Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Inorganic High-Performance Fiber-Based Materials for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding: Fundamentals, Fabrications, and Emerging Applications

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-02053-z
Sijie Qiao
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People’s Republic of China
Zhicheng Shi
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People’s Republic of China
Aixin Tong
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People’s Republic of China
Zhiyu Huang
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People’s Republic of China
Annan He
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People’s Republic of China
Binhao Wang
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People’s Republic of China
Jun He
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People’s Republic of China
Jiaxin Wang
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People’s Republic of China
Ming Chen
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People’s Republic of China
Zixi Huang
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People’s Republic of China
Linhui Hao
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People’s Republic of China
Bing Wu
China Coal Technology & Engineering Group (CCTEG), Chinese Institute of Coal Science (CICS), Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
Yan Jun
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People’s Republic of China
Ya‑Lan Tan
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People’s Republic of China
Pibo Ma
Engineering Research Center of Knitting Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People’s Republic of China
Weilin Xu
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People’s Republic of China
Fengxiang Chen
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Fengxiang Chen

fxchen_czx@wtu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 229

Abstract

Confronted with increasingly severe challenges of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electromagnetic radiation pollution in industrial, military, and aerospace applications, the development of novel materials that combine high shielding efficiency with excellent comprehensive performance has become a research hotspot. Inorganic high-performance fibers (IHPFs), recognized for their lightweight nature, outstanding mechanical properties, and chemical stability, are regarded as ideal candidate materials for designing lightweight, durable, and structurally functional integrated EM shielding systems. However, besides metal fibers, most IHPFs exhibit intrinsic surface chemical inertness and physical smoothness, resulting in poor interfacial compatibility and weak adhesion with functional coatings or resin matrices, which significantly undermine the long-term service reliability of composites under extreme conditions. This paper introduces the EM shielding mechanism, highlights common issues of surface inertness in IHPFs, and elaborates on both “dry” and “wet” surface modification strategies. These strategies enable the formation of robust functional layers, facilitating the integration of high strength, high modulus, and multifunctionality, while ensuring interfacial reliability in composites. Furthermore, the principles and processing techniques of various strategies for fabricating EMI shielding functional layers on IHPFs surfaces are reviewed, and recent advances in the application of functionalized IHPFs, as well as service reliability and environmental stability, are summarized, including EMI shielding protection and radar-absorbing stealth. Finally, the challenges and future research directions for the large-scale and long-term stable application of IHPF-based EMI shielding functionalization in high-end fields are discussed, offering insights that may accelerate the development of next-generation lightweight, sustainable, and multifunctional EMI shielding materials.


Highlights:
1 Inorganic high-performance fibers (IHPFs)-based composites development and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding mechanisms are reviewed.
2 Surface modification strategies for IHPF’s surface inertness challenge and EMI shielding layer construction are summarized.
3 Future directions and current challenges for achieving large-scale, durable, and environmentally stable IHPF-based EMI shielding materials are outlined.

