Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

FeOOH Cocatalysts with Gradient Oxygen Vacancy Distribution Enabling Efficient and Stable BiVO4 Photoanodes

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01987-8
Shiyuan Wang
State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Shaanxi Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
Mengjia Jiao
State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Shaanxi Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
Qian Ye
State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Shaanxi Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
Jie Jian
State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Shaanxi Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
Fan Li
School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, People’s Republic of China
Guirong Su
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, People’s Republic of China
Lu Zhang
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, People’s Republic of China
Ziying Zhang
International Research Center for Renewable Energy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
Zelin Ma
State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Shaanxi Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
Jiulong Wang
State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Shaanxi Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
Yazhou Shuang
State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Shaanxi Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
Fang Wang
State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Shaanxi Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
Yalong Song
State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Shaanxi Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
Lichao Jia
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, People’s Republic of China
Hongqiang Wang
State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Shaanxi Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Hongqiang Wang

hongqiang.wang@nwpu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 147

Abstract

Highly active and stable FeOOH cocatalysts are essential for achieving optimal performance of BiVO4 (BVO) photoanodes. Despite offering remarkable structural stability, widely used thick FeOOH cocatalysts often suffer from insufficient hole transport capability, which hinders the overall activity. The present study demonstrates that a simple photoetching strategy is able to introduce gradient distributed oxygen vacancies (GOV) in the thick FeOOH layer and significantly enhances the photogenerated holes transport dynamics. The incorporation of GOV within FeOOH not only realizes the “relay transport” of photogenerated hole through the progressive upward shift of the valence band in the spatial distribution, but also provides abundant oxidation active sites by efficient hole trapping. These improvements effectively improve the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activities and mitigate photocorrosion by the instantaneous hole extraction. Consequently, the FeOOH-GOV layer enables the BVO/FeOOH-GOV photoanode to achieve an impressive photocurrent density of 5.37 mA cm−2 and a robust operational stability up to 160 h at 1.23 VRHE, setting new benchmarks for current density and stability in FeOOH-based BVO photoanodes. This work provides an effective avenue to optimize OER cocatalysts for constructing highly efficient and stable photoelectrochemical water splitting devices.


Highlights:
1 First demonstration of a gradient distributed oxygen vacancies (GOV) strategy to promote hole transport within FeOOH.
2 Clearly monitoring and verifying the progressive upward shift of the valence band within the shallow surface of FeOOH-GOv for enhancing holes transport capability.
3 Setting new photoelectrochemical activity and stability benchmarks of FeOOH based-BiVO4 photoanodes.

Keywords

Photoetching BiVO4 photoanodes FeOOH cocatalysts Oxygen vacancies Photoelectrochemical water splitting
Wang, Shiyuan, Mengjia Jiao, Qian Ye, Jie Jian, Fan Li, Guirong Su, Lu Zhang, Ziying Zhang, Zelin Ma, Jiulong Wang, Yazhou Shuang, Fang Wang, Yalong Song, Lichao Jia, and Hongqiang Wang. 2026. “FeOOH Cocatalysts With Gradient Oxygen Vacancy Distribution Enabling Efficient and Stable BiVO4 Photoanodes”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (January):147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01987-8.
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