoactive layer, which is typically around 100 nm. This sensitivity poses a challenge for industrial-scale fabrication. Achieving high PCEs in thick-film OPVs is therefore essential. This review systematically examines recent advancements in thick-film OPVs, focusing on the fundamental mechanisms that lead to efficiency loss and strategies to enhance performance. We provide a comprehensive analysis spanning the complete photovoltaic process chain: from initial exciton generation and diffusion dynamics, through dissociation mechanisms, to subsequent charge-carrier transport, balance optimization, and final collection efficiency. Particular emphasis is placed on cutting-edge solutions in molecular engineering and device architecture optimization. By synthesizing these interdisciplinary approaches and investigating the potential contributions in stability, cost, and machine learning aspects, this work establishes comprehensive guidelines for designing high-performance OPVs devices with minimal thickness dependence, ultimately aiming to bridge the gap between laboratory achievements and industrial manufacturing requirements.

Highlights:
1 Research progress summary: Provides a systematic review of recent advancements in thick-film organic photovoltaics (OPVs) with a focus on molecular design and device engineering strategies.
2 Efficiency enhancement strategies: Explores the mechanisms limiting efficiency in thick-film devices, analyzes exciton and charge-carrier dynamics, and identifies effective approaches to improve device performance.
3 Industrialization contributions and outlook: Summarizes the potential contributions of thick-film OPVs to industrial applications and offers insights into future development directions (in stability, cost, and machine learning aspects).

Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Ceramic Aerogels: Synergistic Strategies for Design and Functionalization

2025-08-09T02:52:48+00:00

Ceramic aerogels (CAs) have emerged as a significant research frontier across various applications due to their lightweight, high porosity, and easily tunable structural characteristics. However, the intrinsic weak interactions among the constituent nanoparticles, coupled with the limited toughness of traditional CAs, make them susceptible to structural collapse or even catastrophic failure when exposed to complex mechanical external forces. Unlike 0D building units, 1D ceramic nanofibers (CNFs) possess a high aspect ratio and exceptional flexibility simultaneously, which are desirable building blocks for elastic CAs. This review presents the recent progress in electrospun ceramic nanofibrous aerogels (ECNFAs) that are constructed using ECNFs as building blocks, focusing on the various preparation methods and corresponding structural characteristics, strategies for optimizing mechanical performance, and a wide range of applications. The methods for preparing ECNFs and ECNFAs with diverse structures were initially explored, followed by the implementation of optimization strategies for enhancing ECNFAs, emphasizing the improvement of reinforcing the ECNFs, establishing the bonding effects between ECNFs, and designing the aggregate structures of the aerogels. Moreover, the applications of ECNFAs across various fields are also discussed. Finally, it highlights the existing challenges and potential opportunities for ECNFAs to achieve superior properties and realize promising prospects.

Highlights:
1 This review provides comprehensive fabrication methods for the manufacturing of electrospun ceramic nanofibrous aerogels and offers professional guidance for materials development in this field.
2 The optimization strategies for electrospun ceramic nanofibrous aerogels (ECNFAs)’ mechanical properties have been provided, highlighting multi-scale design from nano-building blocks to nanofiber aggregate structure design.
3 This review systematically introduces the diverse roles of ECNFAs in specific application scenarios and application-specific mechanisms and provides transformative solutions for advanced engineering applications.

Engineered Radiative Cooling Systems for Thermal-Regulating and Energy-Saving Applications

2025-08-05T12:01:15+00:00

Radiative cooling systems (RCSs) possess the distinctive capability to dissipate heat energy via solar and thermal radiation, making them suitable for thermal regulation and energy conservation applications, essential for mitigating the energy crisis. A comprehensive review connecting the advancements in engineered radiative cooling systems (ERCSs), encompassing material and structural design as well as thermal and energy-related applications, is currently absent. Herein, this review begins with a concise summary of the essential concepts of ERCSs, followed by an introduction to engineered materials and structures, containing nature-inspired designs, chromatic materials, meta-structural configurations, and multilayered constructions. It subsequently encapsulates the primary applications, including thermal-regulating textiles and energy-saving devices. Next, it highlights the challenges of ERCSs, including maximized thermoregulatory effects, environmental adaptability, scalability and sustainability, and interdisciplinary integration. It seeks to offer direction for forthcoming fundamental research and industrial advancement of radiative cooling systems in real-world applications.

