Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Advances in Polydopamine-Based Nanoplatforms: Antioxidant Mechanisms and Applications in Oxidative Stress-Mediated Diseases

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02205-9
Zhilin Wang
Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
Zhu Liu
Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
Luming Song
Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
Xinyi Zhao
Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
Shuaipeng Feng
Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
Donghua Di
Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
Hao Ju
Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People’s Republic of China
Long Wan
Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang 110001, People’s Republic of China
Qinfu Zhao
Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Qinfu Zhao

qinfuzhao@syphu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 372

Abstract

Polydopamine (PDA) exhibits unique advantages in the treatment of oxidative damage owing to its melanin-mimetic structure, abundant redox-active functional groups, and excellent biocompatibility. Distinct from conventional antioxidant molecules, PDA-based nanoplatforms can efficiently eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) via hydrogen atom transfer and electron transfer mechanisms, while relying on the dynamic redox cycling of catechol/quinone moieties to achieve sustained antioxidant activity. However, systematic summaries of PDA-based antioxidant nanoplatforms remain relatively limited. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the antioxidant mechanisms of PDA and its associated physicochemical properties, with particular emphasis on the design strategies of diverse PDA-based nanoplatforms, including solid, mesoporous, hollow, doped, and coated architectures, as well as the effects of structural features, particle size, composition, and surface charge on their antioxidant performance. In addition, recent research progress is systematically categorized around core pathological challenges, including breaking ROS-inflammation feedback loops, overcoming biological delivery barriers, remodeling regenerative microenvironments, and regulating programmed cell death.


Highlights:
1 The antioxidant mechanisms and physicochemical properties of polydopamine (PDA) have been systematically outlined, with emphasis on the dynamic redox cycling of catechol/quinone moieties and strategies for modulating its antioxidant performance.
2 The diverse applications of PDA based nanoplatforms in oxidative stress mediated diseases are systematically reorganized according to pathological challenges and microenvironmental features.
3 The clinical translation challenges and future development perspectives of PDA based nano platforms have been discussed and proposed in depth, covering pharmacokinetics, long term biosafety, manufacturing feasibility, and emerging directions such as single-atom engineering, multi-omics analysis, and AI-assisted rational design.

Keywords

Polydopamine-based nanoplatforms Physicochemical properties Antioxidant nanozyme Reactive oxygen species Oxidative stress-mediated diseases
Wang, Zhilin, Zhu Liu, Luming Song, Xinyi Zhao, Shuaipeng Feng, Donghua Di, Hao Ju, Long Wan, and Qinfu Zhao. 2026. “Advances in Polydopamine-Based Nanoplatforms: Antioxidant Mechanisms and Applications in Oxidative Stress-Mediated Diseases”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (May):372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02205-9.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. A.V. Snezhkina, A.V. Kudryavtseva, O.L. Kardymon, M.V. Savvateeva, N.V. Melnikova et al., ROS generation and antioxidant defense systems in normal and malignant cells. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2019, 6175804 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6175804
  2. C. Lennicke, H.M. Cochemé, Redox metabolism: ROS as specific molecular regulators of cell signaling and function. Mol. Cell 81(18), 3691–3707 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2021.08.018
  3. N. Singh, M.A. Savanur, S. Srivastava, P. D’Silva, G. Mugesh, A redox modulatory Mn3O4 nanozyme with multi-enzyme activity provides efficient cytoprotection to human cells in a Parkinson’s disease model. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56(45), 14267–14271 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201708573
  4. Y. Wu, Y. Yang, W. Zhao, Z.P. Xu, P.J. Little et al., Novel iron oxide–cerium oxide core–shell nanops as a potential theranostic material for ROS related inflammatory diseases. J. Mater. Chem. B 6(30), 4937–4951 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tb00022k
  5. L. Deng, C. Du, P. Song, T. Chen, S. Rui et al., The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in diabetic wound healing. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2021, 8852759 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8852759
  6. K. Jomova, S.Y. Alomar, S.H. Alwasel, E. Nepovimova, K. Kuca et al., Several lines of antioxidant defense against oxidative stress: antioxidant enzymes, nanomaterials with multiple enzyme-mimicking activities, and low-molecular-weight antioxidants. Arch. Toxicol. 98(5), 1323–1367 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-024-03696-4
  7. M.A. Raza, M.S. Malik, M. Azam, M. Azam, Impact of natural antioxidants on biological systems. Lahore Garris. Univ. J. Life Sci. 4, 139–162 (2020). https://doi.org/10.54692/lgujls.2019.0402105
  8. W.S. Blaner, I.O. Shmarakov, M.G. Traber, Vitamin a and vitamin E: will the real antioxidant please stand up? Annu. Rev. Nutr. 41, 105–131 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124228
  9. M. Liang, X. Yan, Nanozymes: from new concepts, mechanisms, and standards to applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 52(8), 2190–2200 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00140
  10. N.T.M. Thao, H.D.K. Do, N.N. Nam, N.K.S. Tran, T.T. Dan et al., Antioxidant nanozymes: mechanisms, activity manipulation, and applications. Micromachines 14(5), 1017 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14051017
  11. M.L. Alfieri, T. Weil, D.Y.W. Ng, V. Ball, Polydopamine at biological interfaces. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 305, 102689 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2022.102689
  12. Z. Deng, B. Shang, B. Peng, Polydopamine based colloidal materials: synthesis and applications. Chem. Rec. 18(4), 410–432 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.201700051
  13. D. Hauser, D. Septiadi, J. Turner, A. Petri-Fink, B. Rothen-Rutishauser, From bioinspired glue to medicine: polydopamine as a biomedical material. Materials 13(7), 1730 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071730
  14. H. Li, D. Yin, W. Li, Q. Tang, L. Zou et al., Polydopamine-based nanomaterials and their potentials in advanced drug delivery and therapy. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 199, 111502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111502
  15. J. Zhang, Y. Fu, P. Yang, X. Liu, Y. Li et al., ROS scavenging biopolymers for anti-inflammatory diseases: classification and formulation. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 7(16), 2000632 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202000632
  16. B. Omran, K.-H. Baek, Nanoantioxidants: pioneer types, advantages, limitations, and future insights. Molecules 26(22), 7031 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26227031
  17. X. Liu, H. Xu, H. Peng, L. Wan, D. Di et al., Advances in antioxidant nanozymes for biomedical applications. Coord. Chem. Rev. 502, 215610 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215610
  18. X. Wang, X. Song, W. Feng, M. Chang, J. Yang et al., Advanced nanomedicines for treating refractory inflammation-related diseases. Nano-Micro Lett. 17, 323 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01829-7
  19. I.S. Kwon, C.J. Bettinger, Polydopamine nanostructures as biomaterials for medical applications. J. Mater. Chem. B 6(43), 6895–6903 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tb02310g
  20. M. Zhang, M. Mi, Z. Hu, L. Li, Z. Chen et al., Polydopamine-based biomaterials in orthopedic therapeutics: properties, applications, and future perspectives. Drug Des. Dev. Ther. 18, 3765–3790 (2024). https://doi.org/10.2147/dDDT.s473007
  21. H. Xu, Y. Zhang, H. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Q. Xu et al., Smart polydopamine-based nanoplatforms for biomedical applications: state-of-art and further perspectives. Coord. Chem. Rev. 488, 215153 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215153
  22. H. Wu, C. Zhao, K. Lin, X. Wang, Mussel-inspired polydopamine-based multilayered coatings for enhanced bone formation. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 10, 952500 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.952500
  23. M. Wu, C. Hong, C. Shen, D. Xie, T. Chen et al., Polydopamine nanomaterials and their potential applications in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Drug Deliv. 30, 2289846 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2023.2289846
