Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Porous Functional Nanomaterials for Continuous Flow Catalysis

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02149-0
Yingguo Li
School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Hao Chen
School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Zhiyao Li
School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Minghao Liu
School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Mengmeng Fu
School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Xiaoyi Yue
School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Danfeng Jiang
School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Xiao Chen
School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Chao Yu
School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Wei Gong
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Wei Gong

gongwei_2014jd@sjtu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 300

Abstract

With the advancement of green chemistry and process intensification, continuous flow technology has emerged as a powerful tool in the manufacturing of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Owing to their highly regular porous architectures, diverse chemical compositions, and excellent catalytic activity, porous materials have proven to be ideal supports and catalytic platforms for continuous flow catalysis. This review systematically summarizes the recent progress in the design and application of porous materials in continuous flow catalysis, with a focus on several major structural categories, including metal–organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks/polymers, cages, porous silicates, monoliths, and polymeric carbon nitrides. It also covers various reactor types, including fixed bed, packed bed, and microreactors. Special emphasis is placed on elucidating the relationships among pore structure, electronic structure, active sites, and reaction–diffusion kinetics of porous catalysts within flow reactors. Their practical applications are outlined in areas such as selective catalysis of small molecules, photocatalysis, photothermal catalysis, and multistep cascade reactions in bioconversion processes. Furthermore, focusing on the technical challenges encountered during the industrial scale-up of continuous flow systems based on porous catalysts, this review examines key issues such as insufficient precise control over structure and function, limitations in the compatibility of particle and overall morphology design, difficulties in regulating low-pressure-drop fluid dynamics, and the challenge of maintaining high catalytic stability over extended operation. It also provides a systematic analysis of potential solutions to these problems. Finally, current challenges and future directions in the field are discussed, underscoring the pivotal role of porous materials in flow chemistry. It is hoped that this review will stimulate further research on the application of porous materials in continuous flow catalysis and facilitate the rational design of novel heterogeneous porous catalysts for industrial applications.


Highlights:
1 This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest advances in the application of porous materials in continuous flow catalysis.
2 This review is categorized according to the properties of porous materials and also according to different continuous flow catalytic reactions.
3 This review also examines the comparative advantages and disadvantages of batch reactors versus continuous flow reactors and discusses potential future developments in porous catalyst-based continuous flow systems.

Keywords

Porous materials Continuous flow Process intensification Photocatalysis Heterogeneous catalysis
Li, Yingguo, Hao Chen, Zhiyao Li, Minghao Liu, Mengmeng Fu, Xiaoyi Yue, Danfeng Jiang, Xiao Chen, Chao Yu, and Wei Gong. 2026. “Porous Functional Nanomaterials for Continuous Flow Catalysis”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (March):300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02149-0.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. Y. Li, H. Xu, G. Zhang, Porous carbon-encapsulated CuxO/Cu catalyst derived from N-coordinated MOF for ultrafast 4-nitrophenol reduction in batch and continuous flow reactors. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 10(6), 108677 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.108677
  2. J. Knossalla, S. Mezzavilla, F. Schüth, Continuous synthesis of nanostructured silica based materials in a gas–liquid segmented flow tubular reactor. New J. Chem. 40(5), 4361–4366 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NJ03033A
  3. Z. Zheng, H. Xu, Z. Xu, J. Ge, A monodispersed spherical Zr-based metal-organic framework catalyst, Pt/Au@Pd@UIO-66, comprising an Au@Pd core-shell encapsulated in a UIO-66 center and its highly selective CO2 hydrogenation to produce CO. Small 14(5), 1702812 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201702812
  4. J. Yang, S. Wei, T. Zhang, L. Wu, L. Jia et al., Enhancing chiral site density in covalent organic frameworks enables efficient SERS-based enantioselective discrimination. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 147(31), 28085–28097 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c08040
