Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Self-Assembly Control of Y-Series Non-fullerene Acceptors for Sustainable and Scalable Organic Photovoltaics

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-02021-7
Dingqin Hu
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
Hua Tang
Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (I‑MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
Jiehao Fu
Department of Electronic and Information Engineering Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hum, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, People’s Republic of China
Yaohui
State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical, Instrumentation College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Lei Liu
Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, People’s Republic of China
Peihao Huang
Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, People’s Republic of China
Jie Lv
Department of Electronic and Information Engineering Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hum, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, People’s Republic of China
Daming Zheng
Department of Electronic and Information Engineering Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hum, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, People’s Republic of China
Yakun He
KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955‑6900 Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Heng Liu
Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, People’s Republic of China
Baomin Xu
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
Zheng Hu
Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Jiangsu Provincial Laboratory for Nanotechnology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
Xinhui Lu
Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, People’s Republic of China
Zeyun Xiao
Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, People’s Republic of China
Gang Li
Department of Electronic and Information Engineering Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hum, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, People’s Republic of China
Yang Michael Yang
State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical, Instrumentation College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Frédéric Laquai
KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955‑6900 Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Christoph J. Brabec
Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (I‑MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
Duu‑Jong Lee
Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
Hsien‑Yi Hsu
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Hsien‑Yi Hsu

sam.hyhsu@cityu.edu.hk

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 182

Abstract

Sustainability and scalability remain critical hurdles for the commercialization of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, addressing both poses challenge. Herein, we introduce a simple yet effective strategy utilizing 3,5-dichloropyridine (PDCC) as a solid additive to fine-tune the self-assembly behavior of Y-series non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) to tackle the upscaling limitations in green-solvent-processed OSCs. PDCC predominantly interacts with Y-series NFAs, facilitating molecular crystallization and thereby driving the self-assembly of Y-series NFAs during film-forming dynamics, leading to more uniform active layers with improved molecular packing and reduced charge recombination. As a result, PDCC-driven self-assembly strategy enables high-performance OSCs with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.47%. When translated to sustainable fabrication, this strategy significantly boosts the PCE of large-area green-solvent-processed OSC modules (19.3 cm2) from 13.87% to 15.79%, ranking it among the best-performing green-solvent-processed large-area OSC modules (> 18 cm2). Beyond its impact on PCE enhancement, PDCC serves as a multifunctional additive to improve long-term stability and exhibits strong universality across multiple material systems. This work establishes a promising approach for advancing sustainable and scalable OSCs, paving the way for their commercialization.


Highlights:
1 The self-assembly behavior of Y-series non-fullerene acceptors and film formation dynamics are elucidated via in situ characterization, providing critical insights for sustainable and scalable organic solar cells (OSCs).
2 A 3,5-dichloropyridine-assisted self-assembly strategy enables 20.47% efficiency for small-area OSCs and 15.79% for sustainable organic photovoltaic modules (19.3 cm2).
3 This versatile self-assembly control approach is broadly applicable to various material systems, paving the way toward the commercialization of OSC.

Keywords

Organic solar cells Self-assembly control Large-area modules
Hu, Dingqin, Hua Tang, Jiehao Fu, Yaohui, Lei Liu, Peihao Huang, Jie Lv, Daming Zheng, Yakun He, Heng Liu, Baomin Xu, Zheng Hu, Xinhui Lu, Zeyun Xiao, Gang Li, Yang Michael Yang, Frédéric Laquai, Christoph J. Brabec, Duu‑Jong Lee, and Hsien‑Yi Hsu. 2026. “Self-Assembly Control of Y-Series Non-Fullerene Acceptors for Sustainable and Scalable Organic Photovoltaics”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (January):182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-02021-7.
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