Keywords

Inorganic high-performance fibers/fabrics Electromagnetic shielding Mechanism Atomic layer deposition Electromagnetic protection Future challenges
Qiao, Sijie, Zhicheng Shi, Aixin Tong, Zhiyu Huang, Annan He, Binhao Wang, Jun He, Jiaxin Wang, Ming Chen, Zixi Huang, Linhui Hao, Bing Wu, Yan Jun, Ya‑Lan Tan, Pibo Ma, Weilin Xu, and Fengxiang Chen. 2026. “Inorganic High-Performance Fiber-Based Materials for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding: Fundamentals, Fabrications, and Emerging Applications”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (January):229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-02053-z.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. D. Tao, X. Wen, C. Yang, K. Yan, Z. Li et al., Controlled twill surface structure endowing nanofiber composite membrane excellent electromagnetic interference shielding. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 236 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01444-y
  2. J. Liu, M.-Y. Yu, Z.-Z. Yu, V. Nicolosi, Design and advanced manufacturing of electromagnetic interference shielding materials. Mater. Today 66, 245–272 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2023.03.022
  3. A. Liu, H. Qiu, X. Lu, H. Guo, J. Hu et al., Asymmetric structural MXene/PBO aerogels for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding with ultra-low reflection. Adv. Mater. 37(5), e2414085 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202414085
  4. W. Zhao, M. Li, Z. Zhang, H.-X. Peng, EMI shielding effectiveness of silver nanop-decorated multi-walled carbon nanotube sheets. Int. J. Smart Nano Mater. 1(4), 249–260 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1080/19475411.2010.511477
  5. C. Liang, Z. Gu, Y. Zhang, Z. Ma, H. Qiu et al., Structural design strategies of polymer matrix composites for electromagnetic interference shielding: a review. Nano-Micro Lett. 13(1), 181 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00707-2
  6. Z. Shi, Z. Liang, Z. Huang, A. He, S. Qiao et al., Revolutionizing fiber materials for space: multi-scale interface engineering unlocks new aerospace frontiers. Mater. Today 88, 643–704 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2025.06.010
  7. W. Lu, M. Zu, J.-H. Byun, B.-S. Kim, T.-W. Chou, State of the art of carbon nanotube fibers: opportunities and challenges. Adv. Mater. 24(14), 1805–1833 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201104672
  8. G. Xin, T. Yao, H. Sun, S.M. Scott, D. Shao et al., Highly thermally conductive and mechanically strong graphene fibers. Science 349(6252), 1083–1087 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa6502
  9. L. Chen, Y. He, S. Chai, H. Qiang, F. Chen et al., Toward high performance graphene fibers. Nanoscale 5(13), 5809 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr01083j
  10. P.-Y. Hung, K.T. Lau, Q. Guo, B. Jia, B. Fox, Tailoring specific properties of polymer-based composites by using graphene and its associated compounds. Int. J. Smart Nano Mater. 11(2), 173–189 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/19475411.2020.1786477
  11. V. Dhand, G. Mittal, K.Y. Rhee, S.-J. Park, D. Hui, A short review on basalt fiber reinforced polymer composites. Compos. Part B Eng. 73, 166–180 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.12.011
  12. B. Mainzer, C. Lin, M. Frieß, R. Riedel, J. Riesch et al., Novel ceramic matrix composites with tungsten and molybdenum fiber reinforcement. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 41(5), 3030–3036 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.10.049
  13. Y. Mao, J. Coenen, S. Sistla, C. Liu, A. Terra et al., Design of tungsten fiber-reinforced tungsten composites with porous matrix. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 817, 141361 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.141361
  14. V.E. Ogbonna, A.P.I. Popoola, O.M. Popoola, S.O. Adeosun, A review on corrosion, mechanical, and electrical properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites for high-voltage insulator core rod applications: challenges and recommendations. Polym. Bull. 79(9), 6857–6884 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-021-03846-z
  15. H. Liu, Y. Sun, Y. Yu, M. Zhang, L. Li et al., Effect of nano-SiO2 modification on mechanical and insulation properties of basalt fiber reinforced composites. Polymers 14(16), 3353 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14163353