  5. D. Cao, C. Gong, Y. Han, C. Zhu, Y. Ma et al., Engineering donor-acceptor arrangement in perylene diimide-based covalent organic frameworks for enhanced singlet oxygen photocatalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(44), e202516908 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202516908
  6. J. Liu, G. Zhou, J. Yang, C. Gong, H. Wang et al., 2D covalent organic frameworks with cpt-defect topology enabled by a node-splitting strategy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 147(27), 23429–23433 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c08143
  7. Y. Liu, C. Zhou, D. Li, M. Xu, J. Lu et al., Large-scale synthesis of highly porous CuO/Cu2O/Cu/carbon derived from aerogels for lithium-ion battery anodes. Langmuir 40(16), 8608–8616 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00347
  8. W. Zhang, H. Jiang, Y. Liu, Y. Hu, A.S. Palakkal et al., Metal-halide porous framework superlattices. Nature 638(8050), 418–424 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08447-0
  9. Y. Li, J. Zhao, D. Bu, X. Zhang, T. Peng et al., Plasma-assisted Co/Zr-metal organic framework catalysis of CO2 hydrogenation: influence of Co precursors. Plasma Sci. Technol. 23(5), 055503 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-6272/abeed9
  10. W. Gong, Y. Gao, J. Dong, Y. Liu, Y. Cui, Chiral reticular chemistry toward functional materials discovery and beyond. Acc. Mater. Res. 6(5), 550–562 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/accountsmr.4c00337
  11. T. Han, C. Li, X. Guo, H. Huang, D. Liu et al., In-situ synthesis of SiO2@MOF composites for high-efficiency removal of aniline from aqueous solution. Appl. Surf. Sci. 390, 506–512 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.08.111
  12. X. Han, W. Li, B. Yang, C. Jiang, Z. Qu et al., Reticulating crystalline porous materials for asymmetric heterogeneous catalysis. Adv. Mater. 37(52), e2415574 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202415574
  13. Q. Xia, X. Ma, P. Qiu, G. Yuan, X. Chen, Anionic metal-organic framework as an ultrafast single-ion conductor for exceptional performance rechargeable zinc batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 147(26), 23331–23338 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c08566
  14. Y. Peng, W.K. Wong, Z. Hu, Y. Cheng, D. Yuan et al., Room temperature batch and continuous flow synthesis of water-stable covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Chem. Mater. 28(14), 5095–5101 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b01954
  15. X. Kang, L. Wang, B. Liu, S. Zhou, Y. Li et al., Mechanically rigid metallopeptide nanostructures achieved by highly efficient folding. Nat. Synth. 4(1), 43–52 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44160-024-00640-3
  16. J. Yang, Z. Zhang, Y. Jiang, Y. Zhong, Z. Yang et al., Net-coded organic building blocks for the reticular assembly of high-connectivity metal–organic frameworks. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 147(24), 20218–20224 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c06012
  17. C.G. Piscopo, L. Voellinger, M. Schwarzer, A. Polyzoidis, D. Bošković et al., Continuous flow desulfurization of a model fuel catalysed by titanium functionalized UiO-66. ChemistrySelect 4(9), 2806–2809 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201900342
  18. Y. Yang, C. Xing, M. Feng, Y. Su, Q. Wang et al., Covalent organic framework aerogels with tailored microenvironments for optimizing enzyme immobilization and catalytic performance. Chin. J. Chem. 43(23), 3205–3212 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/cjoc.70220
  19. W. Gong, P. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Xie, J. Zhang et al., Modulator-directed counterintuitive catenation control for crafting highly porous and robust metal–organic frameworks with record high SO2 uptake capacity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146(46), 31807–31815 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c10723
  20. F. Almazán, M. Lafuente, A. Echarte, M. Imizcoz, I. Pellejero et al., UiO-66 MOF-derived Ru@ZrO2 catalysts for photo-thermal CO2 hydrogenation. Chemistry 5(2), 720–729 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry5020051
  21. C. Che, R. Li, T. Jia, W. Wang, D. Zeng et al., Selective oxidation of methane by piezoelectric catalysis under mild conditions. ChemCatChem 17(9), e202402105 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202402105
  22. Q. Xia, J. Yang, S. Zhang, J. Zhang, Z. Li et al., Bodipy-based metal–organic frameworks transformed in solid states from 1D chains to 2D layer structures as efficient visible light heterogeneous photocatalysts for forging C-B and C–C bonds. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 145(11), 6123–6134 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c11647
  23. Y. Bai, S. Nie, W. Gao, N. Li, P. Zhu et al., Enzyme-nanozyme cascade flow reactor synergy with deep learning for differentiation and point-of-care testing of multiple organophosphorus pesticides. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35(17), 2419499 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202419499