  24. J. Hu, L. Yang, P. Yang, S. Jiang, X. Liu et al., Polydopamine free radical scavengers. Biomater. Sci. 8(18), 4940–4950 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0bm01070g
  25. Y. Guo, A. Baschieri, F. Mollica, L. Valgimigli, J. Cedrowski et al., Hydrogen atom transfer from HOO. to ortho-quinones explains the antioxidant activity of polydopamine. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60(28), 15220–15224 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202101033
  26. H. Liu, X. Qu, H. Tan, J. Song, M. Lei et al., Role of polydopamine’s redox-activity on its pro-oxidant, radical-scavenging, and antimicrobial activities. Acta Biomater. 88, 181–196 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.02.032
  27. Y. Deng, W. Liu, R. Xu, R. Gao, N. Huang et al., Reduction of superoxide radical intermediate by polydopamine for efficient hydrogen peroxide photosynthesis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63(14), e202319216 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202319216
  28. J. Han, J. Wang, H. Shi, Q. Li, S. Zhang et al., Ultra-small polydopamine nanomedicine-enabled antioxidation against senescence. Mater. Today Bio 19, 100544 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100544
  29. L. Sui, J. Wang, Z. Xiao, Y. Yang, Z. Yang et al., ROS-scavenging nanomaterials to treat periodontitis. Front. Chem. 8, 595530 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.595530
  30. Z. Zhang, R. Dalan, Z. Hu, J.-W. Wang, N.W. Chew et al., Reactive oxygen species scavenging nanomedicine for the treatment of ischemic heart disease. Adv. Mater. 34(35), 2202169 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202202169
  31. W. Jing, C. Liu, C. Su, L. Liu, P. Chen et al., Role of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial damage in rheumatoid arthritis and targeted drugs. Front. Immunol. 14, 1107670 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107670
  32. G. Napolitano, G. Fasciolo, P. Venditti, Mitochondrial management of reactive oxygen species. Antioxidants 10(11), 1824 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111824
  33. X. Wang, H. Zhao, Z. Liu, Y. Wang, D. Lin et al., Polydopamine nanops as dual-task platform for osteoarthritis therapy: a scavenger for reactive oxygen species and regulator for cellular powerhouses. Chem. Eng. J. 417, 129284 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129284
  34. Z. Wang, Y. Zou, Y. Li, Y. Cheng, Metal-containing polydopamine nanomaterials: catalysis, energy, and theranostics. Small 16(18), 1907042 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201907042
  35. J. Li, W. Hou, S. Lin, L. Wang, C. Pan et al., Polydopamine nanop-mediated dopaminergic immunoregulation in colitis. Adv. Sci. 9(1), 2104006 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202104006
  36. T.-T. Zhu, H. Wang, H.-W. Gu, L.-S. Ju, X.-M. Wu et al., Melanin-like polydopamine nanops mediating anti-inflammatory and rescuing synaptic loss for inflammatory depression therapy. J. Nanobiotechnol. 21(1), 52 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-023-01807-4
  37. X. Zhao, Z. Fan, C. Zhu, W. Zhang, L. Qin, Melanin inspired microcapsules delivering immune metabolites for hepatic fibrosis management. Mater. Today Bio 21, 100711 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100711
  38. G. Lin, F. Yu, D. Li, Y. Chen, M. Zhang et al., Polydopamine-cladded montmorillonite micro-sheets as therapeutic platform repair the gut mucosal barrier of murine colitis through inhibiting oxidative stress. Mater. Today Bio 20, 100654 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100654
  39. Z. Ma, X. Tian, S. Yu, W. Shu, C. Zhang et al., Liver fibrosis amelioration by macrophage-biomimetic polydopamine nanops via synergistically alleviating inflammation and scavenging ROS. Mol. Pharm. 21(6), 3040–3052 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00249
  40. D. Jiang, Y. Ding, S. Hu, G. Wei, C. Trujillo et al., Broad-spectrum downregulation of inflammatory cytokines by polydopamine nanops to protect the injured spinal cord. Acta Biomater. 193, 559–570 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2024.12.028
  41. J. Liebscher, Chemistry of polydopamine–scope, variation, and limitation. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 31–32, 4976–4994 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201900445
  42. N. Chen, L. Yu, C. Liu, Z. Li, Y. Zhang et al., Polydopamine-mediated hydrogen bond network promotes hole extraction in BiVO4 photoanodes for efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation. J. Mater. Chem. A 13(23), 17528–17540 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ta02311d
  43. J. Yang, M.A. Cohen Stuart, M. Kamperman, Jack of all trades: versatile catechol crosslinking mechanisms. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43(24), 8271–8298 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cs00185k
  44. J. Saiz-Poseu, J. Mancebo-Aracil, F. Nador, F. Busqué, D. Ruiz-Molina, The chemistry behind catechol-based adhesion. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 58(3), 696–714 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201801063
  45. X. Li, C. Wu, J. Wu, R. Sun, B. Hou et al., Molecular investigation of the self-assembly mechanism underlying polydopamine coatings: the synergistic effect of typical building blocks acting on interfacial adhesion. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16(38), 51699–51714 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c10816
  46. J. Lim, S. Zhang, J.-M. Heo, M.C. Dickwella Widanage, A. Ramamoorthy et al., Polydopamine adhesion: catechol, amine, dihydroxyindole, and aggregation dynamics. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16(24), 31864–31872 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c08603
  47. B. Tao, C. Lin, Z. Yuan, Y. He, M. Chen et al., Near infrared light-triggered on-demand Cur release from Gel-PDA@Cur composite hydrogel for antibacterial wound healing. Chem. Eng. J. 403, 126182 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126182
  48. C. Xue, M. Li, C. Liu, Y. Li, Y. Fei et al., NIR-actuated remote activation of ferroptosis in target tumor cells through a photothermally responsive iron-chelated biopolymer nanoplatform. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60(16), 8938–8947 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202016872
  49. Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, X. Wu, Y. Zhao, Photo-responsive polydopamine nanoenzyme microneedles with oxidative stress regulation ability for atopic dermatitis treatment. Nano Today 56, 102241 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2024.102241
  50. Z.-Y. Luo, Z.-H. Liu, H.-D. Yu, A.-J. Chen, Z. Du et al., Multifunctional mesoporous polydopamine near-infrared photothermal controlled release of kartogenin for cartilage repair. Mater. Des. 231, 112007 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112007
  51. H. Liu, J. Wang, C. Zhao, R. Zhang, M. Wang et al., Mesoporous polydopamine@CeO2 nanops for photoacoustic-guided photothermal therapy in suppressing arthritis. iScience 28(6), 112576 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2025.112576
  52. P. Yang, F. Zhu, Z. Zhang, Y. Cheng, Z. Wang et al., Stimuli-responsive polydopamine-based smart materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 50(14), 8319–8343 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1cs00374g
  53. M. Shirjandi, V. Haddadi-Asl, E. Abdollahi, F. Khanipour, Synthesis of pH-sensitive polydopamine capsules via Pickering emulsions stabilized by cellulose nanocrystals to study drug release behavior. Polymer 255, 125111 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125111
  54. P. Feng, M. Liu, S. Peng, S. Bin, Z. Zhao et al., Polydopamine modified polycaprolactone powder for fabrication bone scaffold owing intrinsic bioactivity. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 15, 3375–3385 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.09.137
  55. X. Yang, B. Wang, H. Zeng, L. Liang, R. Zhang et al., A modified polydopamine nanop loaded with melatonin for synergistic ROS scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects in the treatment of dry eye disease. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 14(7), 2404372 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202404372
  56. K. Fan, L. Yu, Y. Wu, L. Zheng, X. Yang et al., Clickable corneal neovascularization therapy with ROS-responsive polydopamine silica nanops loaded with fenofibrate. Mater. Des. 235, 112412 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112412
  57. A. Menichetti, D. Mordini, M. Montalti, Polydopamine nanosystems in drug delivery: effect of size, morphology, and surface charge. Nanomaterials 14(3), 303 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14030303
  58. M. Zhou, X. An, Z. Liu, J. Chen, Biosafe polydopamine-decorated MnO2 nanops with hemostasis and antioxidative properties for postoperative adhesion prevention. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 10(2), 1031–1039 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01413
  59. S. Acter, M. Moreau, R. Ivkov, A. Viswanathan, W. Ngwa, Polydopamine nanomaterials for overcoming current challenges in cancer treatment. Nanomaterials 13(10), 1656 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13101656
