Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Artificial Intelligence-Guided Cosolvent Design for High-Performance Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02291-9
Lu Liu
State Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
Xinying Cai
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
Bita Farhadi
EIT Data Science and Communication College, Zhejiang Yuexiu University, Shaoxing 312030, People’s Republic of China
Xinrui Dong
State Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
Kai Wang
State Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
Yufei Shao
State Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
Shulin Wang
State Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
Jiaxue You
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
Wanyi Li
State Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
Hao‑Chung Kuo
Semiconductor Research Center, Hon Hai Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan, People’s Republic of China
Hanying Wang
School of New Energy, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, People’s Republic of China
Dong Yang
State Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
Alex K.‑Y. Jen
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
Shengzhong (Frank) Liu
State Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy, Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Shengzhong (Frank) Liu

szliu@dicp.ac.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 446

Abstract

Realizing high-performance perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells requires precise control of wide-bandgap perovskite crystallization. Solvent engineering is the most direct lever for this task; yet, its intricate, multi-variable mechanisms defy intuition-driven design. Herein, we overcome this bottleneck by pioneering a retrieval-augmented large language model to screen > 8000 solvents, identifying γ-valerolactone (GVL) as a non-toxic, high-performance cosolvent. It is found that the GVL strongly coordinates FA+, thus precisely modulating crystallization kinetics, retarding nucleation, and promoting oriented, micrometer-scale grain growth. The resulting films exhibit not only superior crystallinity, reduced non-radiative recombination, but also improved scalability to large area and the tolerance to increased film thickness. Consequently, both the single-junction and tandem devices achieve efficiencies of 23.3% and 32.5%, respectively, along with excellent stability under moisture and illumination. This study establishes the first artificial intelligence (AI)-guided cosolvent strategy for 1-μm-thick perovskite layers in perovskite/silicon tandem architectures, underscoring the transformative role of generative AI in advancing high-performance photovoltaics.


Highlights:
1 A retrieval‑augmented large language model screens >8000 solvents and identifies γ‑valerolactone (GVL) as a non‑toxic, high‑performance cosolvent for wide‑bandgap perovskites, establishing the first AI‑guided cosolvent strategy for perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.
2 GVL strongly coordinates FA+, delaying nucleation, promoting oriented micrometre‑scale grain growth, and enabling uniform ~1‑μm‑thick perovskite films on textured silicon with suppressed non‑radiative recombination and phase segregation.
3 GVL-enabled devices achieve 23.3% (single-junction) and 32.5% (perovskite/silicon tandem) efficiencies, with excellent stability: T80 >4000 h (storage) and >1000 h (operational) for single-junction cells, demonstrating a scalable and sustainable solvent engineering route.

Keywords

Machine learning Green solvent Wide-bandgap perovskite Tandem solar cells High crystallinity
Liu, Lu, Xinying Cai, Bita Farhadi, Xinrui Dong, Kai Wang, Yufei Shao, Shulin Wang, Jiaxue You, Wanyi Li, Hao‑Chung Kuo, Hanying Wang, Dong Yang, Alex K.‑Y. Jen, and Shengzhong (Frank) Liu. 2026. “Artificial Intelligence-Guided Cosolvent Design for High-Performance Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (July):446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02291-9.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. J. Liu, Y. He, L. Ding, H. Zhang, Q. Li et al., Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with bilayer interface passivation. Nature 635(8039), 596–603 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07997-7
  2. L. Tang, L. Zeng, J. Luo, W. Wang, Z. Xue et al., All-round passivation strategy yield flexible perovskite/CuInGaSe2 tandem solar cells with efficiency exceeding 26.5%. Adv. Mater. 36(28), 2402480 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202402480
  3. X. Jiang, S. Qin, L. Meng, G. He, J. Zhang et al., Isomeric diammonium passivation for perovskite–organic tandem solar cells. Nature 635(8040), 860–866 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08160-y
  4. S. Zhou, S. Fu, C. Wang, W. Meng, J. Zhou et al., Aspartate all-in-one doping strategy enables efficient all-perovskite tandems. Nature 624(7990), 69–73 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06707-z