  24. S.T. Madrahimov, J.R. Gallagher, G. Zhang, Z. Meinhart, S.J. Garibay et al., Gas-phase dimerization of ethylene under mild conditions catalyzed by MOF materials containing (bpy)NiII complexes. ACS Catal. 5(11), 6713–6718 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5b01604
  25. P. Elumalai, N. Elrefaei, W. Chen, M. Al-Rawashdeh, S.T. Madrahimov, Testing metal–organic framework catalysts in a microreactor for ethyl paraoxon hydrolysis. Catalysts 10(10), 1159 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10101159
  26. W. Chen, P. Cai, P. Elumalai, P. Zhang, L. Feng et al., Site-isolated azobenzene-containing metal–organic framework for cyclopalladated catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling in flow. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13(44), 51849–51854 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c03607
  27. X. Chen, H. Jiang, B. Hou, W. Gong, Y. Liu et al., Boosting chemical stability, catalytic activity, and enantioselectivity of metal–organic frameworks for batch and flow reactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139(38), 13476–13482 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b06459
  28. P. Ji, X. Feng, P. Oliveres, Z. Li, A. Murakami et al., Strongly Lewis acidic metal–organic frameworks for continuous flow catalysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141(37), 14878–14888 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b07891
  29. S. Das, D. Yang, E.T. Conley, B.C. Gates, 2-propanol dehydration on the nodes of the metal–organic framework UiO-66: distinguishing catalytic sites for formation of propene and di-isopropyl ether. ACS Catal. 13(21), 14173–14188 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.3c03500
  30. B. Li, K. Leng, Y. Zhang, J.J. Dynes, J. Wang et al., Metal–organic framework based upon the synergy of a Brønsted acid framework and Lewis acid centers as a highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst for fixed-bed reactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137(12), 4243–4248 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b01352
  31. H. Park, M. Dincă, Y. Román-Leshkov, Continuous-flow production of succinic anhydrides via catalytic β-lactone carbonylation by Co (CO)4⊂Cr-MIL-101. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140(34), 10669–10672 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b05948
  32. V. Pascanu, A.B. Gómez, C. Ayats, A.E. Platero-Prats, F. Carson et al., Double-supported silica-metal–organic framework palladium nanocatalyst for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols under batch and continuous flow regimes. ACS Catal. 5(2), 472–479 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/cs501573c
  33. B. Mishra, D. Ghosh, B.P. Tripathi, Finely dispersed AgPd bimetallic nanops on a polydopamine modified metal organic framework for diverse catalytic applications. J. Catal. 411, 1–14 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2022.03.009
  34. A. Griffiths, S.L. Boyall, P. Müller, J.P. Harrington, A.M. Sobolewska et al., MOF-based heterogeneous catalysis in continuous flow via incorporation onto polymer-based spherical activated carbon supports. Nanoscale 15(44), 17910–17921 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/D3NR03634K
  35. K. Schlichte, T. Kratzke, S. Kaskel, Improved synthesis, thermal stability and catalytic properties of the metal-organic framework compound Cu3(BTC)2. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 73(1–2), 81–88 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2003.12.027
  36. B.I.Z. Ahmad, R.T. Jerozal, S. Meng, C. Oh, Y. Cho et al., Defect-engineered metal–organic frameworks as bioinspired heterogeneous catalysts for amide bond formation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146(50), 34743–34752 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c13196
  37. A. Swamy, K.S. Kanakikodi, V.R. Bakuru, B.B. Kulkarni, S.P. Maradur et al., Continuous flow liquid-phase semihydrogenation of phenylacetylene over Pd nanops supported on UiO-66(Hf) metal-organic framework. ChemistrySelect 8(5), e202203926 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202203926
  38. V.R. Bakuru, K. Fazl-Ur-Rahman, G. Periyasamy, B. Velaga, N.R. Peela et al., Unraveling high alkene selectivity at full conversion in alkyne hydrogenation over Ni under continuous flow conditions. Catal. Sci. Technol. 12(17), 5265–5273 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CY00875K
  39. S. Yoshimaru, M. Sadakiyo, N. Maeda, M. Yamauchi, K. Kato et al., Support effect of metal–organic frameworks on ethanol production through acetic acid hydrogenation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13(17), 19992–20001 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c01100
  40. R. Greifenstein, T. Ballweg, T. Hashem, E. Gottwald, D. Achauer et al., MOF-hosted enzymes for continuous flow catalysis in aqueous and organic solvents. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 61(18), e202117144 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202117144
  41. C. Shao, X. Yu, Y. Ji, J. Xu, Y. Yan et al., Perfluoroalkyl-modified covalent organic frameworks for continuous photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide synthesis and extraction in a biphasic fluid system. Nat. Commun. 15(1), 8023 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-52405-3