  60. L. Jin, F. Yuan, C. Chen, J. Wu, R. Gong et al., Degradation products of polydopamine restrained inflammatory response of LPS-stimulated macrophages through mediation TLR-4-MYD88 dependent signaling pathways by antioxidant. Inflammation 42(2), 658–671 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-018-0923-3
  61. S. Li, S.-M. Yan, L.-W. Zhang, X.-Y. Yang, Z. Guo, Blood compatibility evaluation of polydopamine nanops. Front. Pharmacol. 16, 1530650 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1530650
  62. X. Chen, W. Yang, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, H. Shen et al., Alkalinity triggered the degradation of polydopamine nanops. Polym. Bull. 78(8), 4439–4452 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-020-03312-2
  63. W. Wang, T. Le, W.-W. Wang, J.-F. Yin, H.-Y. Jiang, The effects of structure and oxidative polymerization on antioxidant activity of catechins and polymers. Foods 12(23), 4207 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12234207
  64. P. Yang, Z. Gu, F. Zhu, Y. Li, Structural and functional tailoring of melanin-like polydopamine radical scavengers. CCS Chem. 2(2), 128–138 (2020). https://doi.org/10.31635/ccschem.020.201900077
  65. P. Yang, T. Wang, J. Zhang, H. Zhang, W. Bai et al., Manipulating the antioxidative capacity of melanin-like nanops by involving condensation polymerization. Sci. China Chem. 66(5), 1520–1528 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-023-1542-8
  66. G. Rey, T. Fricker, A. Dhinojwala, Influence of bases on surface functionalities of polydopamine nanops: impact on radical trapping properties. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 8(16), 8122–8132 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.5c00577
  67. S. Hong, Y.S. Na, S. Choi, I.T. Song, W.Y. Kim et al., Non-covalent self-assembly and covalent polymerization co-contribute to polydopamine formation. Adv. Funct. Mater. 22(22), 4711–4717 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201201156
  68. M.A. Beach, U. Nayanathara, Y. Gao, C. Zhang, Y. Xiong et al., Polymeric nanops for drug delivery. Chem. Rev. 124(9), 5505–5616 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00705
  69. A. Carmignani, M. Battaglini, E. Sinibaldi, A. Marino, V. Vighetto et al., In vitro and ex vivo investigation of the effects of polydopamine nanop size on their antioxidant and photothermal properties: implications for biomedical applications. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 5(1), 1702–1713 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.1c04536
  70. Y. Zheng, X. Chen, Q. Zhang, L. Yang, Q. Chen et al., Evaluation of reactive oxygen species scavenging of polydopamine with different nanostructures. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 13(4), 2302640 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202302640
  71. S. El Yakhlifi, M.-L. Alfieri, Y. Arntz, M. Eredia, A. Ciesielski et al., Oxidant-dependent antioxidant activity of polydopamine films: the chemistry-morphology interplay. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects. 614, 126134 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126134
  72. Y. Jing, Z. Deng, X. Yang, L. Li, Y. Gao et al., Ultrathin two-dimensional polydopamine nanosheets for multiple free radical scavenging and wound healing. Chem. Commun. 56(74), 10875–10878 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cc02888f
  73. G.-J. Song, Y.-S. Choi, H.-S. Hwang, C.-S. Lee, Silver-composited polydopamine nanops: antibacterial and antioxidant potential in nanocomposite hydrogels. Gels 9(3), 183 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9030183
  74. X. Liu, X. Mu, Y. Wang, Z. Liu, Y. Li et al., Metal-based mesoporous polydopamine with dual enzyme-like activity as biomimetic nanodrug for alleviating liver fibrosis. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 684, 586–599 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2025.01.081
  75. Y. Wu, J. Xu, X. Wang, H. Li, F. Wu et al., Active transport of biomimetic cascaded nanozymes across blood–brain barrier to scavenge ROS and alleviate neuroinflammation against cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. Adv. Funct. Mater. 36(17), e20000 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202520000
  76. X. Wan, C. Zhang, P. Lei, H. Wang, R. Chen et al., Precision therapeutics for inflammatory bowel disease: advancing ROS-responsive nanops for targeted and multifunctional drug delivery. J. Mater. Chem. B. 13(10), 3245–3269 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/d4tb02868f
  77. W. Wang, J. Zheng, H. Zhou, Q. Liu, L. Jia et al., Polydopamine-based nanocomposite as a biomimetic antioxidant with a variety of enzymatic activities for Parkinson’s disease. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14(29), 32901–32913 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c06981
  78. H. Zhang, J. Wang, H. Hu, L. Ma, A highly transparent dopamine-copolymerized hydrogel with enhanced ROS-scavenging and tissue-adhesive properties for chronic diabetic wounds. Acta Biomater. 198, 161–173 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2025.04.034
  79. L. Liu, C. Lu, Z. Tao, Z. Zha, H. Wang et al., 2D is better: engineering polydopamine into cationic nanosheets to enhance anti-inflammatory capability. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 13(18), e2400048 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202400048
  80. H. Feng, X. Zhu, R. Chen, Q. Liao, D. Ye et al., pH response of zwitterionic polydopamine layer to palladium deposition in the microchannel. Chem. Eng. J. 356, 282–291 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.09.050
  81. Á. Martínez-Camarena, J.M. Llinares, A. Domenech-Carbó, J. Alarcón, E. García-España, A step forward in the development of superoxide dismutase mimetic nanozymes: the effect of the charge of the surface on antioxidant activity. RSC Adv. 9(71), 41549–41560 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra08992f
  82. L. Xie, C. Lu, H. Wu, Z. Zha, H. Wang et al., Emerging cell-free DNA scavenging biomaterials for inflammatory diseases: from mechanisms to therapies. Acta Biomater. 204, 1–29 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2025.07.051
  83. Y. Chen, Y. Wang, X. Jiang, J. Cai, Y. Chen et al., Dimethylamino group modified polydopamine nanops with positive charges to scavenge cell-free DNA for rheumatoid arthritis therapy. Bioact. Mater. 18, 409–420 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.03.028
  84. H. Li, Y. Jia, S. Bai, H. Peng, J. Li, Metal-chelated polydopamine nanomaterials: nanoarchitectonics and applications in biomedicine, catalysis, and energy storage. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 334, 103316 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2024.103316
  85. C.-C. Ho, S.-J. Ding, The pH-controlled nanops size of polydopamine for anti-cancer drug delivery. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 24(10), 2381–2390 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-013-4994-2
  86. R. Djermane, C. Nieto, J.C. Vargas, M. Vega, E.M. Martín del Valle, Insight into the influence of the polymerization time of polydopamine nanops on their size, surface properties and nanomedical applications. Polym. Chem. 13(2), 235–244 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1py01473k
  87. C. Huang, X. Wang, P. Yang, S. Shi, G. Duan et al., Size regulation of polydopamine nanops by boronic acid and lewis base. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 44, 2100916 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.202100916
  88. M. Wu, B. Jiang, P. Huang, W. Wu, Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of PDA nanops with controllable size regulation. Mater. Lett. 351, 135073 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2023.135073
  89. X. Bao, J. Zhao, J. Sun, M. Hu, X. Yang, Polydopamine nanops as efficient scavengers for reactive oxygen species in periodontal disease. ACS Nano 12(9), 8882–8892 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b04022
  90. Q. Li, M. Zeng, X. Pu, Q. Tang, Q. Yang et al., Melittin-loaded multifunctional nanozyme for ulcerative colitis treatment via enzyme-immunotherapy and ferroptosis inhibition. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35(50), e03374 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202503374
  91. Y. Zhao, X. Zhu, L. Hu, F. Hao, X. Ji et al., Macrophage membrane-coated polydopamine nanomedicine for treating acute lung injury through modulation of neutrophil extracellular traps and M2 macrophage polarization. Mater. Today Bio 32, 101708 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.101708
  92. M. Bao, K. Wang, J. Li, Y. Li, H. Zhu et al., ROS scavenging and inflammation-directed polydopamine nanops regulate gut immunity and flora therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Acta Biomater. 161, 250–264 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2023.02.026
  93. Z. Wu, K. Yuan, Q. Zhang, J.J. Guo, H. Yang et al., Antioxidant PDA-PEG nanops alleviate early osteoarthritis by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and angiogenesis in subchondral bone. J. Nanobiotechnol. 20(1), 479 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-022-01697-y