  5. Best research-cell efficiency chart.
  6. J. Liu, M. De Bastiani, E. Aydin, G.T. Harrison, Y. Gao et al., Efficient and stable perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells through contact displacement by MgFx. Science 377(6603), 302–306 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abn8910
  7. G. Yang, Z. Ni, Z.J. Yu, B.W. Larson, Z. Yu et al., Defect engineering in wide-bandgap perovskites for efficient perovskite–silicon tandem solar cells. Nat. Photonics 16(8), 588–594 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-022-01033-8
  8. L. Yang, S. Wang, N. Ma, W. Shi, Z. Fang et al., Modulating binding strength and acidity of benzene-derivative ligands enables efficient and hysteresis-free perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(21), e202500350 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202500350
  9. C. Sun, L. Jin, X. Wang, B. Shi, P. Wang, N. Ren et al., Wide-bandgap perovskite and perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells through strong hydrogen bonding interaction. ACS Energy Lett. 10(5), 2171–2179 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.5c00147
  10. Y.-C. Wang, H.-Q. Du, C. Guo, J.-G. Wang, Q.-B. Yuan et al., Minimizing redox-reactivity to improve the stability of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 15(33), 2502057 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202502057
  11. B. Shi, P. Liu, Z. Sunli, W. Han, C. Sun et al., Halogen anion pre-homogenization of sequentially deposited wide bandgap perovskites for commercial textured perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 18(12), 6297–6306 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EE00563A
  12. Z. Li, Z. Wei, X. Sun, Y. Zhang, Q. Wang et al., Nanocrystal-nucleus template strategy for efficient wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells with enhanced homogeneity and energy-level alignment. Adv. Mater. 37(38), 2509202 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202509202
  13. H. Luo, N. University, X. Han, N. University, B. Yang et al., Damp-stable perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with internal encapsulating sulfonium-based molecules. ACS Energy Lett. 10(7), 3325–3334 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.5c01010
  14. Z. Fang, B. Deng, Y. Jin, L. Yang, L. Chen et al., Surface reconstruction of wide-bandgap perovskites enables efficient perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Nat. Commun. 15, 10554 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54925-4
  15. L. Merten, T. Eberle, E. Kneschaurek, N. Scheffczyk, P. Zimmermann et al., Halide segregated crystallization of mixed-halide perovskites revealed by in situ GIWAXS. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16(7), 8913–8921 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c18623
  16. K. Datta, S.C.W. van Laar, M. Taddei, J. Hidalgo, T. Kodalle et al., Local halide heterogeneity drives surface wrinkling in mixed-halide wide-bandgap perovskites. Nat. Commun. 16, 1967 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57010-6
  17. Z. Wang, Y. Guo, H.-Y. Huang, F. Xie, Y. Huang et al., Spin excitations and flat electronic bands in a Cr-based kagome superconductor. Nat. Commun. 16, 7573 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62298-5
  18. W. Li, L. Liu, X. Dong, K. Wang, S. Liu, Advancing solvent engineering for perovskite solar cells: diversification, sustainability, and industrialization. Nano Energy 138, 110905 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.110905
  19. H.-H. Huang, Q.-H. Liu, H. Tsai, S. Shrestha, L.-Y. Su et al., A simple one-step method with wide processing window for high-quality perovskite mini-module fabrication. Joule 5(4), 958–974 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.02.012
  20. J.C. Hamill Jr., J. Schwartz, Y.-L. Loo, Influence of solvent coordination on hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite formation. ACS Energy Lett. 3(1), 92–97 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01057
  21. X. Huang, G. Deng, S. Zhan, F. Cao, F. Cheng et al., Solvent gaming chemistry to control the quality of halide perovskite thin films for photovoltaics. ACS Cent. Sci. 8(7), 1008–1016 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.2c00385
  22. H. Zhang, K. Darabi, N.Y. Nia, A. Krishna, P. Ahlawat et al., A universal co-solvent dilution strategy enables facile and cost-effective fabrication of perovskite photovoltaics. Nat. Commun. 13, 89 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27740-4
  23. T. Bu, J. Li, H. Li, C. Tian, J. Su et al., Lead halide–templated crystallization of methylamine-free perovskite for efficient photovoltaic modules. Science 372(6548), 1327–1332 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abh1035
  24. Y. Miao, M. Ren, Y. Chen, H. Wang, H. Chen et al., Green solvent enabled scalable processing of perovskite solar cells with high efficiency. Nat. Sustain. 6(11), 1465–1473 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-023-01196-4
  25. Y. Wang, L. Li, Z. Wu, R. Zhang, J. Hong et al., Self-driven prenucleation-induced perovskite crystallization enables efficient perovskite solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62(22), e202302342 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202302342
  26. W.A. Dunlap-Shohl, Y. Zhou, N.P. Padture, D.B. Mitzi, Synthetic approaches for halide perovskite thin films. Chem. Rev. 119(5), 3193–3295 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00318
  27. Q. Liang, K. Liu, M. Sun, Z. Ren, P.W.K. Fong et al., Manipulating crystallization kinetics in high-performance blade-coated perovskite solar cells via cosolvent-assisted phase transition. Adv. Mater. 34(16), 2200276 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202200276
  28. H.-S. Yun, H.W. Kwon, M.J. Paik, S. Hong, J. Kim et al., Ethanol-based green-solution processing of α-formamidinium lead triiodide perovskite layers. Nat. Energy 7(9), 828–834 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-022-01086-7
  29. R. Wang, J. Zhu, J. You, H. Huang, Y. Yang et al., Custom-tailored solvent engineering for efficient wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells with a wide processing window and low VOC losses. Energy Environ. Sci. 17(7), 2662–2669 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EE00330F
  30. C. Duan, H. Gao, K. Xiao, V. Yeddu, B. Wang et al., Scalable fabrication of wide-bandgap perovskites using green solvents for tandem solar cells. Nat. Energy 10(3), 318–328 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01672-x
  31. R. Vidal, J.-A. Alberola-Borràs, S.N. Habisreutinger, J.-L. Gimeno-Molina, D.T. Moore et al., Assessing health and environmental impacts of solvents for producing perovskite solar cells. Nat. Sustain. 4(3), 277–285 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00645-8
  32. Y. Galagan, F. Di Giacomo, H. Gorter, G. Kirchner, I. de Vries et al., Roll-to-roll slot die coated perovskite for efficient flexible solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 8(32), 1801935 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201801935
  33. J. Ge, Y. Huang, X. Chen, Y. Wang, H. Zeng et al., An intermediate-aided perovskite phase purification for high-performance solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 147(2), 1980–1990 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c14955
  34. J. Xu, H. Chen, L. Grater, C. Liu, Y. Yang et al., Anion optimization for bifunctional surface passivation in perovskite solar cells. Nat. Mater. 22(12), 1507–1514 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-023-01705-y
  35. X. Zhang, B. Ding, Y. Wang, Y. Liu, G. Zhang et al., Machine learning for screening small molecules as passivation materials for enhanced perovskite solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(30), 2314529 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202314529
  36. M.A. Mellmer, C. Sanpitakseree, B. Demir, P. Bai, K. Ma et al., Solvent-enabled control of reactivity for liquid-phase reactions of biomass-derived compounds. Nat. Catal. 1(3), 199–207 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-018-0027-3
  37. C. Worsley, D. Raptis, S. Meroni, A. Doolin, R. Garcia-Rodriguez et al., γ-valerolactone: a nontoxic green solvent for highly stable printed mesoporous perovskite solar cells. Energy Technol. 9(7), 2100312 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202100312
  38. C. Worsley, D. Raptis, S.M.P. Meroni, R. Patidar, A. Pockett et al., Green solvent engineering for enhanced performance and reproducibility in printed carbon-based mesoscopic perovskite solar cells and modules. Mater. Adv. 3(2), 1125–1138 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00975c
  39. S.J. Clark, M.D. Segall, C.J. Pickard, P.J. Hasnip, M.I.J. Probert et al., First principles methods using CASTEP. Z. Kristallogr. Cryst. Mater. 220(5–6), 567–570 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1524/zkri.220.5.567.65075