  42. Y. Liu, L. Li, Z. Sang, H. Tan, N. Ye et al., Enhanced hydrogen peroxide photosynthesis in covalent organic frameworks through induced asymmetric electron distribution. Nat. Synth. 4(1), 134–141 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44160-024-00644-z
  43. J. Su, B. Liu, B. Lu, X. Sun, Y. Guo et al., Nitro-functionalized covalent organic frameworks inducing strong internal electric-field to boost photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide from water, air and sunlight. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. Energy 371, 125263 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2025.125263
  44. R. Wang, Z. Zhang, H. Zhou, M. Yu, L. Liao et al., Structural modulation of covalent organic frameworks for efficient hydrogen peroxide electrocatalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63(37), e202410417 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202410417
  45. Y. Hou, F. Liu, J. Liang, Z. Li, P. Zhou et al., Building a confluence charge transfer pathway in COFs for highly efficient photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide from water and air. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(24), e202505621 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202505621
  46. X. Ma, H. Pan, L. Gong, X. Ding, X. Zhou et al., Electron/proton transport engineering in acylhydrazone-linked covalent organic framework for efficient solar-driven H2O2 production. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(37), e202511024 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202511024
  47. C. Sun, Y. Han, H. Guo, R. Zhao, Y. Liu et al., Proton reservoir in covalent organic framework compensating oxygen reduction reaction enhances hydrogen peroxide photosynthesis. Adv. Mater. 37(21), 2502990 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202502990
  48. Q. Zuo, B. Chu, X. Ye, F. Li, L. Li et al., Enzyme-click postsynthetic modification of covalent organic frameworks for photocatalytic H2O2 production. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 147(38), 34681–34689 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c09922
  49. Y. Chen, R. Liu, Y. Guo, G. Wu, T.C. Sum et al., Hierarchical assembly of donor–acceptor covalent organic frameworks for photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide from water and air. Nat. Synth. 3(8), 998–1010 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44160-024-00542-4
  50. L. Fang, S. Qiu, H. Xu, T. Ye, L. Li, Encapsulation of single-atoms into covalent organic frameworks for highly efficient and persistent H2O2 photosynthesis via biphasic flow chemistry. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35(38), 2504676 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202504676
  51. C. Ma, Z. Wu, Y.-T. Hou, S.-X. Xiong, L.-H. Ma et al., Continuous photocatalytic C-C coupling achieved using palladium anchored to a covalent organic framework. Chem. Commun. 61(39), 7085–7088 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4CC06528J
  52. H. Jiang, W. Zhang, J. Wu, Q. Wang, G. Wang et al., Nickel-embedded three-in-one pyridyl-quinoline-linked covalent organic framework photocatalysts for universal C(sp2) cross-coupling reactions. Nat. Commun. 16, 4716 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59541-4
  53. A. Jati, S. Dam, T.S. Khan, B. Maji, A robust nickel-interlocked π-conjugated covalent organic framework catalyst for photocatalytic aromatic Finkelstein and retro-Finkelstein reactions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(36), e202510788 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202510788
  54. A. Jati, A.K. Mahato, D. Chanda, P. Kumar, R. Banerjee et al., Photocatalytic decarboxylative fluorination by quinone-based isoreticular covalent organic frameworks. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146(34), 23923–23932 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c06510
  55. H.-C. Ma, G.-J. Chen, F. Huang, Y.-B. Dong, Homochiral covalent organic framework for catalytic asymmetric synthesis of a drug intermediate. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142(29), 12574–12578 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c04722
  56. S. Wang, X. Xia, Q. Chen, K. Li, X. Xiao et al., Accelerated diffusion of a copper(I)-functionalized COF packed bed reactor for efficient continuous flow catalysis. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16(4), 5158–5167 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c17607
  57. N. Wang, F. Wang, F. Pan, S. Yu, D. Pan, Highly efficient silver catalyst supported by a spherical covalent organic framework for the continuous reduction of 4-nitrophenol. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13(2), 3209–3220 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c20444
  58. L. Jin, M. Deng, J. Gao, L. Wang, Q. Zhou et al., A crystalline triazine covalent organic framework with partial fluorination for efficient hydrogen peroxide production toward water treatment. Chem. Eng. J. 515, 163722 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.163722