  94. H. Ren, J. Guo, C. Lu, Z. Cui, G. Feng et al., Restoring the enteric neuroimmune crosstalk via hollow mesoporous polydopamine nanops in inflammatory bowel disease treatment. J. Control. Release 387, 114179 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114179
  95. Q.-S. Deng, Y. Gao, B.-Y. Rui, X.-R. Li, P.-L. Liu et al., Double-network hydrogel enhanced by SS31-loaded mesoporous polydopamine nanops: Symphonic collaboration of near-infrared photothermal antibacterial effect and mitochondrial maintenance for full-thickness wound healing in diabetes mellitus. Bioact. Mater. 27, 409–428 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.04.004
  96. C. Tao, T. Chen, H. Liu, S. Su, Preparation and adsorption performance research of large-volume hollow mesoporous polydopamine microcapsules. MRS Commun. 9(2), 744–749 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2019.51
  97. N. Chen, S. Yao, M. Li, Q. Wang, X. Sun et al., Nonporous versus mesoporous bioinspired polydopamine nanops for skin drug delivery. Biomacromol 24(4), 1648–1661 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01431
  98. Q. Hu, J. Li, T. Wang, X. Xu, Y. Duan et al., Polyphenolic nanop-modified probiotics for microenvironment remodeling and targeted therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. ACS Nano 18(20), 12917–12932 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c00830
  99. A. Xie, H. Ji, Z. Liu, Y. Wan, X. Zhang et al., Modified prebiotic-based “shield” armed probiotics with enhanced resistance of gastrointestinal stresses and prolonged intestinal retention for synergistic alleviation of colitis. ACS Nano 17(15), 14775–14791 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c02914
  100. J. Deng, Y. Hu, P. Zhu, Y. Yu, Q. Chen et al., Probiotic delivery for editing of the gut microbiota to mitigate colitis and maintain hepatic homeostasis via gut–liver axis. ACS Nano 19(10), 10500–10514 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c00325
  101. J. Li, W. Zhang, X. Luo, X. Wang, W. Deng et al., A comparison between mesoporous and nonporous polydopamine as nanoplatforms for synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 653, 130005 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130005
  102. H. Liu, R. Zhuo, C. Zou, S. Xu, X. Cai et al., RVG-peptide-camouflaged iron-coordinated engineered polydopamine nanoenzyme with ROS scavenging and inhibiting inflammatory response for ischemic stroke therapy. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 282, 136778 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136778
  103. D. Wu, J. Zhou, Y. Zheng, Y. Zheng, Q. Zhang et al., Pathogenesis-adaptive polydopamine nanosystem for sequential therapy of ischemic stroke. Nat. Commun. 14, 7147 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43070-z
  104. R.S. Patil, E. Sancaktar, Fabrication of pH-responsive polyimide polyacrylic acid smart gating membranes: ultrafast method using 248 nm krypton fluoride excimer laser. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13(21), 24431–24441 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c01265
  105. Y. Ma, X. Wang, H. Chen, Z. Miao, G. He et al., Polyacrylic acid functionalized Co0.85Se nanops: an ultrasmall pH-responsive nanocarrier for synergistic photothermal-chemo treatment of cancer. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 4(2), 547–557 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00878
  106. H. Guan, Z. Xu, G. Du, Q. Liu, Q. Tan et al., A mesoporous polydopamine-derived nanomedicine for targeted and synergistic treatment of inflammatory bowel disease by pH-Responsive drug release and ROS scavenging. Mater. Today Bio 19, 100610 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100610
  107. Y. Wang, B. Shang, M. Liu, F. Shi, B. Peng et al., Hollow polydopamine colloidal composite ps: Structure tuning, functionalization and applications. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 513, 43–52 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.10.102
  108. H.Q. Tran, M. Bhave, G. Xu, C. Sun, A. Yu, Synthesis of polydopamine hollow capsules via a polydopamine mediated silica water dissolution process and its application for enzyme encapsulation. Front. Chem. 7, 468 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.00468
  109. C. Li, J. Yao, Y. Huang, C. Xu, D. Lou et al., Salt-templated growth of monodisperse hollow nanostructures. J. Mater. Chem. A 7(4), 1404–1409 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta11318a
  110. L. Wang, S. Liu, C. Ren, S. Xiang, D. Li et al., Construction of hollow polydopamine nanop based drug sustainable release system and its application in bone regeneration. Int. J. Oral Sci. 13, 27 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-021-00132-6
  111. K. Lin, Y. Gan, P. Zhu, S. Li, C. Lin et al., Hollow mesoporous polydopamine nanospheres: synthesis, biocompatibility and drug delivery. Nanotechnology 32(28), 285602 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/abf4a9
  112. L. Zhang, M. Li, Y. Wang, Y. Liu, F. Zhang et al., Hollow-polydopamine-nanocarrier-based near-infrared-light/pH-responsive drug delivery system for diffuse alveolar hemorrhage treatment. Front. Chem. 11, 1222107 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2023.1222107
  113. Y. Wang, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, J. Zhong, J. Wang et al., Remodeling liver microenvironment by L-arginine loaded hollow polydopamine nanops for liver cirrhosis treatment. Biomaterials 295, 122028 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122028
  114. H. Lu, Y. Cheng, X. Pu, X. Zhao, R. Li et al., Nanozyme-mediated drug ion-exchange strategy ameliorates inflammatory bowel disease by scavenging ROS and reprogramming proinflammatory macrophages. Chem. Eng. J. 525, 170265 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.170265
  115. S. Liu, C. Zhang, Y. Zhou, F. Zhang, X. Duan et al., MRI-visible mesoporous polydopamine nanops with enhanced antioxidant capacity for osteoarthritis therapy. Biomaterials 295, 122030 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122030
  116. X. Li, Y. Chen, X. Cao, W. Feng, Y. Chen et al., Inflammatory macrophage-targeted atherosclerosis treatment by miRNA-delivered, MRI-visible, and anti-inflammatory nanomedicine. ACS Nano 19(22), 20472–20490 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c16585
  117. Y. Gao, Y. Cheng, J. Chen, D. Lin, C. Liu et al., NIR-assisted MgO-based polydopamine nanops for targeted treatment of Parkinson’s disease through the blood–brain barrier. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 11(23), 2201655 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202201655
  118. P. Ye, L. Li, X. Qi, M. Chi, J. Liu et al., Macrophage membrane-encapsulated nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dot nanosystem for targeted treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: regulating metal ion homeostasis and photothermal removal of β-amyloid. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 650, 1749–1761 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2023.07.132
  119. J. Liu, M. Chi, L. Li, Y. Zhang, M. Xie, Erythrocyte membrane coated with nitrogen-doped quantum dots and polydopamine composite nano-system combined with photothermal treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 663, 856–868 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2024.02.219
  120. J. Mao, L. Chen, G. Zhuang, Z. Jin, S. Wu et al., Curcumin-loaded polydopamine nanops-based antioxidant scaffold promote spinal cord repair though dural-regulation of macrophage polarization. Mater. Today Bio 32, 101895 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.101895
  121. Q. Cui, L. Yu, X. Song, Y. Wei, Y. Zou et al., A multitarget synergistic core-shell nanogel for experimental periodontitis treatment. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35(39), 2420551 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202420551
  122. S. Zafar, A. Balouch, A. Gul, S. Qayyum, W. Muzafar et al., Development of polydopamine coated niosomal formulation for improved antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of Diacerein. J. Mol. Struct. 1338, 142284 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2025.142284
  123. Y. He, M. Zhang, X. Gong, X. Liu, F. Zhou et al., Diselenide-bridged mesoporous silica-based nanoplatform with a triple ROS-scavenging effect for intracerebral hemorrhage treatment. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16(31), 40739–40752 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c08726
  124. B. Poinard, S. Kamaluddin, A.Q.Q. Tan, K.G. Neoh, J.C.Y. Kah, Polydopamine coating enhances mucopenetration and cell uptake of nanops. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(5), 4777–4789 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b18107
  125. F. Yang, Y. Su, C. Yan, T. Chen, P.C.K. Cheung, Attenuation of inflammatory bowel disease by oral administration of mucoadhesive polydopamine-coated yeast β-glucan via ROS scavenging and gut microbiota regulation. J. Nanobiotechnol. 22, 166 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-024-02434-3