  16. L. Xie, Y. Han, Y. Huang, Study on the effect of heat treatment on the structure, mechanical and electrical properties of alumina fiber insulation. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 57(42), 425401 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ad6456
  17. M. Sharma, S. Gao, E. Mäder, H. Sharma, L.Y. Wei et al., Carbon fiber surfaces and composite interphases. Compos. Sci. Technol. 102, 35–50 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.07.005
  18. C.-P. Ma, Y. Zhang, H. Zhang, A.-J. Gao, Y. Wang, Effects of acid–base properties of ammonium salt electrolyte on electrochemical surface activation of carbon fibers. Fibers Polym. 24(10), 3501–3511 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-023-00322-5
  19. T. Ma, R. Shao, A. Siddique, W. Wang, T. Li et al., Repairing surface defects of carbon fibers: electrostatic spraying nano-carbons on stabilized PAN-fibers and subsequent thermal annealing. Surf. Interfaces 52, 104783 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2024.104783
  20. A. Stolle, B. Ondruschka, I. Morgenthal, O. Andersen, W. Bonrath, Metallic short fibers for liquid-phase oxidation reactions. J. Mol. Catal. A Chem. 335(1–2), 228–235 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2010.11.038
  21. Y. Wang, Z. Wang, X. Wang, H. Liu, Y. Ma et al., The effect of liquid-phase preoxidation on the use of carbon fibers in Al2O3-C refractories. Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 22(5), e15160 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.15160
  22. X. Qian, X. Wang, Q. OuYang, Y. Chen, Q. Yan, Surface structural evolvement in electrochemical oxidation and sizing and its effect on carbon fiber/epoxy composites properties. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 31(15), 999–1008 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684412449895
  23. X. Qian, J. Zhi, L. Chen, J. Huang, Y. Zhang, Effect of low current density electrochemical oxidation on the properties of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resin composites. Surf. Interface Anal. 45(5), 937–942 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.5185
  24. Y. Luo, Y. Zhang, T. Xing, A. He, S. Zhao et al., Full-color tunable and highly fire-retardant colored carbon fibers. Adv. Fiber Mater. 5(5), 1618–1631 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-023-00294-4
  25. F. Chen, Y. Huang, R. Li, S. Zhang, Q. Jiang et al., Superdurable and fire-retardant structural coloration of carbon nanotubes. Sci. Adv. 8(26), eabn5882 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn5882
  26. Z. Dai, F. Shi, B. Zhang, M. Li, Z. Zhang, Effect of sizing on carbon fiber surface properties and fibers/epoxy interfacial adhesion. Appl. Surf. Sci. 257(15), 6980–6985 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.03.047
  27. C. Ralph, P. Lemoine, A. Boyd, E. Archer, A. McIlhagger, The effect of fibre sizing on the modification of basalt fibre surface in preparation for bonding to polypropylene. Appl. Surf. Sci. 475, 435–445 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.01.001
  28. Y.-S. Wei, X.-Z. Huang, Z.-J. Du, Y. Cheng, Synthesis of BN coatings on carbon fiber by dip coating. Surf. Interface Anal. 49(3), 177–181 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.6105
  29. G. Zhang, W. Yang, J. Ding, M. Liu, C. Di et al., Influence of carbon fibers on interfacial bonding properties of copper-coated carbon fibers. Carbon Lett. 34(3), 1055–1064 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-023-00671-4
  30. A.S. Nitai, T. Chowdhury, M.N. Inam, M.S. Rahman, M.I.H. Mondal et al., Carbon fiber and carbon fiber composites: creating defects for superior material properties. Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater. 7(5), 169 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-024-00971-x
  31. O. Dagdag, H. Kim, Advances in flame retardant technologies for epoxy resins: chemical grafting onto carbon fiber techniques, reactive agents, and applications in composite materials. Molecules 29(24), 5996 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29245996
  32. L. Yang, H. Xia, Z. Xu, L. Zou, Q. Ni, Influence of surface modification of carbon fiber based on magnetron sputtering technology on mechanical properties of carbon fiber composites. Mater. Res. Express 7(10), 105602 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/abbc90
  33. L. Yang, Y. Chen, Z. Xu, H. Xia, T. Natuski et al., Effect of surface modification of carbon fiber based on magnetron sputtering technology on tensile properties. Carbon 204, 377–386 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2022.12.045