  59. R. Gogoi, S.K. Jena, A. Singh, K. Sharma, K. Khanna et al., Mechanically pulverized covalent organic framework as a metal-free photocatalyst for Fenton-like degradation of organic pollutants and hexavalent chromium reduction. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 12(2), 112006 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2024.112006
  60. Y. Hou, P. Zhou, F. Liu, K. Tong, Y. Lu et al., Rigid covalent organic frameworks with thiazole linkage to boost oxygen activation for photocatalytic water purification. Nat. Commun. 15(1), 7350 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51878-6
  61. B. Biswal, H.A. Vignolo-González, T. Banerjee, L. Grunenberg, G. Savasci et al., Sustained solar H2 evolution from a thiazolo [5, 4-d] thiazole-bridged covalent organic framework and nickel-thiolate cluster in water. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141(28), 11082–11092 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b03243
  62. D. Zheng, Y. Zheng, J. Tan, Z. Zhang, H. Huang et al., Co-immobilization of whole cells and enzymes by covalent organic framework for biocatalysis process intensification. Nat. Commun. 15(1), 5510 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49831-8
  63. J. Deng, Y. Cai, J. Chen, Q. Wang, J. Lu et al., Towards automated microfluidic-based platforms: optimizing hydrogenation efficiency of nitrobenzene through π–π interactions in Pd nanops on covalent organic frameworks. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62(23), e202302297 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202302297
  64. M. Feng, Z. Niu, C. Xing, Y. Jin, X. Feng et al., Covalent organic framework based crosslinked porous microcapsules for enzymatic catalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62(33), e202306621 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202306621
  65. Y. Li, J. He, C. Wang, M. Fu, Q. Zhang et al., Construction of pyrrolo [3, 2-b] pyrrolyl-linked covalent organic polymers to promote continuous overall H2O2 production. Nano Energy 132, 110397 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.110397
  66. M. Fu, J. He, Y. Li, J. Liu, C. Wang et al., Engineering separated dual O2 reduction cores into one polymer framework for boosting hydrogen peroxide production. Adv. Sci. 12(36), e08553 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202508553
  67. C. Chu, Z. Chen, D. Yao, X. Liu, M. Cai et al., Large-scale continuous and in situ photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide by sulfur-functionalized polymer catalyst for water treatment. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63(10), e202317214 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202317214
  68. B.A. Davis, J.A. Bennett, J. Genzer, K. Efimenko, M. Abolhasani, Intensified hydrogenation in flow using a poly(β-cyclodextrin) network-supported catalyst. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 10(48), 15987–15998 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c05467
  69. G.K. Dam, S. Let, V. Jaiswal, S.K. Ghosh, Urea-tethered porous organic polymer (POP) as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for hydrogen bond donating organocatalysis and continuous flow reaction. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 12(8), 3000–3011 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c06108
  70. T. Ma, R. Zhao, J. Song, X. Jing, Y. Tian et al., Turning electronic waste to continuous-flow reactor using porous aromatic frameworks. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14(22), 25601–25608 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c07418
  71. Y. Li, J. He, G. Lu, C. Wang, M. Fu et al., De novo construction of amine-functionalized metal-organic cages as heterogenous catalysts for microflow catalysis. Nat. Commun. 15(1), 7044 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51431-5
  72. H. Wang, J. Ou, L. Chen, Y. Li, Z. Liu et al., Facile synthesis of dodecamine organic cage-based monolithic microreactor via ring-opening polymerization following spontaneous reduction of gold ions for continuous flow catalysis. ChemistrySelect 2(33), 10880–10884 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201702213
  73. H. Miyamura, R.G. Bergman, K.N. Raymond, F.D. Toste, Heterogeneous supramolecular catalysis through immobilization of anionic M4L6 assemblies on cationic polymers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142(45), 19327–19338 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c09556
  74. W.-L. Jiang, J.-C. Shen, Z. Peng, G.-Y. Wu, G.-Q. Yin et al., Controllable synthesis of ultrasmall Pd nanocatalysts templated by supramolecular coordination cages for highly efficient reductive dehalogenation. J. Mater. Chem. A 8(24), 12097–12105 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta02725a
  75. H.-Y. Lin, L.-Y. Zhou, F. Mei, W.-T. Dou, L. Hu et al., Highly efficient self-assembly of metallacages and their supramolecular catalysis behaviors in microdroplets. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62(27), e202301900 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202301900
  76. L. Wang, E. Guan, Y. Wang, L. Wang, Z. Gong et al., Silica accelerates the selective hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol on cobalt catalysts. Nat. Commun. 11(1), 1033 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14817-9