  126. B. Zhang, Q. Li, Q. Xu, B. Li, H. Dong et al., Polydopamine modified ceria nanorods alleviate inflammation in colitis by scavenging ROS and regulating macrophage M2 polarization. Int. J. Nanomed. 18, 4601–4616 (2023). https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S416049
  127. Y. Fang, H. Yu, X. Feng, H. Xia, Y. Xu et al., Microfluidics-enabled polydopamine-coated selenium nanops in hyaluronic hydrogel microspheres for targeted antioxidant and immunomodulatory therapy of ulcerative colitis. Mater. Today Bio 34, 102182 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.102182
  128. M. Yin, D. Lei, Y. Liu, T. Qin, H. Gao et al., NIR triggered polydopamine coated cerium dioxide nanozyme for ameliorating acute lung injury via enhanced ROS scavenging. J. Nanobiotechnol. 22(1), 321 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-024-02570-w
  129. Y. Zhang, C. Zhang, W. Qian, F. Lei, Z. Chen et al., Recent advances in MOF-based nanozymes: synthesis, activities, and bioapplications. Biosens. Bioelectron. 263, 116593 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2024.116593
  130. S. Ge, A. Sun, X. Zhou, P. Niu, Y. Chen et al., Functionalized nanozyme microcapsules targeting deafness prevention via mitochondrial homeostasis remodeling. Adv. Mater. 37(5), e2413371 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202413371
  131. H. Li, X. Jin, B. Chu, K. Zhang, X. Qin et al., Inflammation targeting and responsive multifunctional drug-delivery nanoplatforms for combined therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. Small 21(22), e2500113 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202500113
  132. C. Zhang, B. Wang, L. Yu, R. Zhao, Q. Zhang et al., Hyaluronic acid modulates gut microbiota and metabolites relieving inflammation: a molecular weight-dependent study. Sci. Bull. 69(17), 2683–2687 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2024.04.010
  133. T. Meng, D. He, Z. Han, R. Shi, Y. Wang et al., Nanomaterial-based repurposing of macrophage metabolism and its applications. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 246 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01455-9
  134. A. Sheikh, P. Kesharwani, W.H. Almalki, S.S. Almujri, L. Dai et al., Understanding the novel approach of nanoferroptosis for cancer therapy. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 188 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01399-0
  135. P. Wang, L. Wang, Y. Zhan, Y. Liu, Z. Chen et al., Versatile hybrid nanoplatforms for treating periodontitis with chemical/photothermal therapy and reactive oxygen species scavenging. Chem. Eng. J. 463, 142293 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.142293
  136. H. Gong, S. Ma, B. Wang, Y. Liu, X. Han et al., Design and construction of nanoengineered multifunctional microneedles with sustained-release properties for targeted microenvironment remodeling in diabetic bone regeneration. Mater. Today Bio 35, 102494 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.102494
  137. S. Zhou, Y. Zhang, L. Zheng, C. Liu, J. Chen et al., Bioinspired nano-micron hydrogel microspheres for periodontitis therapy through synergistic multi-targeted remodeling of microenvironment. Theranostics 15(14), 6857–6881 (2025). https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.112782
  138. X. Fu, Y. Song, X. Feng, Z. Liu, W. Gao et al., Synergistic chemotherapy/PTT/oxygen enrichment by multifunctional liposomal polydopamine nanops for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. Asian J. Pharm. Sci. 19(1), 100885 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2024.100885
  139. S. Zhou, Y. Li, Y.-T. Zhou, M.-W. Ma, K.-L. He et al., An enhanced nanoenzyme for remodeling the inflammatory microenvironment and low-temperature photothermal cascade therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Chem. Eng. J. 525, 169877 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.169877
  140. D. Wang, J. Li, C. Niu, Y. Wu, S. Gong et al., Biomimetic lubricating COFs with donor-acceptor structure for osteoarthritis therapy. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 687, 85–94 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2025.01.238
  141. Y. Liu, Z. Ma, X. Wang, J. Liang, L. Zhao et al., A core-brush nanoplatform with enhanced lubrication and anti-inflammatory properties for osteoarthritis treatment. Adv. Sci. 11(47), 2406027 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202406027
  142. X. Zhang, Z. Yuan, J. Wu, Y. He, G. Lu et al., An orally-administered nanotherapeutics with carbon monoxide supplying for inflammatory bowel disease therapy by scavenging oxidative stress and restoring gut immune homeostasis. ACS Nano 17(21), 21116–21133 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c04819
  143. X. Zhang, Y. Zhu, Z. Xiong, W. Xie, M. Shao et al., Broad-spectrum ROS/RNS scavenging catalase-loaded microreactors for effective oral treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Small 21(23), e2501341 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202501341
  144. D.K. Min, X.W. Mo, J. Kim, Orally delivered tolerogenic nanotherapeutic for targeted colitis therapy via ROS scavenging and treg/Th17 modulation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 17(35), 49335–49345 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c13156
  145. Z. Tang, X. Li, L. Tian, Y. Sun, X. Zhu et al., Mesoporous polydopamine based biominetic nanodrug ameliorates liver fibrosis via antioxidation and TGF-β/SMADS pathway. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 248, 125906 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125906
  146. Z. Yin, Z. Zhang, D. Gao, G. Luo, T. Ma et al., Stepwise coordination-driven metal–phenolic nanop as a neuroprotection enhancer for Alzheimer’s disease therapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15(1), 524–540 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c18060
  147. Y. Lv, S. Asghar, P. Ye, H. Dong, R. Hu et al., Near-infrared light-triggered methylene blue/berberine co-loaded polydopamine nanops modified with sialic acid for Alzheimer’s disease therapy. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 698, 138083 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2025.138083
  148. T.-Y. Chen, J. Xu, C.-H. Tai, T.-K. Wen, S.-H. Hsu, Biodegradable, electroconductive self-healing hydrogel based on polydopamine-coated polyurethane nano-crosslinker for Parkinson’s disease therapy. Biomaterials 320, 123268 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123268
  149. F. Dai, J. Zhang, F. Chen, X. Chen, C.J. Lee et al., A multi-responsive hydrogel combined with mild heat stimulation promotes diabetic wound healing by regulating inflammatory and enhancing angiogenesis. Adv. Sci. 11(46), 2408783 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202408783
  150. Y. Gu, S. Mao, W. Yu, T. Huang, J. Yang, Injectable natural hydrogel with spatiotemporal self-strengthening, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties for treating diabetic wound. Chem. Eng. J. 497, 154802 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.154802
  151. P. Qin, Y. Meng, Y. Yang, X. Gou, N. Liu et al., Mesoporous polydopamine nanops carrying peptide RL-QN15 show potential for skin wound therapy. J. Nanobiotechnol. 19(1), 309 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-021-01051-8
  152. B. Xue, Z. Shao, J. Liu, Y. Liu, M. Niu et al., Multi-functional cotton fabric-based dressing for burn wounds: integration of rGO/polydopamine/Ag composite aerogel for enhanced wound healing. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 311(Pt 2), 143546 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.143546
  153. W. Feng, N. Zhu, Y. Xia, Z. Huang, J. Hu et al., Melanin-like nanops alleviate ischemia-reperfusion injury in the kidney by scavenging reactive oxygen species and inhibiting ferroptosis. iScience 27(4), 109504 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.109504
  154. Y. Bi, W. Duan, J. Chen, T. You, S. Li et al., Neutrophil decoys with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties reduce secondary spinal cord injury and improve neurological functional recovery. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(34), 2102912 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202102912
  155. J. Yang, M. Wang, S. Zheng, R. Huang, G. Wen et al., Mesoporous polydopamine delivering 8-gingerol for the target and synergistic treatment to the spinal cord injury. J. Nanobiotechnol. 21(1), 192 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-023-01896-1
  156. X. Wu, B. Wang, Y. Li, X. Guan, M. Yin et al., NIR driven catalytic enhanced acute lung injury therapy by using polydopamine@Co nanozyme via scavenging ROS. Chin. Chem. Lett. 36(2), 110211 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110211
  157. M. Gao, H. Fan, S. Yu, J. Huang, D. Cheng et al., Neutrophil-mediated cordycepin-based nanops for targeted treatment of acute lung injury. Chem. Eng. J. 506, 159942 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.159942
  158. Y. Zheng, G. Wu, L. Chen, Y. Zhang, Y. Luo et al., Neuro-regenerative imidazole-functionalized GelMA hydrogel loaded with hAMSC and SDF-1α promote stem cell differentiation and repair focal brain injury. Bioact. Mater. 6(3), 627–637 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.08.026