  34. W. Wang, J. Li, J. Shi, Y. Jiao, X. Wang et al., Structure and physical properties of conductive bamboo fiber bundle fabricated by magnetron sputtering. Materials 16(8), 3154 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083154
  35. S. Lu, X. Yang, L. Zhang, J. Ma, S. Wang et al., Real-time monitoring of resin infiltration process in vacuum assisted molding(VARI) of composites with carbon nanotube buckypaper sensor. Mater. Res. Express 6(11), 115628 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab507b
  36. Z. Wang, L. Zhang, X. Liu, X. Dong, L. Yang et al., Basalt flake/epoxy resin nacre-inspired bulk composite fabricated by vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding technique. Mater. Lett. 384, 138122 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2025.138122
  37. D. Chen, C. Liu, Z. Kang, Thin copper hybrid structures by spray-assisted layer by layer chemical deposition on fabric surfaces for electromagnetic interference shielding. Colloid Interface Sci. Commun. 40, 100365 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colcom.2021.100365
  38. S. Hwang, C.C. Walker, D. Johnson, Y. Han, D.J. Gardner, Spray drying enzyme-treated cellulose nanofibrils. Polymers 15(20), 4086 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15204086
  39. J. Zhang, S. Liu, J. Liu, Y. Lu, Y. Liu et al., Electroless nickel plating and spontaneous infiltration behavior of woven carbon fibers. Mater. Des. 186, 108301 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108301
  40. J.N. Balaraju, P. Radhakrishnan, V. Ezhilselvi, A.A. Kumar, Z. Chen et al., Studies on electroless nickel polyalloy coatings over carbon fibers/CFRP composites. Surf. Coat. Technol. 302, 389–397 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.06.040
  41. R.H. Guo, S.X. Jiang, C.W.M. Yuen, M.C.F. Ng, J.W. Lan et al., Influence of deposition parameters and kinetics of electroless Ni-P plating on polyester fiber. Fibers Polym. 13(8), 1037–1043 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-012-1037-4
  42. J. Li, S. Bi, B. Mei, F. Shi, W. Cheng et al., Effects of three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide coupled with nickel nanops on the microwave absorption of carbon fiber-based composites. J. Alloys Compd. 717, 205–213 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.03.098
  43. W. Wang, Z. Zhai, J. Liu, Y. Wang, Z. Yang, Influence of carbon fiber nickel electroplating on the electromagnetic interference shielding and mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 6 composites. Polym. Compos. 44(12), 8838–8848 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.27741
  44. J. Zeng, X. Ji, Y. Ma, Z. Zhang, S. Wang et al., 3D graphene fibers grown by thermal chemical vapor deposition. Adv. Mater. 30(12), e1705380 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201705380
  45. X. Luo, S. Wu, Y.-Q. Yang, N. Jin, S. Liu et al., Deposition of titanium coating on SiC fiber by chemical vapor deposition with Ti-I2 system. Appl. Surf. Sci. 406, 62–68 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.02.141
  46. Z.-X. Chen, C. Chang, X. Yue, H. Li, C.-G. Liang et al., Experimental and theoretical study on the electromagnetic shielding performance of polymer nanocomposites consisting of basalt fiber and CNTs. Compos. Sci. Technol. 247, 110399 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2023.110399
  47. Z. Wang, Y. Dong, J.-C. Yang, X.-J. Wang, M.-L. Zhang et al., Improved interfacial shear strength in carbon fiber enhanced semi-aromatic polyamide 6T composite via in situ polymerization on fiber surface. Compos. Sci. Technol. 223, 109401 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2022.109401
  48. H. Li, Z. Sha, Y. Song, J. Fan, J. Wei et al., Developing wearable photothermal and antibacterial fabrics: In-situ polymerization of MoS2-hybridized PET fibers. Compos. Sci. Technol. 270, 111291 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111291
  49. E. Fedorenko, G.A. Luinstra, In situ polymerization and synthesis of UHMWPE/carbon fiber composites. Polymers 17(1), 90 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17010090
  50. K. Mosnáčková, M.M. Chehimi, P. Fedorko, M. Omastová, Polyamide grafted with polypyrrole: formation, properties, and stability. Chem. Pap. 67(8), 979–994 (2013). https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-012-0305-5
  51. H. Fang, L. Yuan, G. Liang, A. Gu, Aramid fibre-based wearable electrochemical capacitors with high energy density and mechanical properties through chemical synergistic combination of multi-coatings. Electrochim. Acta 284, 149–158 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.155