  77. K. Wang, Z. Hu, P. Yu, A.M. Balu, K. Li et al., Understanding bridging sites and accelerating quantum efficiency for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 5 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01221-3
  78. Y. Zhang, F. Guo, J. Di, K. Wang, M.M. Li et al., Strain-induced surface interface dual polarization constructs PML-Cu/ Bi12O17Br2 high-density active sites for CO2 photoreduction. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 90 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01309-w
  79. H. Alhassawi, E. Asuquo, S. Zainal, Y. Zhang, A. Alhelali et al., Formulation of zeolite-mesoporous silica composite catalysts for light olefin production from catalytic cracking. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng. 18(11), 133 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-024-2480-7
  80. D. Zhu, Z. Dong, C. Zhong, J. Zhang, Q. Chen et al., Porous microreactor chip for photocatalytic seawater splitting over 300 h at atmospheric pressure. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 188 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01703-6
  81. C. Wang, E. Guan, L. Wang, X. Chu, Z. Wu et al., Product selectivity controlled by nanoporous environments in zeolite crystals enveloping rhodium nanop catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141(21), 8482–8488 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b01555
  82. J. Zhang, L. Wang, B. Zhang, H. Zhao, U. Kolb et al., Sinter-resistant metal nanop catalysts achieved by immobilization within zeolite crystals via seed-directed growth. Nat. Catal. 1(7), 540–546 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-018-0098-1
  83. C. Wang, J. Zhang, G. Qin, L. Wang, E. Zuidema et al., Direct conversion of syngas to ethanol within zeolite crystals. Chem 6(3), 646–657 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2019.12.007
  84. A. Yepez, F.L.Y. Lam, A.A. Romero, C.O. Kappe, R. Luque, Continuous flow preparation of iron oxide nanops supported on porous silicates. ChemCatChem 7(2), 276–282 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201402802
  85. A. Trommer, J. Hessling, P.R. Schreiner, M. Schönhoff, B.M. Smarsly, Influence of the mesoporosity of silica carrier materials on the performance of an immobilized organocatalyst in heterogeneous catalysis. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 17(16), 24283–24299 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c19398v
  86. M. Zhang, M. Wang, Y. Mi, T. Li, D. Hou et al., Enhanced enzyme stability at the interphase of water-oil for continuous-flow olefin epoxidation. Nat. Commun. 16(1), 8087 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63476-1
  87. L. Ni, C. Yu, Q. Wei, D. Liu, J. Qiu, Pickering emulsion catalysis: interfacial chemistry, catalyst design, challenges, and perspectives. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61(30), e202115885 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202115885
  88. F. Chang, C.M. Vis, W. Ciptonugroho, P.C.A. Bruijnincx, Recent developments in catalysis with Pickering emulsions. Green Chem. 23(7), 2575–2594 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0gc03604h
  89. M. Zhang, R. Ettelaie, L. Dong, X. Li, T. Li et al., Pickering emulsion droplet-based biomimetic microreactors for continuous flow cascade reactions. Nat. Commun. 13(1), 475 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28100-6
  90. R. Hao, M. Zhang, D. Tian, F. Lei, Z. Qin et al., Bottom-up synthesis of multicompartmentalized microreactors for continuous flow catalysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 145(37), 20319–20327 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c04886
  91. D. Tian, X. Zhang, H. Shi, L. Liang, N. Xue et al., Pickering-droplet-derived MOF microreactors for continuous-flow biocatalysis with size selectivity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143(40), 16641–16652 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c07482
  92. Z. Huang, L. Wang, C. Yang, J. Chen, G. Zhao et al., A versatile optofluidic microreactor for artificial photosynthesis induced coenzyme regeneration and l-glutamate synthesis. Lab Chip 22(15), 2878–2885 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2LC00398H
  93. C. Liu, L. Song, Q. Liu, W. Chen, J. Xu et al., High-speed circulation flow platform facilitating practical large-scale heterogeneous photocatalysis. Org. Process Res. Dev. 28(5), 1964–1970 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00515
  94. A. Sivo, V. Ruta, V. Granata, O. Savateev, M.A. Bajada et al., Nanostructured carbon nitride for continuous-flow trifluoromethylation of (hetero)arenes. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 11(13), 5284–5292 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c00176
  95. V.R. Battula, G. Mark, A. Tashakory, S. Mondal, M. Volokh et al., Binder-free carbon nitride panels for continuous-flow photocatalysis. ACS Catal. 14(15), 11666–11674 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.4c02349
  96. H. Matsumoto, H. Seto, T. Akiyoshi, M. Shibuya, Y. Hoshino et al., Macroporous gel with a permeable reaction platform for catalytic flow synthesis. ACS Omega 2(12), 8796–8802 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b00909