Highlights:
1 This review thoroughly encapsulates the contemporary advancements in radiative cooling systems, from materials to applications.
2 Comprehensive discussion of the fundamental concepts of radiative cooling systems, engineered materials, thermal-regulating textiles and energy-saving devices.
3 The review critically evaluates the obstacles confronting radiative cooling systems, offering insightful and forward-looking solutions to shape the future trajectory of the discipline.

MXene-Based Wearable Contact Lenses: Integrating Smart Technology into Vision Care

2025-08-05T11:54:46+00:00

MXene-based smart contact lenses demonstrate a cutting-edge advancement in wearable ophthalmic technology, combining real-time biosensing, therapeutic capabilities, and user comfort in a single platform. These devices take the advantage of the exceptional electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and biocompatibility of two-dimensional MXenes to enable noninvasive, tear-based monitoring of key physiological markers such as intraocular pressure and glucose levels. Recent developments focus on the integration of transparent MXene films into the conventional lens materials, allowing multifunctional performance including photothermal therapy, antimicrobial and anti-inflammation protection, and dehydration resistance. These innovations offer promising strategies for ocular disease management and eye protection. In addition to their multifunctionality, improvements in MXene synthesis and device engineering have enhanced the stability, transparency, and wearability of these lenses. Despite these advances, challenges remain in long-term biostability, scalable production, and integration with wireless communication systems. This review summarizes the current progress, key challenges, and future directions of MXene-based smart contact lenses, highlighting their transformative potential in next-generation digital healthcare and ophthalmic care.

Highlights:
1 MXene-based smart contact lenses seamlessly combine real-time biosensing, therapeutic functions, and enhanced user comfort, revolutionizing ocular health monitoring and treatment.
2 The use of transparent MXene films enables features like photothermal therapy, antimicrobial protection, and dehydration resistance, significantly improving eye protection and disease management.
3 While stability, scalability, and wireless integration pose hurdles, ongoing advancements suggest these lenses hold tremendous potential for transforming digital healthcare and ophthalmic care.

Noninvasive On-Skin Biosensors for Monitoring Diabetes Mellitus

2025-08-01T12:08:10+00:00

Diabetes mellitus represents a major global health issue, driving the need for noninvasive alternatives to traditional blood glucose monitoring methods. Recent advancements in wearable technology have introduced skin-interfaced biosensors capable of analyzing sweat and skin biomarkers, providing innovative solutions for diabetes diagnosis and monitoring. This review comprehensively discusses the current developments in noninvasive wearable biosensors, emphasizing simultaneous detection of biochemical biomarkers (such as glucose, cortisol, lactate, branched-chain amino acids, and cytokines) and physiological signals (including heart rate, blood pressure, and sweat rate) for accurate, personalized diabetes management. We explore innovations in multimodal sensor design, materials science, biorecognition elements, and integration techniques, highlighting the importance of advanced data analytics, artificial intelligence-driven predictive algorithms, and closed-loop therapeutic systems. Additionally, the review addresses ongoing challenges in biomarker validation, sensor stability, user compliance, data privacy, and regulatory considerations. A holistic, multimodal approach enabled by these next-generation wearable biosensors holds significant potential for improving patient outcomes and facilitating proactive healthcare interventions in diabetes management.

Highlights:
1 A comprehensive and critical evaluation of recent advances in sweat-based biochemical and physiological biomarkers for noninvasive diabetes monitoring.
2 A novel emphasis on multimodal sensor integration—combining biochemical and physiological signals—to enhance accuracy, contextual awareness, and reliability in real-time diabetes management.
3 A forward-looking analysis of AI-driven biosensing systems, standardized protocols, and regulatory and ethical frameworks enabling autonomous, secure, and personalized diabetes care.

