Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Microscale Architectures for Intelligent Soft Robotics: From Functional Microneedles to Biointegrated Wearable Systems

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-02026-2
Xin Li
College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
Ran Xu
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
Chenchen Xie
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
Zhixing Ge
Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
Bingbing Gao
College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
Chwee Teck Lim
Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore

Corresponding Author: Bingbing Gao

gaobb@njtech.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 179

Abstract

Soft robots, characterized by compliance, adaptability, and multimodal responsiveness, represent a rapidly advancing frontier in biomedical applications, wearable technologies, and environmental exploration. This review summarizes recent progress in soft robotics with a focus on material innovation, structural design, functional integration, and intelligent responsiveness. Emphasis is placed on the development of bioinspired and stimuli-responsive materials, the construction of modular and reconfigurable architectures, and the integration of actuation, sensing, and energy systems. Microneedle array-based soft robots and hydrogel-based 4D-printed systems are introduced as representative platforms for drug delivery, wound healing, and environmental monitoring. Key challenges, including limited durability, power autonomy, and multifunctional synergy, are critically analyzed in relation to practical operation and long-term reliability. Future directions involve the convergence of self-healing materials, intelligent control algorithms, and multiscale integration strategies to achieve enhanced adaptability and clinical translation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the interdisciplinary development of next-generation soft robots that bridge materials science, biomedical engineering, and intelligent systems, paving the way toward real-world applications.


Highlights:
1 Comprehensive perspective on soft robotic systems integrating material innovation, structural design, functional synergy, and intelligent control across biomedical and environmental applications.
2 Representative platforms including microneedle array-based soft robots and 4D-printed hydrogel systems are analyzed to demonstrate programmable actuation, sensing, and therapeutic functions.
3 Critical challenges and future directions are outlined, emphasizing modular standardization, self-healing materials, and data-driven control strategies for next-generation adaptive soft robots.

Keywords

Soft robotics Microneedle arrays 4D-printed hydrogels Stimuli-responsive materials
Li, Xin, Ran Xu, Chenchen Xie, Zhixing Ge, Bingbing Gao, and Chwee Teck Lim. 2026. “Microscale Architectures for Intelligent Soft Robotics: From Functional Microneedles to Biointegrated Wearable Systems”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (January):179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-02026-2.
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