  52. S. Qiao, Z. Shi, A. Tong, Y. Luo, Y. Zhang et al., Atomic layer deposition paves the way for next-generation smart and functional textiles. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 341, 103500 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2025.103500
  53. S. Qiao, Z. Shi, Y. Zhang, G. Zhang, Z. Huang et al., Colorful polyester with high-efficiency flame retardant and anti-dripping properties. Chem. Eng. J. 521, 166544 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.166544
  54. F. Chen, H. Yang, K. Li, B. Deng, Q. Li et al., Facile and effective coloration of dye-inert carbon fiber fabrics with tunable colors and excellent laundering durability. ACS Nano 11(10), 10330–10336 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b05139
  55. P. Lorenz, M. Ehrhardt, K. Zimmer, Structuring of glass fibre surfaces by laser-induced front side etching. Appl. Surf. Sci. 302, 52–57 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.01.045
  56. C. Vass, B. Kiss, J. Kopniczky, B. Hopp, Etching of fused silica fiber by metallic laser-induced backside wet etching technique. Appl. Surf. Sci. 278, 241–244 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.11.163
  57. Y. Zhang, J. Gu, A perspective for developing polymer-based electromagnetic interference shielding composites. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 89 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00843-3
  58. X. Hou, X.-R. Feng, K. Jiang, Y.-C. Zheng, J.-T. Liu et al., Recent progress in smart electromagnetic interference shielding materials. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 186, 256–271 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2024.01.008
  59. J.-M. Thomassin, C. Jérôme, T. Pardoen, C. Bailly, I. Huynen et al., Polymer/carbon based composites as electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. Mater. Sci. Eng. R. Rep. 74(7), 211–232 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2013.06.001
  60. M. Han, C.E. Shuck, R. Rakhmanov, D. Parchment, B. Anasori et al., Beyond Ti3C2Tx: MXenes for electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Nano 14(4), 5008–5016 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c01312
  61. Y. Zhuo, Y. Yao, Y. Zhuge, Enhancing electromagnetic shielding performance of cement-based materials using industrial waste copper swarf. Constr. Build. Mater. 426, 136162 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136162
  62. D. Ji, Y. Wang, C. He, K. Cui, P. Han et al., High-efficiency electromagnetic shielding based on multipolar effect in RGO/MXene aerogels decorated with ordered Fe3O4 cluster. Carbon 226, 119189 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2024.119189
  63. S.A. Schelkunoff, A mathematical theory of linear arrays. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 22(1), 80–107 (1943). https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1943.tb01306.x
  64. J. Xue, X. Yin, F. Ye, L. Zhang, L. Cheng, Theoretical prediction and experimental verification on EMI shielding effectiveness of dielectric composites using complex permittivity. Ceram. Int. 43(18), 16736–16743 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.09.067
  65. A. Nazir, H. Yu, L. Wang, M. Haroon, R.S. Ullah et al., Recent progress in the modification of carbon materials and their application in composites for electromagnetic interference shielding. J. Mater. Sci. 53(12), 8699–8719 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2122-x
  66. R. Kumar, S. Sahoo, E. Joanni, J.-J. Shim, Cutting edge composite materials based on MXenes: synthesis and electromagnetic interference shielding applications. Compos. Part B Eng. 264, 110874 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.110874
  67. D. Jiang, V. Murugadoss, Y. Wang, J. Lin, T. Ding et al., Electromagnetic interference shielding polymers and nanocomposites - a review. Polym. Rev. 59(2), 280–337 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2018.1546737
  68. H.-J. Kim, S.-H. Kim, S. Park, Effects of the carbon fiber-carbon microcoil hybrid formation on the effectiveness of electromagnetic wave shielding on carbon fibers-based fabrics. Materials 11(12), 2344 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11122344
  69. H. Gao, Y. Wang, W. Xu, Research progress of fiber-based electromagnetic shielding materials. Fibres. Polym. 26(9), 3689–3713 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-025-01063-3