Advanced Design for High-Performance and AI Chips

2025-07-30T04:05:45+00:00

Recent years have witnessed transformative changes brought about by artificial intelligence (AI) techniques with billions of parameters for the realization of high accuracy, proposing high demand for the advanced and AI chip to solve these AI tasks efficiently and powerfully. Rapid progress has been made in the field of advanced chips recently, such as the development of photonic computing, the advancement of the quantum processors, the boost of the biomimetic chips, and so on. Designs tactics of the advanced chips can be conducted with elaborated consideration of materials, algorithms, models, architectures, and so on. Though a few reviews present the development of the chips from their unique aspects, reviews in the view of the latest design for advanced and AI chips are few. Here, the newest development is systematically reviewed in the field of advanced chips. First, background and mechanisms are summarized, and subsequently most important considerations for co-design of the software and hardware are illustrated. Next, strategies are summed up to obtain advanced and AI chips with high excellent performance by taking the important information processing steps into consideration, after which the design thought for the advanced chips in the future is proposed. Finally, some perspectives are put forward.

Highlights:
1 A comprehensive review focused on the recent advancement of the advanced and artificial intelligence (AI) chip is presented.
2 The design tactics for the enhanced and AI chips can be conducted from a diversity of aspects, with materials, circuit, architecture, and packaging technique taken into considerations, for the pursuit of multimodal data processing abilities, robust reconfigurability, high energy efficiency, and enhanced computing power.
3 A broad outlook on the future considerations of the advanced chip is put forward.

Optimizing Exciton and Charge-Carrier Behavior in Thick-Film Organic Photovoltaics: A Comprehensive Review

2025-07-25T02:49:11+00:00

Tackling Challenges and Exploring Opportunities in Cathode Binder Innovation

2025-07-25T02:39:19+00:00

Long-life energy storage batteries are integral to energy storage systems and electric vehicles, with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) currently being the preferred option for extended usage-life energy storage. To further extend the life span of LIBs, it is essential to intensify investments in battery design, manufacturing processes, and the advancement of ancillary materials. The pursuit of long durability introduces new challenges for battery energy density. The advent of electrode material offers effective support in enhancing the battery's long-duration performance. Often underestimated as part of the cathode composition, the binder plays a pivotal role in the longevity and electrochemical performance of the electrode. Maintaining the mechanical integrity of the electrode through judicious binder design is a fundamental requirement for achieving consistent long-life cycles and high energy density. This paper primarily concentrates on the commonly employed cathode systems in lithium-ion batteries, elucidates the significance of binders for both, discusses the application status, strengths, and weaknesses of novel binders, and ultimately puts forth corresponding optimization strategies. It underscores the critical function of binders in enhancing battery performance and advancing the sustainable development of lithium-ion batteries, aiming to offer fresh insights and perspectives for the design of high-performance LIBs.

Highlights:
1 Binders play a crucial role in the lifespan and performance of electrodes, but they are often overlooked. This paper mainly reviews the significance of the role of binders on cathode materials and the optimization strategies.
2 Focusing on LiFePO₄ and transition metal oxide cathode systems, this review systematically summarizes performance optimization strategies for novel binders tailored to the respective advantages and limitations of different cathodes.
3 The future development trend of cathode binders is analyzed, emphasizing the challenges and opportunities faced by binders in thermal safety and all-solid-state systems.

Monolithic Perovskite/Perovskite/Silicon Triple-Junction Solar Cells: Fundamentals, Progress, and Prospects

2025-07-25T02:26:39+00:00

Crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells, though dominating the photovoltaic market, are nearing their theoretical power conversion efficiencies (PCE) limit of 29.4%, necessitating the adoption of multi-junction technology to achieve higher performance. Among these, perovskite-on-silicon-based multi-junction solar cells have emerged as a promising alternative, where the perovskite offering tunable bandgaps, superior optoelectronic properties, and cost-effective manufacturing. Recent announced double-junction solar cells (PSDJSCs) have achieved the PCE of 34.85%, surpassing all other double-junction technologies. Encouragingly, the rapid advancements in PSDJSCs have spurred increased research interest in perovskite/perovskite/silicon triple-junction solar cells (PSTJSCs) in 2024. This triple-junction solar cell configuration demonstrates immense potential due to their optimum balance between achieving a high PCE limit and managing device complexity. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of PSTJSCs, covering fundamental principles, and technological milestones. Current challenges, including current mismatch, open-circuit voltage deficits, phase segregation, and stability issues, and their corresponding strategies are also discussed, alongside future directions to achieve long-term stability and high PCE. This work aims to advance the understanding of the development in PSTJSCs, paving the way for their practical implementation.