  97. L. Zeng, P. Liao, H. Liu, L. Liu, Z. Liang et al., Impregnation of metal ions into porphyrin-based imine gels to modulate guest uptake and to assemble a catalytic microfluidic reactor. J. Mater. Chem. A 4(21), 8328–8336 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA01035K
  98. X. Deng, J. Liu, X. Zhang, D. Fan, Z. Zhang et al., Hierarchical porous silica aerogel monoliths for high-flow rate continuous-flow enzyme catalysis. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 13, 5852–5863 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c09158
  99. K.F. Bolton, A.J. Canty, J.A. Deverell, R.M. Guijt, E.F. Hilder et al., Macroporous monolith supports for continuous flow capillary microreactors. Tetrahedron Lett. 47(52), 9321–9324 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.10.113
  100. K. Turke, R. Meinusch, P. Cop, E. Prates da Costa, R.D. Brand et al., Amine-functionalized nanoporous silica monoliths for heterogeneous catalysis of the Knoevenagel condensation in flow. ACS Omega 6(1), 425–437 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c04857
  101. C.-H. Pélisson, T. Nakanishi, Y. Zhu, K. Morisato, T. Kamei et al., Grafted polymethylhydrosiloxane on hierarchically porous silica monoliths: a new path to monolith-supported palladium nanops for continuous flow catalysis applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(1), 406–412 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b12653
  102. H. Matsumoto, H. Hattori, M. Nagao, Y. Hoshino, Y. Miura, Continuous-flow asymmetric aldol addition using immobilized chiral catalyst on organogel-based porous monolith. J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 57(1), 2384402 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1080/00219592.2024.2384402
  103. J. Chen, Y. Gao, S. Zuo, H. Mao, X. Li et al., Monolithic catalysts supported by emulsion-templated porous polydivinylbenzene for continuous reduction of 4-nitrophenol. Langmuir 40(6), 3024–3034 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03200
  104. N. Linares, S. Hartmann, A. Galarneau, P. Barbaro, Continuous partial hydrogenation reactions by Pd@unconventional bimodal porous titania monolith catalysts. ACS Catal. 2(10), 2194–2198 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/cs3005902
  105. Y. Wang, D. Shi, S. Tao, W. Song, H. Wang et al., A general, green chemistry approach for immobilization of inorganic catalysts in monolithic porous flow-reactors. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 4(3), 1602–1610 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b01541
  106. Y. Sun, Y. Zhu, S. Zhang, B.P. Binks, Fabrication of hierarchical macroporous ZIF-8 monoliths using high internal phase Pickering emulsion templates. Langmuir 37(28), 8435–8444 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00757
  107. M.D.M. Darder, S. Salehinia, J.B. Parra, J.M. Herrero-Martinez, F. Svec et al., Nanop-directed metal-organic framework/porous organic polymer monolithic supports for flow-based applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(2), 1728–1736 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b10999
  108. J. Li, C. Jiao, J. Zhu, L. Zhong, T. Kang et al., Hybrid co-based MOF nanoboxes/CNFs interlayer as microreactors for polysulfides-trapping in lithium-sulfur batteries. J. Energy Chem. 57, 469–476 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2020.03.024
  109. G. Zhao, T. Liu, B. Wu, B. Chen, C. Chu, Constructing the support as a microreactor and regenerator for highly active and in situ regenerative hydrogenation catalyst. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(22), 2100971 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202100971
  110. H. Lim, H. Kwon, H. Kang, J.E. Jang, H.-J. Kwon, Laser-induced and MOF-derived metal oxide/carbon composite for synergistically improved ethanol sensing at room temperature. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 113 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01332-5
  111. S. Yao, D. Guo, S. Han, Z. Fu, S. Lyu et al., Polydopamine-assisted immobilization of metallic nanops confined regionally in bamboo microchannels as continuous-flow microreactors for enhanced catalysis. Chem. Eng. J. 492, 152327 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.152327
  112. M. Jin, P. Su, X. Huang, R. Zhang, H. Xu et al., Micropatterned polymer nanoarrays with distinct superwettability for a highly efficient sweat collection and sensing patch. Small 20(37), e2311380 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202311380
  113. X. Xu, J. Zhang, Z. Zhang, G. Lu, W. Cao et al., All-covalent organic framework nanofilms assembled lithium-ion capacitor to solve the imbalanced charge storage kinetics. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 116 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01343-2
  114. D.K. Liguras, K. Goundani, X.E. Verykios, Production of hydrogen for fuel cells by catalytic partial oxidation of ethanol over structured Ni catalysts. J. Power. Sources 130(1–2), 30–37 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.12.008
  115. P. Pfeifer, K. Schubert, M.A. Liauw, G. Emig, PdZn catalysts prepared by washcoating microstructured reactors. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 270(1–2), 165–175 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2004.04.037