  159. S. Garg, A. Jana, J. Khan, S. Gupta, R. Roy et al., Logic “AND gate circuit” based mussel inspired polydopamine nanocomposite as bioactive antioxidant for management of oxidative stress and neurogenesis in traumatic brain injury. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16(28), 36168–36193 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c07694
  160. K. Jin, Y. Ge, Z. Ye, X. Pan, Y. Yan et al., Anti-oxidative and mucin-compensating dual-functional nano eye drops for synergistic treatment of dry eye disease. Appl. Mater. Today 27, 101411 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2022.101411
  161. J. Wang, R. Wu, Z. Liu, L. Qi, H. Xu et al., Core–shell structured nanozyme with PDA-mediated enhanced antioxidant efficiency to treat early intervertebral disc degeneration. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16(4), 5103–5119 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c15938
  162. H. Li, Y. Ouyang, H. Lv, H. Liang, S. Luo et al., Nanop-mediated Klotho gene therapy prevents acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease transition through regulating PPARα signaling in renal tubular epithelial cells. Biomaterials 315, 122926 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122926
  163. S. Wu, X. Chu, G. Lv, J. Gao, Y. Huang et al., Mesenchymal stem cells with polydopamine-coated NaGdF4 nanops with Ca2+ chelation ability for ischemic stroke therapy. Adv. Mater. 37(10), 2416020 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202416020
  164. X. Shi, L. Zhang, S. Wu, C. Zhang, M. Mamtilahun et al., A simple polydopamine-based platform for engineering extracellular vesicles with brain-targeting peptide and imaging probes to improve stroke outcome. J. Extracell. Vesicles 14(1), e70031 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/jev2.70031
  165. Q. Zhou, Y. Zhuang, X. Deng, W. Jiang, X. Wang et al., Hydrogel-based ROS-regulating strategy: reprogramming the oxidative stress imbalance in advanced diabetic wound repair. Adv. Mater. 38(3), e12719 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202512719
  166. B. Yang, J. Shi, Nanocatalytic antioxidation: a general chemical approach for alleviating oxidative stress in diseases. Acc. Chem. Res. 58(17), 2708–2723 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.5c00408
  167. D. Chu, M. Zhao, S. Rong, W. Jhe, X. Cai et al., Dual-atom nanozyme eye drops attenuate inflammation and break the vicious cycle in dry eye disease. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 120 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01322-7
  168. J. Gong, C. Ye, J. Ran, X. Xiong, X. Fang et al., Polydopamine-mediated immunomodulatory patch for diabetic periodontal tissue regeneration assisted by metformin-ZIF system. ACS Nano 17(17), 16573–16586 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c02407
  169. B. Bai, C. Gu, X. Lu, X. Ge, J. Yang et al., Polydopamine functionalized mesoporous silica as ROS-sensitive drug delivery vehicles for periodontitis treatment by modulating macrophage polarization. Nano Res. 14(12), 4577–4583 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-3376-1
  170. Y. Li, L. Yang, Y. Hou, Z. Zhang, M. Chen et al., Polydopamine-mediated graphene oxide and nanohydroxyapatite-incorporated conductive scaffold with an immunomodulatory ability accelerates periodontal bone regeneration in diabetes. Bioact. Mater. 18, 213–227 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.03.021
  171. Z. Li, H. Lu, L. Fan, X. Ma, Z. Duan et al., Microneedle-delivered PDA@Exo for multifaceted osteoarthritis treatment via PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway. Adv. Sci. 11(42), 2406942 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202406942
  172. X. Wang, X. Sun, Y. Zeng, S. Liu, Q. Yi et al., Membrane fusion strategy boosts immune homeostasis, mobilizing macrophages to eliminate bacteria and accelerate skin regeneration in infected burn wound. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35(10), 2416791 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202416791
  173. H. Shen, L. Jin, Q. Zheng, Z. Ye, L. Cheng et al., Synergistically targeting synovium STING pathway for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. Bioact. Mater. 24, 37–53 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.12.001
  174. H. Liu, Y. Qi, L. Wang, Y. Zhang, H. Chen et al., Lysosome-targeting nanochimeras attenuating liver fibrosis by interconnected transforming growth factor-β reduction and activin receptor-like kinase 5 degradation. ACS Nano 19(28), 25645–25661 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c00985
  175. Z. Zheng, J. Sun, J. Wang, S. He, Z. Liu et al., Enhancing myocardial infarction treatment through bionic hydrogel-mediated spatial combination therapy via mtDNA-STING crosstalk modulation. J. Control. Release 371, 570–587 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.06.015
  176. L. Jiang, X. Zhang, S. Wang, J. Zhang, J. Chen et al., Functional monomers equipped microgel system for managing Parkinson’s disease by intervening chemokine axis-mediated nerve cell communications. Adv. Sci. 12(7), 2410070 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202410070
  177. M. Yin, C. Ge, Y. Zhou, R. Zhou, Y. Yang et al., Inflammation-activatable nanoscavengers for sustainable cell-free DNA capture and cleavage. Adv. Mater. 37(37), e2504557 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202504557
  178. T. Ding, Y. Xiao, Q. Saiding, X. Li, G. Chen et al., Capture and storage of cell-free DNA via bio-informational hydrogel microspheres. Adv. Mater. 36(33), e2403557 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202403557
  179. Y. Xiao, T. Ding, H. Fang, J. Lin, L. Chen et al., Innovative bio-based hydrogel microspheres micro-cage for neutrophil extracellular traps scavenging in diabetic wound healing. Adv. Sci. 11(21), 2401195 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202401195
  180. X. Zhao, L. Wang, Y.-J. Fu, F. Yu, K. Li et al., Inflammatory microenvironment-responsive microsphere vehicles modulating gut microbiota and intestinal inflammation for intestinal stem cell niche remodeling in inflammatory bowel disease. ACS Nano 19(12), 12063–12079 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c17999
  181. K. Su, Y. Yan, J. Huang, Y. Chen, X. Shang et al., Mitochondrial-targeted injectable hydrogel for periodontitis therapy via oral immunity and flora regulation. Bioact. Mater. 58, 348–369 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.12.002
  182. Z. Ding, X. Bao, Y. Zhao, L. Bai, J. Zhang et al., Polydopamine nanodots ameliorate inflammatory bowel disease by restoring redox homeostasis and intestinal microenvironment. Adv. Sci. 12(47), e08674 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202508674
  183. J. Feng, Y. Zheng, M. Guo, I. Ares, M. Martínez et al., Oxidative stress, the blood–brain barrier and neurodegenerative diseases: the critical beneficial role of dietary antioxidants. Acta Pharm. Sin. B 13(10), 3988–4024 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2023.07.010
  184. H. Han, L. Xing, B.-T. Chen, Y. Liu, T.-J. Zhou et al., Progress on the pathological tissue microenvironment barrier-modulated nanomedicine. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 200, 115051 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2023.115051
  185. H. Zhou, D. Wei, Z. Chen, H. Chen, C. Dong et al., The mRNA-based innovative strategy: progress and challenges. Nano-Micro Lett. 18(1), 118 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01906-x
  186. G. Cheng, Y. Liu, R. Ma, G. Cheng, Y. Guan et al., Anti-Parkinsonian therapy: strategies for crossing the blood-brain barrier and nano-biological effects of nanomaterials. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 105 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00847-z
  187. Q. Huang, C. Jiang, X. Xia, Y. Wang, C. Yan et al., Pathological BBB crossing melanin-like nanops as metal-ion chelators and neuroinflammation regulators against Alzheimer’s disease. Research 6, 0180 (2023). https://doi.org/10.34133/research.0180
  188. L. Lei, Q. Tu, X. Zhang, S. Xiang, B. Xiao et al., Stimulus-responsive curcumin-based polydopamine nanops for targeting Parkinson’s disease by modulating α-synuclein aggregation and reactive oxygen species. Chem. Eng. J. 461, 141606 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.141606
  189. Y. Liu, J. Luo, X. Chen, W. Liu, T. Chen, Cell membrane coating technology: a promising strategy for biomedical applications. Nano-Micro Lett. 11(1), 100 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-019-0330-9
  190. Y. An, C. Ji, H. Zhang, Q. Jiang, M.F. Maitz et al., Engineered cell membrane coating technologies for biomedical applications: from nanoscale to macroscale. ACS Nano 19(12), 11517–11546 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c16280
  191. C. Jiang, X. Yang, Q. Huang, T. Lei, H. Luo et al., Microglial-biomimetic memantine-loaded polydopamine nanomedicines for alleviating depression. Adv. Mater. 37(9), e2417869 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202417869