  70. W. Zhang, L. Wei, Z. Ma, Q. Fan, J. Ma, Advances in waterborne polymer/carbon material composites for electromagnetic interference shielding. Carbon 177, 412–426 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.02.093
  71. Z. Xiang, Y. Shi, X. Zhu, L. Cai, W. Lu, Flexible and waterproof 2D/1D/0D construction of MXene-based nanocomposites for electromagnetic wave absorption, EMI shielding, and photothermal conversion. Nano-Micro Lett. 13(1), 150 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00673-9
  72. J. Cheng, C. Li, Y. Xiong, H. Zhang, H. Raza et al., Recent advances in design strategies and multifunctionality of flexible electromagnetic interference shielding materials. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 80 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00823-7
  73. F. Deng, J. Wei, Y. Xu, Z. Lin, X. Lu et al., Regulating the electrical and mechanical properties of TaS2 films via van der Waals and electrostatic interaction for high performance electromagnetic interference shielding. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 106 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01061-1
  74. X.-X. Wang, Q. Zheng, Y.-J. Zheng, M.-S. Cao, Green EMI shielding: dielectric/magnetic “genes” and design philosophy. Carbon 206, 124–141 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2023.02.012
  75. X.-X. Wang, J.-C. Shu, W.-Q. Cao, M. Zhang, J. Yuan et al., Eco-mimetic nanoarchitecture for green EMI shielding. Chem. Eng. J. 369, 1068–1077 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.03.164
  76. X. Jia, Y. Li, B. Shen, W. Zheng, Evaluation, fabrication and dynamic performance regulation of green EMI-shielding materials with low reflectivity: a review. Compos. B Eng. 233, 109652 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.109652
  77. P.P. Singh, A. De, B.B. Khatua, Bio-inspired smart composite architecture for thermally tunable green EMI shielding. Appl. Surf. Sci. 643, 158643 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2023.158643
  78. D. Munalli, G. Dimitrakis, D. Chronopoulos, S. Greedy, A. Long, Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of carbon fibre reinforced composites. Compos. B Eng. 173, 106906 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.106906
  79. K. Zdeněk, K. Pavel, P. David, S. Jiří, On the shielding effectiveness calculation. Computing 95(1), 111–121 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-013-0312-6
  80. J.-H. Lee, Y.-S. Kim, H.-J. Ru, S.-Y. Lee, S.-J. Park, Highly flexible fabrics/epoxy composites with hybrid carbon nanofillers for absorption-dominated electromagnetic interference shielding. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 188 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00926-1
  81. G. Mittal, K.Y. Rhee, Hierarchical structures of CNT@basalt fabric for tribological and electrical applications: impact of growth temperature and time during synthesis. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 115, 8–21 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.09.006
  82. B. Cheng, J. Wang, F. Zhang, S. Qi, Preparation of silver/carbon fiber/polyaniline microwave absorption composite and its application in epoxy resin. Polym. Bull. 75(1), 381–393 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-017-2035-x
  83. J. Zhang, P. Liu, R. Chen, Y. Zhang, K. Jiang, CNT fibers based laminated composites resistant to extreme environments: synergistic design of electromagnetic shielding performance and high-temperature resistance. Mater Charact 227, 115310 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115310
  84. C. Wan, Y. Jiao, X. Li, W. Tian, J. Li et al., A multi-dimensional and level-by-level assembly strategy for constructing flexible and sandwich-type nanoheterostructures for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. Nanoscale 12(5), 3308–3316 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NR09087H
  85. Q. Xiao, Z. Chen, J. Liao, Y. Li, L. Xue et al., Electromagnetic interference shielding performance and mechanism of Fe/Al modified SiC f/SiC composites. J. Alloys Compd. 887, 161359 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161359
  86. H. Liu, J. Dang, C. Lei, Z. Zhu, X. Li et al., Modulating interface of Ni-embedded hollow porous Ti3C2Tx MXene film toward efficient EMI shielding. Small (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202410937