  116. T. Mai, L. Chen, P.-L. Wang, Q. Liu, M.-G. Ma, Hollow metal-organic framework/MXene/nanocellulose composite films for giga/terahertz electromagnetic shielding and photothermal conversion. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 169 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01386-5
  117. M. Liu, X. Zhu, R. Chen, Q. Liao, H. Feng et al., Catalytic membrane microreactor with Pd/γ-Al2O3 coated PDMS film modified by dopamine for hydrogenation of nitrobenzene. Chem. Eng. J. 301, 35–41 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.04.116
  118. S. Kataoka, A. Endo, A. Harada, Y. Inagi, T. Ohmori, Characterization of mesoporous catalyst supports on microreactor walls. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 342(1–2), 107–112 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2008.03.011
  119. Y. Dong, J. Zhang, H. Zhang, W. Wang, B. Hu et al., Multifunctional MOF@COF nanops mediated perovskite films management toward sustainable perovskite solar cells. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 171 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01390-9
  120. H. Molavi, K. Mirzaei, M. Barjasteh, S.Y. Rahnamaee, S. Saeedi et al., 3D-printed MOF monoliths: fabrication strategies and environmental applications. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 272 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01487-1
  121. L.-H. Chen, X.-Y. Li, J.C. Rooke, Y.-H. Zhang, X.-Y. Yang et al., Hierarchically structured zeolites: synthesis, mass transport properties and applications. J. Mater. Chem. 22(34), 17381–17403 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/C2JM31957H
  122. H.-H. He, J.-P. Yuan, P.-Y. Cai, K.-Y. Wang, L. Feng et al., Yolk-shell and hollow Zr/Ce-UiO-66 for manipulating selectivity in tandem reactions and photoreactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 145(31), 17164–17175 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c03883
  123. C. Hu, J. Su, The application of microfluidic technologies in synthesis of metal-organic frameworks and their composites. Coord. Chem. Rev. 543, 216920 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2025.216920
  124. S.B. Peh, Y. Wang, D. Zhao, Scalable and sustainable synthesis of advanced porous materials. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7(4), 3647–3670 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b05463
  125. Y. Xin, S. Peng, J. Chen, Z. Yang, J. Zhang, Continuous flow synthesis of porous materials. Chin. Chem. Lett. 31(6), 1448–1461 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2019.09.054
  126. E.G. Rasmussen, J. Kramlich, I.V. Novosselov, Scalable continuous flow metal–organic framework (MOF) synthesis using supercritical CO2. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 8(26), 9680–9689 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c01429
  127. M. Traxler, W.R. Dichtel, Continuous flow synthesis and post-synthetic conversion of single-crystalline covalent organic frameworks. Chem. Sci. 15(20), 7545–7551 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/d4sc01128g
  128. S. Khalil, A. Alazmi, G. Gao, C. Martínez-Jiménez, R. Saxena et al., Continuous synthesis and processing of covalent organic frameworks in a flow reactor. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16(41), 55206–55217 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c09577
  129. V. Daligaux, R. Richard, M.-H. Manero, Deactivation and regeneration of zeolite catalysts used in pyrolysis of plastic wastes: a process and analytical review. Catalysts 11(7), 770 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11070770
  130. X. Li, L. Zhang, Z. Yang, P. Wang, Y. Yan et al., Adsorption materials for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the key factors for VOCs adsorption process: a review. Sep. Purif. Technol. 235, 116213 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116213
  131. F. He, Y. Liu, X. Yang, Y. Chen, C.-C. Yang et al., Accelerating oxygen electrocatalysis kinetics on metal-organic frameworks via bond length optimization. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 175 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01382-9
  132. S. Lin, C.S. Diercks, Y.-B. Zhang, N. Kornienko, E.M. Nichols et al., Covalent organic frameworks comprising cobalt porphyrins for catalytic CO₂ reduction in water. Science 349(6253), 1208–1213 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac8343
  133. M. Huang, B. Li, Y. Qian, L. Wang, H. Zhang et al., MOFs-derived strategy and ternary alloys regulation in flower-like magnetic-carbon microspheres with broadband electromagnetic wave absorption. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 245 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01416-2
  134. G. Zhao, H. Ma, C. Zhang, Y. Yang, S. Yu et al., Constructing donor-acceptor-linked COFs electrolytes to regulate electron density and accelerate the Li+ migration in quasi-solid-state battery. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 21 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01509-y
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF

Most read articles by the same author(s)

<< < 1 2