  192. Y. Chen, W. Lv, J. Xu, S. Li, K. Song et al., Mesenchymal stem cell membrane camouflaged mesoporous polydopamine for Parkinson’s disease treatment via alleviating oxidative stress mediated neuroinflammation. Biomaterials 324, 123537 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123537
  193. Y. Zheng, X. Chen, Q. Zhang, Z. Xu, Y. Gan et al., Inflammation cascade-directed therapy by biomimetic polydopamine nanosystem for long-term management of ischemic stroke. Theranostics 16(1), 77–98 (2026). https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.118196
  194. S. Pan, W. Zhong, Y. Lan, S. Yu, L. Yang et al., Pathology-guided cell membrane-coated polydopamine nanops for efficient multisynergistic treatment of periodontitis. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(23), 2312253 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202312253
  195. X. Han, C. Saengow, L. Ju, W. Ren, R.H. Ewoldt et al., Exosome-coated oxygen nanobubble-laden hydrogel augments intracellular delivery of exosomes for enhanced wound healing. Nat. Commun. 15(1), 3435 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47696-5
  196. J. Zheng, J. He, J. Wu, Y. Yu, Y. Fu et al., Polyphenol-mediated electroactive hydrogel with armored exosomes delivery for bone regeneration. ACS Nano 19(18), 17796–17812 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c03256
  197. B. Du, Q. Zou, X. Wang, H. Wang, X. Yang et al., Multi-targeted engineered hybrid exosomes as Aβ nanoscavengers and inflammatory modulators for multi-pathway intervention in Alzheimer’s disease. Biomaterials 322, 123403 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123403
  198. J. Zhou, H. Xu, Z. Liu, Y. Mao, Y. Li et al., Ginger exosome-covered mesoporous polydopamine nanoplatform ameliorates liver fibrosis via antioxidation and macrophage phenotypic transformation. Chem. Eng. J. 518, 164716 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.164716
  199. J. Wang, Y. Yang, H. Xu, S. Huang, B. Guo et al., All-in-one: a multifunctional composite biomimetic cryogel for coagulation disorder hemostasis and infected diabetic wound healing. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 171 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01603-1
  200. A.G. Kurian, R.K. Singh, V. Sagar, J.-H. Lee, H.-W. Kim, Nanozyme-engineered hydrogels for anti-inflammation and skin regeneration. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 110 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01323-6
  201. X. Zhou, Q. Zhou, Z. He, Y. Xiao, Y. Liu et al., ROS balance autoregulating core-shell CeO2@ZIF-8/Au nanoplatform for wound repair. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 156 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01353-0
  202. T. Luo, P. Zhu, S. Li, M. Qin, Z. Fang et al., DFO-loaded PDA nanops facilitated 3D stem cell spheroids for diabetic wound repair by normalizing the pathological microenvironment. Mater. Today Bio 33, 101973 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.101973
  203. Y. Gao, J. Xu, S. Qu, Y. Li, G.B. Sukhorukov et al., Mussel-inspired self-assembly of silver nanoclusters into multifunctional silver aerogels for enhanced catalytic and bactericidal applications. Exploration 5(1), 20240034 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/EXP.20240034
  204. L. He, S. Xing, W. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Li et al., Multifunctional dynamic chitosan-guar gum nanocomposite hydrogels in infection and diabetic wound healing. Carbohydr. Polym. 354, 123316 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123316
  205. Y. Han, X. Qin, W. Lin, C. Wang, X. Yin et al., Microneedle-based approaches for skin disease treatment. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 132 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01662-y
  206. L. Fang, X. Lin, R. Xu, L. Liu, Y. Zhang et al., Advances in the development of gradient scaffolds made of nano-micromaterials for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 75 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01581-4
  207. M.S. Kang, Y. Yu, R. Park, H.J. Heo, S.H. Lee et al., Highly aligned ternary nanofiber matrices loaded with MXene expedite regeneration of volumetric muscle loss. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 73 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01293-1
  208. Y. Kao, W. Song, R. Zhang, G. Gu, H. Qiu et al., Synergistic restoration of spinal cord injury through hyaluronic acid conjugated hydrogel-polydopamine nanops combined with human mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Bioact. Mater. 46, 569–581 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.09.027
  209. L. Luo, S. Zhang, J. Gong, J. Zhang, P. Xie et al., 3-D sustained-release culture carrier alleviates rat intervertebral disc degeneration by targeting STING in transplanted skeletal stem cells. Adv. Sci. 12(15), 2410151 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202410151
  210. Q. Li, L. Chen, J. Yu, J. Zhao, N. Shi et al., Correction: inhibiting cell inspection points intervention via injectable short fibers for reversing neural cell senescence. Adv. Fiber Mater. 7(6), 2066–2068 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-025-00618-6
  211. X. Wang, J. Zeng, D. Gan, K. Ling, M. He et al., Recent strategies and advances in hydrogel-based delivery platforms for bone regeneration. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 73 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01557-4
  212. M. Xu, J. Liu, L. Feng, J. Hu, W. Guo et al., Designing a sulfur vacancy redox disruptor for photothermoelectric and cascade-catalytic-driven cuproptosis-ferroptosis-apoptosis therapy. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 321 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01828-8
  213. H. Bayır, S.J. Dixon, Y.Y. Tyurina, J.A. Kellum, V.E. Kagan, Ferroptotic mechanisms and therapeutic targeting of iron metabolism and lipid peroxidation in the kidney. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 19(5), 315–336 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-023-00689-x
  214. F. Du, H. Zhao, Y. Song, Z. Feng, K. Liu et al., Apoptosis-sensitizing tumor nanomedicine by regulating pyroptosis-associated inflammatory cell death. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(44), 2406150 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202406150
  215. T. Hao, H. Guo, C. Wang, S. Jing, W. Zhang et al., Mitochondria-targeted microneedles reverse doxorubicin resistance via apoptosis-ferroptosis synergy. ACS Nano 19(25), 23315–23333 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c06302
  216. X. Wei, Y. Jiang, F. Chenwu, Z. Li, J. Wan et al., Synergistic ferroptosis-immunotherapy nanoplatforms: multidimensional engineering for tumor microenvironment remodeling and therapeutic optimization. Nano-Micro Lett. 18(1), 56 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01862-6
  217. K. Zhu, K. Wang, R. Zhang, Z. Zhu, W. Wang et al., Iron chelators loaded on myocardiocyte mitochondria-targeted nanozyme system for treating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse models. J. Nanobiotechnol. 23(1), 112 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03197-1
  218. X. Yang, Y. Chen, J. Guo, J. Li, P. Zhang et al., Polydopamine nanops targeting ferroptosis mitigate intervertebral disc degeneration via reactive oxygen species depletion, iron ions chelation, and GPX4 ubiquitination suppression. Adv. Sci. 10(13), 2207216 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202207216
  219. X. Dai, Z. Wang, J. Lu, Y. Xu, X. Liu et al., Positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging-guided polydopamine nanops attenuate foam cell ferroptosis for targeted antiatherosclerotic therapy. Small Sci. 5(9), 2500221 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202500221
  220. J. Wu, H. Wang, P. Gao, S. Ouyang, Pyroptosis: induction and inhibition strategies for immunotherapy of diseases. Acta Pharm. Sin. B 14(10), 4195–4227 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2024.06.026
  221. K. Wang, Y. Sun, K. Zhu, Y. Liu, X. Zheng et al., Anti-pyroptosis biomimetic nanoplatform loading puerarin for myocardial infarction repair: from drug discovery to drug delivery. Biomaterials 314, 122890 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122890
  222. C. Lelubre, J.-L. Vincent, Mechanisms and treatment of organ failure in sepsis. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 14(7), 417–427 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-018-0005-7
  223. I. Rubio, M.F. Osuchowski, M. Shankar-Hari, T. Skirecki, M.S. Winkler et al., Current gaps in sepsis immunology: new opportunities for translational research. Lancet Infect. Dis. 19(12), E422–E436 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30567-5
  224. J. Yan, J. Zhang, Y. Wang, H. Liu, X. Sun et al., Rapidly inhibiting the inflammatory cytokine storms and restoring cellular homeostasis to alleviate sepsis by blocking pyroptosis and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. Adv. Sci. 10(14), 2207448 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202207448
  225. Y. Mai, S. Wu, P. Zhang, N. Chen, J. Wu et al., The anti-oxidation related bioactive materials for intervertebral disc degeneration regeneration and repair. Bioact. Mater. 45, 19–40 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.10.012
