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Vol. 18 (2026)

High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules via Slot-Die Coating: Engineering Advances, Photoluminescence Insights, and Future Perspectives

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02134-7
Li’an Peng
Shandong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, People’s Republic of China
Yonglong Mao
Shandong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, People’s Republic of China
Yuxia Yin
Shandong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, People’s Republic of China
Yuxin Chen
Shandong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, People’s Republic of China
Teng Zhang
Shandong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, People’s Republic of China
Shengye Jin
State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
Jun Zhang
Shandong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Jun Zhang

zhangj@upc.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 309

Abstract

Slot-die coating has solidified its role as the preeminent industrial-scale deposition technique for perovskite photovoltaics, combining exceptional material utilization, direct compatibility with roll-to-roll production, and high-throughput capability. This review comprehensively surveys recent advances in slot-die-coated perovskite solar cells and modules, with a focused analysis on the governing principles behind the structure–property–performance relationship. We first deconstruct how coating methodologies—including one-step, two-step, and hybrid processes—dictate film morphology and crystalline quality. We then elaborate on perovskite ink engineering, emphasizing the critical role played by solvent selection and functional additives in controlling nucleation kinetics and crystal growth during large-area deposition. Furthermore, we examine innovative interface modulation strategies that enhance film integrity, suppress defects, and mitigate ion migration. A key distinctive feature of this review is its emphasis on advanced photoluminescence (PL) characterization techniques—such as in situ PL, PL imaging, and time-resolved PL—which provide unparalleled insights into crystallization pathways, defect distribution, and charge carrier dynamics. These tools are indispensable for mechanistic decoding and rational optimization of the slot-die process. Finally, we outline pressing research directions, highlighting the necessity to overcome persistent challenges in operational stability, efficiency–stability trade-offs, the establishment of unified stability assessment protocols, and manufacturing reproducibility to ultimately bridge the laboratory-to-fab gap and accelerate the commercialization of slot-die-coated perovskite solar modules.


Highlights:
1 Slot-die coating is critically assessed as the pivotal industrial deposition technique for perovskite photovoltaics, supported by its proven capability to produce high-efficiency, large-area modules.
2 Advanced photoluminescence techniques unlock a paradigm shift, transforming slot-die process optimization from empirical tuning to rational design via direct visualization of crystallization and defect dynamics.
3 A holistic roadmap is outlined to bridge the laboratory-to-fab gap, integrating crystallization control, green manufacturing, intrinsic stabilization, standardized assessment, and smart, data-driven production.

Keywords

Slot-die coating Perovskite photovoltaics Process–structure–property relationship Photoluminescence Laboratory-to-fab transition
Peng, Li’an, Yonglong Mao, Yuxia Yin, Yuxin Chen, Teng Zhang, Shengye Jin, and Jun Zhang. 2026. “High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules via Slot-Die Coating: Engineering Advances, Photoluminescence Insights, and Future Perspectives”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (March):309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02134-7.
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