  40. J.P. Perdew, K. Burke, M. Ernzerhof, Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77(18), 3865–3868 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.77.3865
  41. Y. Gao, Y. Xiong, X. Gao, K. Jia, J. Pan et al. (2023) Retrieval-augmented generation for large language models: a survey. arXiv: 2312.10997. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.10997
  42. J. Ge, R. Chen, Y. Ma, Y. Wang, Y. Hu et al., Kinetics controlled perovskite crystallization for high performance solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 136(14), e202319282 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202319282
  43. J.-W. Lee, Z. Dai, C. Lee, H.M. Lee, T.-H. Han et al., Tuning molecular interactions for highly reproducible and efficient formamidinium perovskite solar cells via adduct approach. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140(20), 6317–6324 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b01037
  44. L. McInnes, J. Healy, S. Astels, Hdbscan: hierarchical density based clustering. J. Open Source Softw. 2(11), 205 (2017). https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00205
  45. T.-L. Ho, Hard soft acids bases (HSAB) principle and organic chemistry. Chem. Rev. 75(1), 1–20 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60293a001
  46. H. Bian, D. Bai, Z. Jin, K. Wang, L. Liang et al. (2018) Graded bandgap CsPbI2+x Br1−x perovskite solar cells with a stabilized efficiency of 14.4%. Joule 2(8), 1500–1510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.04.012
  47. A. Ummadisingu, L. Steier, J.-Y. Seo, T. Matsui, A. Abate et al., The effect of illumination on the formation of metal halide perovskite films. Nature 545(7653), 208–212 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22072
  48. K. Yan, M. Long, T. Zhang, Z. Wei, H. Chen et al., Hybrid halide perovskite solar cell precursors: colloidal chemistry and coordination engineering behind device processing for high efficiency. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137(13), 4460–4468 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b00321
  49. G.C. Sosso, J. Chen, S.J. Cox, M. Fitzner, P. Pedevilla et al., Crystal nucleation in liquids: open questions and future challenges in molecular dynamics simulations. Chem. Rev. 116(12), 7078–7116 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00744
  50. D. Amoroso, G. Nasti, C.M. Sutter-Fella, M.M. Villone, P.L. Maffettone et al., The central role of colloids to explain the crystallization dynamics of halide perovskites: a critical review. Matter 7(7), 2399–2430 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2024.04.016
  51. Z. Yang, W. Zhang, S. Wu, H. Zhu, Z. Liu et al., Slot-die coating large-area formamidinium-cesium perovskite film for efficient and stable parallel solar module. Sci. Adv. 7(18), eabg3749 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg3749
  52. Q. Sun, A. Gu, H. Yu, Y. Shen, M. Wang, A single crystal derived precursor for improving the performance of CsSnI3 perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 11(32), 17292–17297 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/D3TA02892E
  53. Y. Deng, C.H. Van Brackle, X. Dai, J. Zhao, B. Chen et al., Tailoring solvent coordination for high-speed, room-temperature blading of perovskite photovoltaic films. Sci. Adv. 5(12), eaax7537 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax7537
  54. C. Bi, Q. Wang, Y. Shao, Y. Yuan, Z. Xiao et al., Non-wetting surface-driven high-aspect-ratio crystalline grain growth for efficient hybrid perovskite solar cells. Nat. Commun. 6, 7747 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8747
  55. C. Ma, M.-C. Kang, S.-H. Lee, S.J. Kwon, H.-W. Cha et al., Photovoltaically top-performing perovskite crystal facets. Joule 6(11), 2626–2643 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2022.09.012
  56. C. Ma, F.T. Eickemeyer, S.-H. Lee, D.-H. Kang, S.J. Kwon et al., Unveiling facet-dependent degradation and facet engineering for stable perovskite solar cells. Science 379(6628), 173–178 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adf3349
  57. W. Chen, S. Zhou, H. Cui, W. Meng, H. Guan et al., Universal in situ oxide-based ABX3-structured seeds for templating halide perovskite growth in all-perovskite tandems. Nat. Commun. 16, 1894 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57195-w
  58. P. Zhu, D. Wang, Y. Zhang, Z. Liang, J. Li et al., Aqueous synthesis of perovskite precursors for highly efficient perovskite solar cells. Science 383(6682), 524–531 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adj7081