  226. T. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, Z. Fang, S. Li et al., Drug-loaded mesoporous polydopamine nanops in chitosan hydrogels enable myocardial infarction repair through ROS scavenging and inhibition of apoptosis. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16(45), 61551–61564 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c08155
  227. X. Shi, S. Wang, T. Xiong, R. Li, W. Zheng et al., Specifically breaking through the injured blood-brain barrier with tannic acid-based nanomedicine for ischemic stroke ischemia reperfusion treatment. Exploration 5(5), 20240388 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/EXP.20240388
  228. J.C. Hsu, P. Liu, Y. Song, W. Song, R.J. Saladin et al., Lymphoid organ-targeted nanomaterials for immunomodulation of cancer, inflammation, and beyond. Chem. Soc. Rev. 53(15), 7657–7680 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/d4cs00421c
  229. Y. Han, J. Dong, L. Zhang, T. Yue, W. Zhao et al., Biocompatible and size-dependent melanin-like nanocapsules for efficient therapy in hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury. Biomaterials 318, 123169 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123169
  230. X. Han, L. Bi, J. Yan, P. Song, Y. Wang et al., Mesoscale size-promoted targeted therapy for acute kidney injury through combined RONS scavenging and inflammation alleviation strategy. Mater. Today Bio 25, 101002 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101002
  231. Y. Li, Q. Zhang, Y. Wang, S. Li, C. Jiang et al., Ultrasound-induced in situ dopamine polymerization and deep mucosal penetration for intraluminal drug administration. ACS Nano 18, 20611–20623 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c05965
  232. L. Zong, Q. Wang, H. Sun, Q. Wu, Y. Xu et al., Intra-articular injection of PLGA/polydopamine core–shell nanop attenuates osteoarthritis progression. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16(17), 21450–21462 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c18464
  233. P.-C. Yang, Y.-C. Kao, Y.-P. Lin, G.H. Chen, C.-H. Ho et al., Polydopamine nanop-enhanced stem cell spheroid-derived decellularized extracellular matrix with antioxidant and tissue-adhesive properties for brain repair. Biomaterials 324, 123530 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123530
  234. Y. Gao, Y. Liu, X. Li, H. Wang, Y. Yang et al., A stable open-shell conjugated diradical polymer with ultra-high photothermal conversion efficiency for NIR-II photo-immunotherapy of metastatic tumor. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 21 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01219-x
  235. M. Yang, X. Wang, M. Peng, F. Wang, S. Hou et al., Nanomaterials enhanced sonodynamic therapy for multiple tumor treatment. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 157 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01666-8
  236. M. Tang, S. Mahri, Y.-P. Shiau, T. Mukarrama, R. Villa et al., Multifunctional and scalable nanops for bimodal image-guided phototherapy in bladder cancer treatment. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 222 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01717-0
  237. Z. Tang, Y. Sun, Q. Yi, Q. Ding, Y. Ding et al., CeO2 nanozyme-embedded thermal-deformative polymer for site-specific chemotherapy via HIF-1α-P-gp/lipolysis axis reversal. Asian J. Pharm. Sci. 20(3), 101023 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2025.101023
  238. N.U. Ain, B. Khan, K. Zhu, W. Ji, H. Tian et al., Fabrication of mesoporous silica nanops for releasable delivery of licorice polysaccharide at the acne site in topical application. Carbohydr. Polym. 339, 122250 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122250
  239. H. Chen, H. Zhang, J. Li, X. Wei, C. Yu et al., Polydopamine nanohydrogel decorated adhesive and responsive hierarchical microcarriers for deafness protection. Adv. Sci. 12(29), 2407637 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202407637
  240. Z. Gao, M. Mo, Q. Liu, J. Li, H. Zheng et al., ROS responsive polydopamine coated black phosphorus nanocarrier for enhanced methylprednisolone delivery in acute lung injury immunotherapy. Chem. Eng. J. 527, 171749 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.171749
  241. J. Da, Y. Li, K. Zhang, J. Ren, J. Wang et al., Functionalized Prussian blue nanozyme as dual-responsive drug therapeutic nanoplatform against maxillofacial infection via macrophage polarization. Int. J. Nanomed. 17, 5851–5868 (2022). https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S385899
  242. J. Zhang, Y. Zhou, Z. Jiang, C. He, B. Wang et al., Bioinspired polydopamine nanops as efficient antioxidative and anti-inflammatory enhancers against UV-induced skin damage. J. Nanobiotechnol. 21(1), 354 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-023-02107-7
  243. S. Sunoqrot, N.N. Mahmoud, L.H. Ibrahim, S. Al-Dabash, H. Raschke et al., Tuning the surface chemistry of melanin-mimetic polydopamine nanops drastically enhances their accumulation into excised human skin. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 6(8), 4424–4432 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00196
  244. M.K. Yazdi, M. Zare, A. Khodadadi, F. Seidi, S.M. Sajadi et al., Polydopamine biomaterials for skin regeneration. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 8(6), 2196–2219 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01436
  245. A. Joorabloo, T. Liu, Recent advances in reactive oxygen species scavenging nanomaterials for wound healing. Exploration 4(3), 20230066 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/EXP.20230066
  246. M.J. Mitchell, M.M. Billingsley, R.M. Haley, M.E. Wechsler, N.A. Peppas et al., Engineering precision nanops for drug delivery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 20(2), 101–124 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-020-0090-8
  247. Y. Liu, K. Ai, L. Lu, Polydopamine and its derivative materials: synthesis and promising applications in energy, environmental, and biomedical fields. Chem. Rev. 114(9), 5057–5115 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/cr400407a
  248. M. Szukalska, R. Mrówczyński, P. Sujka-Kordowska, I. Miechowicz, T. Zalewski et al., How do p size, dosage, and exposure duration influence oxidative stress parameters and the in vivo toxicological profile of polydopamine nanops? Free Radic. Biol. Med. 242, 614–635 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2025.10.265
  249. S. Li, M. Li, S. Huo, Q. Wang, J. Chen et al., Voluntary-opsonization-enabled precision nanomedicines for inflammation treatment. Adv. Mater. 33(3), e2006160 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202006160
  250. R. van der Meel, E. Sulheim, Y. Shi, F. Kiessling, W.J.M. Mulder et al., Smart cancer nanomedicine. Nat. Nanotechnol. 14(11), 1007–1017 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-019-0567-y
  251. H. Xiang, W. Feng, Y. Chen, Single-atom catalysts in catalytic biomedicine. Adv. Mater. 32(8), 1905994 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201905994
  252. W.C. Ballance, E.C. Qin, H.J. Chung, M.U. Gillette, H. Kong, Reactive oxygen species-responsive drug delivery systems for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Biomaterials 217, 119292 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119292
  253. S. Pedron, A. Guillou, F. Fillesoye, C. Jacqmarcq, C. Perrio et al., Monitoring whole-body inflammation with gallium-68-labeled polydopamine iron oxide ps via hybrid immuno-PET-MRI. ACS Nano 19(33), 30021–30033 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c04677
  254. X. Wang, B. Song, Z. Wang, L. Qin, W. Liang, The innovative design of a delivery and real-time tracer system for anti-encephalitis drugs that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. J. Control. Release 363, 136–148 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.043
  255. M.C. Keenum, P. Chatterjee, A. Atalis, B. Pandey, A. Jimenez et al., Single-cell epitope-transcriptomics reveal lung stromal and immune cell response kinetics to nanop-delivered RIG-I and TLR4 agonists. Biomaterials 297, 122097 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122097
  256. C. Voss, L. Han, M. Ansari, M. Strunz, V. Haefner et al., Toward a ToxAtlas of carbon-based nanomaterials: single-cell RNA sequencing reveals initiating cell circuits in pulmonary inflammation. ACS Nano 19(45), 39139–39156 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c12054
  257. P. Lin, Z. Qian, S. Liu, X. Ye, P. Xue et al., A single-cell RNA sequencing guided multienzymatic hydrogel design for self-regenerative repair in diabetic mandibular defects. Adv. Mater. 36(50), 2410962 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202410962
  258. G. Luo, X. Jiang, C. Hu, L. Li, L. Yan et al., Artificial intelligence-powered nanomedicine. Chem. Soc. Rev. 55(4), 2070–2119 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs01406a
  259. H. Bae, H. Ji, K. Konstantinov, R. Sluyter, K. Ariga et al., Artificial intelligence-driven nanoarchitectonics for smart targeted drug delivery. Adv. Mater. 37(42), e10239 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202510239
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF