Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Rational Design and Functionalization of Melt Electrowritten 4D Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01986-9
Yanping Zhang
Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Chemical and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People’s Republic of China
Fengqiang Zhao
Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Chemical and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People’s Republic of China
Aike Qiao
Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Chemical and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People’s Republic of China
Youjun Liu
Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Chemical and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People’s Republic of China
Menglin Chen
Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

Corresponding Author: Menglin Chen

menglin@bce.au.dk

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 144

Abstract

Melt electrowriting (MEW) enables the precise deposition of polymeric fibers at micro-/nanoscale, allowing for the fabrication of 3D biomimetic scaffolds. By incorporating stimuli-responsive polymers and/or functional fillers, MEW-based 4D printing creates scaffolds capable of undergoing controlled, reversible shape transformations in response to external stimuli over time. These dynamic 4D scaffolds can be tailored for minimally invasive delivery, remote actuation, and real-time responsiveness to physiological environments, making them highly relevant for biomedical applications. This review systematically elucidates the principles of MEW-based 4D printing, including material considerations, actuation methods, and structure design strategies, along with shape programming and morphing mechanisms. The versatility of MEW for rational fabrication of biomimetic scaffolds is firstly introduced. Subsequently, the critical elements underpinning MEW-based 4D printing process are overviewed, including an analysis of stimuli-responsive materials compatible with MEW, an evaluation of applicable external stimuli, and a discussion on the advancements in design strategies for 4D scaffolds. Recent progress of MEW 4D scaffolds for applications in tissue engineering, biomedical implants, and drug delivery systems are highlighted. Finally, key challenges and perspectives toward material innovation, fabrication optimization, and actuation control are discussed. This review aims to provide valuable insights for design and creation of multifunctional biomimetic dynamic scaffolds by MEW-based 4D printing.


Highlights:
1 This review categorically analyzes the state of the art of the structural complexity of melt electrowriting (MEW) scaffolds, ranging from 1D, 2D to 3D architectures, and presents advanced strategies to enhance scaffold quality.
2 This review systematically elucidates the principles of MEW-based 4D printing, including material considerations, actuation methods, and structure design strategies, along with shape programming and morphing mechanisms.
3 This review highlights the advances of MEW 4D scaffolds in tissue engineering, personalized biomedical implants, and drug delivery systems.

Keywords

Melt electrowriting (MEW) 4D printing Dynamic biomimetic scaffolds Biomedical applications
Zhang, Yanping, Fengqiang Zhao, Aike Qiao, Youjun Liu, and Menglin Chen. 2026. “Rational Design and Functionalization of Melt Electrowritten 4D Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (January):144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01986-9.
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