Highlights:
1 Perovskite/perovskite/silicon triple-junction solar cells (PSTJSCs) are emerging as a promising strategy to exceed the efficiency limits of traditional silicon solar cells.
2 This review systematically analyses the key principles, recent breakthroughs, and remaining challenges in PSTJSC development, including current mismatch, open-circuit voltage loss, phase segregation, and stability.
3 Strategies to address these issues and future directions toward achieving high efficiency and long-term operational stability are comprehensively discussed.

Thermally Drawn Flexible Fiber Sensors: Principles, Materials, Structures, and Applications

2025-07-21T01:50:41+00:00

Flexible fiber sensors, with their excellent wearability and biocompatibility, are essential components of flexible electronics. However, traditional methods face challenges in fabricating low-cost, large-scale fiber sensors. In recent years, the thermal drawing process has rapidly advanced, offering a novel approach to flexible fiber sensors. Through the preform-to-fiber manufacturing technique, a variety of fiber sensors with complex functionalities spanning from the nanoscale to kilometer scale can be automated in a short time. Examples include temperature, acoustic, mechanical, chemical, biological, optoelectronic, and multifunctional sensors, which operate on diverse sensing principles such as resistance, capacitance, piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, photoelectricity, and thermoelectricity. This review outlines the principles of the thermal drawing process and provides a detailed overview of the latest advancements in various thermally drawn fiber sensors. Finally, the future developments of thermally drawn fiber sensors are discussed.

Highlights:
1 The review briefly introduces the principle, material selection criteria, and development of the thermal drawing process.
2 Based on different stimuli, the review comprehensively summarizes the latest progress in thermally drawn temperature, acoustic, mechanical, chemical, biological, optoelectronic, and multifunctional sensors.
3 The review discusses the future development trends of thermally drawn fiber sensors in terms of material, structure, fabrication, function, and stability.

Mechanical Properties Analysis of Flexible Memristors for Neuromorphic Computing

2025-07-21T01:33:36+00:00

The advancement of flexible memristors has significantly promoted the development of wearable electronic for emerging neuromorphic computing applications. Inspired by in-memory computing architecture of human brain, flexible memristors exhibit great application potential in emulating artificial synapses for high-efficiency and low power consumption neuromorphic computing. This paper provides comprehensive overview of flexible memristors from perspectives of development history, material system, device structure, mechanical deformation method, device performance analysis, stress simulation during deformation, and neuromorphic computing applications. The recent advances in flexible electronics are summarized, including single device, device array and integration. The challenges and future perspectives of flexible memristor for neuromorphic computing are discussed deeply, paving the way for constructing wearable smart electronics and applications in large-scale neuromorphic computing and high-order intelligent robotics.

Highlights:
1 This review systematically summarizes materials system, development history, device structure, stress simulation and applications of flexible memristors.
2 This review highlights the critical influence of mechanical properties on flexible memristors, with particular emphasis on deformation parameters and finite element simulation.
3 The applications of future memristors in neuromorphic computing are deeply discussed for next-generation wearable electronics

High-Entropy Materials: A New Paradigm in the Design of Advanced Batteries

2025-07-21T01:24:26+00:00

High-entropy materials (HEMs) have attracted considerable research attention in battery applications due to exceptional properties such as remarkable structural stability, enhanced ionic conductivity, superior mechanical strength, and outstanding catalytic activity. These distinctive characteristics render HEMs highly suitable for various battery components, such as electrodes, electrolytes, and catalysts. This review systematically examines recent advances in the application of HEMs for energy storage, beginning with fundamental concepts, historical development, and key definitions. Three principal categories of HEMs, namely high-entropy alloys, high-entropy oxides, and high-entropy MXenes, are analyzed with a focus on electrochemical performance metrics such as specific capacity, energy density, cycling stability, and rate capability. The underlying mechanisms by which these materials enhance battery performance are elucidated in the discussion. Furthermore, the pivotal role of machine learning in accelerating the discovery and optimization of novel high-entropy battery materials is highlighted. The review concludes by outlining future research directions and potential breakthroughs in HEM-based battery technologies.

Highlights:
1 The development history, characteristics and applications of high entropy alloys, high entropy oxides and high entropy MXenes are reviewed.
2 High entropy materials as cathode, anode and electrolyte to improve batteries capacity, cycle life and cycle stability are introduced systematically.
3 The latest progresses of employing machine learning in high entropy battery materials are highlighted and discussed in details.