  87. Q. Ding, J. Yang, H. Yang, S. Gu, Z. Cheng et al., Superior EMI shielding and thermal management of flexible, fire-resistant SiBCNZr nanofiber fabrics enhanced by defect engineering and graphitization. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35(9), 2416039 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202416039
  88. R. Verma, P. Thakur, A. Chauhan, R. Jasrotia, A. Thakur, A review on MXene and its’ composites for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding applications. Carbon 208, 170–190 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2023.03.050
  89. G. Wang, J. Chen, W. Zheng, B. Shen, High-efficiency flexible liquid metal/elastomer composite film with designability for strain-invariant electromagnetic shielding and Joule-heating applications. Chem. Eng. J. 488, 151052 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.151052
  90. X. Yang, L. Xuan, W. Men, X. Wu, D. Lan et al., Carbonyl iron/glass fiber cloth composites: achieving multi-spectrum stealth in a wide temperature range. Chem. Eng. J. 491, 151862 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.151862
  91. W.C. Wang, B. Zhou, S.H. Xu, Z.M. Yang, Q.Y. Zhang, Recent advances in soft optical glass fiber and fiber lasers. Prog. Mater. Sci. 101, 90–171 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2018.11.003
  92. J. Li, Y. Wang, W. Zhao, P. Xu, T. Wang et al., High-performance quartz fiber/polysilazane and epoxy-modified cyanate ester microwave-transparent composites. Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater. 5(3), 1830–1840 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-022-00456-9
  93. H. Jamshaid, R. Mishra, A green material from rock: basalt fiber–a review. J. Text. Inst. 107(7), 923–937 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2015.1071940
  94. P. Jagadeesh, S.M. Rangappa, S. Siengchin, Basalt fibers: an environmentally acceptable and sustainable green material for polymer composites. Constr. Build. Mater. 436, 136834 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136834
  95. H. Jia, Y. Qiao, Y. Zhang, C. Liu, X. Jian, Excellent and effective interfacial transition layer with an organic/inorganic hybrid carbon nanotube network structure for basalt fiber reinforced high-performance thermoplastic composites. Chem. Eng. J. 465, 142995 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.142995
  96. Y. Zhang, Y. Luo, Y. Huang, M. Wang, A. He et al., Desired color diversity of carbon fiber with excellent environmental super-durability and remarkable flame retardancy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 17(5), 8340–8348 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c19626
  97. Y. Luo, Z. Shi, S. Qiao, A. Tong, X. Liao et al., Advances in nanomaterials as exceptional fillers to reinforce carbon fiber-reinforced polymers composites and their emerging applications. Polym. Compos. 46(1), 54–80 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29027
  98. Y. Zhang, Y. Luo, M. Wang, T. Xing, A. He et al., Advances in colored carbon-based fiber materials and their emerging applications. SusMat 4(6), e243 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/sus2.243
  99. K. Koziol, J. Vilatela, A. Moisala, M. Motta, P. Cunniff et al., High-performance carbon nanotube fiber. Science 318(5858), 1892–1895 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1147635
  100. B. Fang, D. Chang, Z. Xu, C. Gao, A review on graphene fibers: expectations, advances, and prospects. Adv. Mater. 32(5), e1902664 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201902664
  101. L. Li, X. Liu, G. Wang, Y. Liu, W. Kang et al., Research progress of ultrafine alumina fiber prepared by sol-gel method: a review. Chem. Eng. J. 421, 127744 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.127744
  102. L. Oppenheimer, M. Ramkumar, I. Machado, C. Scott, S. Winroth et al., Development of an atomic-oxygen-erosion-resistant, alumina-fiber-reinforced, fluorinated polybenzoxazine composite for low-earth orbital applications. Polymers 15, 112 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15010112
  103. Y. Lei, Y. Wang, Y. Song, Y. Li, C. Deng et al., Nearly stoichiometric BN fiber with low dielectric constant derived from poly [(alkylamino)borazine. Mater. Lett. 65(2), 157–159 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2010.09.089
  104. S. Li, Y. Li, H. Xiao, X. Li, Q. Wang et al., Oxidation behavior of Si3N4 fibers derived from polycarbosilane. Corros. Sci. 136, 9–17 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.02.032
  105. F. Li, W. Cui, J. Zhang, S. Du, Z. Chen et al., Synthesis, characterization and growth mechanism of SiC fibers. Mater. Chem. Phys. 291, 126703 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.126703