  59. Y. Wang, S. Akel, B. Klingebiel, T. Kirchartz, Hole transporting bilayers for efficient micrometer-thick perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 14(5), 2302614 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202302614
  60. Z. Wang, Y. Lu, Z. Xu, J. Hu, Y. Chen et al., An embedding 2D/3D heterostructure enables high-performance FA-alloyed flexible perovskite solar cells with efficiency over 20%. Adv. Sci. 8(22), 2101856 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202101856
  61. I.M. Asuo, D. Gedamu, N.Y. Doumon, I. Ka, A. Pignolet et al., Ambient condition-processing strategy for improved air-stability and efficiency in mixed-cation perovskite solar cells. Mater. Adv. 1(6), 1866–1876 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0MA00528B
  62. T. Wang, Q. Yang, Y. Chen, Q. Peng, X. Qi et al., Stitching perovskite grains with perhydropoly(silazane) anti-template-agent for high-efficiency and stable solar cells fabricated in ambient air. Energy Environ. Mater. 6(3), e12554 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12554
  63. L. Yang, H. Zhou, Y. Duan, M. Wu, K. He et al., 25.24%-efficiency FACsPbI3 perovskite solar cells enabled by intermolecular esterification reaction of DL-carnitine hydrochloride. Adv. Mater. 35(16), 2211545 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202211545
  64. D.-Y. Son, J.-W. Lee, Y.J. Choi, I.-H. Jang, S. Lee et al., Self-formed grain boundary healing layer for highly efficient CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells. Nat. Energy 1, 16081 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.81
  65. A.J. Knight, L.M. Herz, Preventing phase segregation in mixed-halide perovskites: a perspective. Energy Environ. Sci. 13(7), 2024–2046 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ee00788a
  66. D.R. Ceratti, A. Zohar, R. Kozlov, H. Dong, G. Uraltsev et al., Eppur si muove: proton diffusion in halide perovskite single crystals. Adv. Mater. 32(46), 2002467 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202002467
  67. S.J. Yoon, S. Draguta, J.S. Manser, O. Sharia, W.F. Schneider et al., Tracking iodide and bromide ion segregation in mixed halide lead perovskites during photoirradiation. ACS Energy Lett. 1(1), 290–296 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00158
  68. X. Xiao, J. Dai, Y. Fang, J. Zhao, X. Zheng et al., Suppressed ion migration along the in-plane direction in layered perovskites. ACS Energy Lett. 3(3), 684–688 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00047
  69. H. Luo, X. Zheng, W. Kong, Z. Liu, H. Li et al., Inorganic framework composition engineering for scalable fabrication of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. ACS Energy Lett. 8(12), 4993–5002 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.3c02002
  70. H. Si, S. Zhang, S. Ma, Z. Xiong, A. Kausar et al., Emerging conductive atomic force microscopy for metal halide perovskite materials and solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 10(10), 1903922 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201903922
  71. M. Kim, J. Jeong, H. Lu, T.K. Lee, F.T. Eickemeyer et al., Conformal quantum dot–SnO2 layers as electron transporters for efficient perovskite solar cells. Science 375(6578), 302–306 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abh1885
  72. G. Zheng, C. Zhu, J. Ma, X. Zhang, G. Tang et al., Manipulation of facet orientation in hybrid perovskite polycrystalline films by cation cascade. Nat. Commun. 9, 2793 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05076-w
  73. P. Jia, G. Chen, G. Li, J. Liang, H. Guan et al., Intermediate phase suppression with long chain diammonium alkane for high performance wide-bandgap and tandem perovskite solar cells. Adv. Mater. 36(25), 2400105 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202400105
  74. Z. Yang, Z. Yu, H. Wei, X. Xiao, Z. Ni et al., Enhancing electron diffusion length in narrow-bandgap perovskites for efficient monolithic perovskite tandem solar cells. Nat. Commun. 10, 4498 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12513-x
  75. Y. Shao, Z. Xiao, C. Bi, Y. Yuan, J. Huang, Origin and elimination of photocurrent hysteresis by fullerene passivation in CH3NH3PbI3 planar heterojunction solar cells. Nat. Commun. 5, 5784 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6784
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF SUPPLEMENTARY FILE

Most read articles by the same author(s)