Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Temperature-Immune High-Entropy Alloy Flexible Strain Sensor on Electrospinning Nanofibrous Membrane

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-02033-3
Wenxin Li
Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
Xianruo Du
College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
Yisheng Zhong
State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
Ruixin Chen
Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
Yuyang Wu
Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
Huatan Chen
School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, People’s Republic of China
Huangping Yan
Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
Yifang Liu
Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
Chentao Zhang
Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
Gaofeng Zheng
Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Gaofeng Zheng

zheng_gf@xmu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 191

Abstract

Temperature stability is essential for the precision of flexible sensors. However, constrained by the composite principle of heterogeneous materials, the existing self-compensating methods encounter substantial challenges. To tackle this, high-entropy alloy nanofibers were utilized to construct a flexible strain sensor with inherent temperature stability. This approach leverages the electrohydrodynamic direct writing; a precursor conductive network was established through the electrospinning of a high-entropy alloy acetate and polyvinylidene difluoride solution blend. Subsequently, annealing treatment facilitated metallization, resulting in the synergistic preservation of polymer stretchability and the low temperature coefficient of resistance properties of high-entropy alloys inside the nanofibers. The test results demonstrate that the high-entropy alloys flexible strain sensor exhibits a remarkably low temperature coefficient of resistance (45.59 ppm K−1) across the range of − 10 to 70 °C, a sensitivity coefficient GF of 1.12 with a 50% strain range, and a response time of 310 ms. After 6000 stretching cycles, no baseline drift or failure occurred, indicating excellent cyclic stability. Furthermore, the outstanding temperature stability of the sensor was validated through wearable application and robotic hands strain sensing conducted under varied environment temperatures. This work provides a viable design pathway for developing flexible sensors with an inherently low temperature coefficient of resistance.


Highlights:
1 High-entropy alloy fiber was fabricated via electrohydrodynamic direct writing and subsequently metallized at the nanoscale to form uniform high-entropy alloy lattices within polymer nanofibers.
2 The metallized temperature-immune strain sensor exhibits low temperature coefficient of resistance (45.59 ppm K-1) and excellent cyclic stability (6000 cycles), enabling reliable strain measurements across a wide temperature range.
3 Wearable human joint monitoring and robotic grasping tests demonstrate the sensor’s high reliability and accurate response under complex thermal environments.

Keywords

High-entropy alloy nanofibers Flexible strain sensors Electrospinning Temperature immunity
Li, Wenxin, Xianruo Du, Yisheng Zhong, Ruixin Chen, Yuyang Wu, Huatan Chen, Huangping Yan, Yifang Liu, Chentao Zhang, and Gaofeng Zheng. 2026. “Temperature-Immune High-Entropy Alloy Flexible Strain Sensor on Electrospinning Nanofibrous Membrane”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (January):191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-02033-3.
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