  106. Y.K. Chih, J. Hwang, C.S. Kou, C.C. Chuang, J.L. Hu et al., Surface modification of hollow carbon fibres using plasma treatment. Surf. Eng. 27(8), 623–626 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1179/026708410x12786785573391
  107. M. Bonitz, A. Filinov, J.-W. Abraham, K. Balzer, H. Kählert et al., Towards an integrated modeling of the plasma-solid interface. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng. 13(2), 201–237 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-019-1793-4
  108. Z. Yang, X. Huang, J. Li, B. Tang, G. Huang et al., Improved amine functionalization of carbon fiber surfaces by O2 plasma activation treatment. Compos. Interfaces 30(12), 1411–1427 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1080/09276440.2023.2223407
  109. A. Vesel, M. Mozetic, New developments in surface functionalization of polymers using controlled plasma treatments. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 50(29), 293001 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aa748a
  110. L. Xing, L. Liu, Y. Huang, D. Jiang, B. Jiang et al., Enhanced interfacial properties of domestic aramid fiber-12 via high energy gamma ray irradiation. Compos. Part B Eng. 69, 50–57 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.09.027
  111. D. Bhattacharyya, V. Baheti, Ozone assisted modification and pulverization of plant fibres. Ind. Crops Prod. 199, 116711 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.116711
  112. H.S. Maqsood, U. Bashir, J. Wiener, M. Puchalski, S. Sztajnowski et al., Ozone treatment of jute fibers. Cellulose 24(3), 1543–1553 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-1164-y
  113. Y.V. Tertyshnaya, S.G. Karpova, M.V. Podzorova, Effect of ozone on nonwoven polylactide/natural rubber fibers. Polymers 17(15), 2102 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152102
  114. J. Yu, X. Gao, W. Yang, Z. Zhang, T. Sheng et al., Preparation of nanocarbon-coated glass fibre/phenolic composites for EMI shielding. Bull. Mater. Sci. 45(3), 116 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-022-02702-8
  115. Y. Cheng, K. Wang, Y. Qi, Z. Liu, Chemical vapor deposition method for graphene fiber materials. Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 38, 2006046 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3866/pku.whxb202006046
  116. X. Luo, S. Wu, Y.-Q. Yang, N. Jin, S. Liu et al., Deposition characteristics of titanium coating deposited on SiC fiber by cold-wall chemical vapor deposition. Mater. Chem. Phys. 184, 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2016.09.041
  117. A. Saffar Shamshirgar, M.F. Álvarez, A. del Campo, J.F. Fernández, R.E. Rojas Hernández et al., Versatile graphene-alumina nanofibers for microwave absorption and EMI shielding. Carbon 210, 118057 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2023.118057
  118. M. Pitto, H. Fiedler, N.K. Kim, C.J.R. Verbeek, T.D. Allen et al., Carbon fibre surface modification by plasma for enhanced polymeric composite performance: a review. Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 180, 108087 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108087
  119. Z. Huang, H. Einaga, Effect of ozone treatment on microwave heating properties of carbon fiber. Catal. Today 458, 115386 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2025.115386
  120. G. Kim, H. Lee, K. Kim, D.U. Kim, Effects of heat treatment atmosphere and temperature on the properties of carbon fibers. Polymers 14(12), 2412 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14122412
  121. C. Li, Z. Sun, T. Yang, L. Yu, N. Wei et al., Directly grown vertical graphene carpets as Janus separators toward stabilized Zn metal anodes. Adv. Mater. 32(33), e2003425 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202003425
  122. H.P.L. Gemoets, Y. Su, M. Shang, V. Hessel, R. Luque et al., Liquid phase oxidation chemistry in continuous-flow microreactors. Chem. Soc. Rev. 45(1), 83–117 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5cs00447k
  123. W.-J. Liu, L. Dang, Z. Xu, H.-Q. Yu, S. Jin et al., Electrochemical oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural with NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheet catalysts. ACS Catal. 8(6), 5533–5541 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b01017
  124. J. Moosburger-Will, M. Bauer, E. Laukmanis, R. Horny, D. Wetjen et al., Interaction between carbon fibers and polymer sizing: influence of fiber surface chemistry and sizing reactivity. Appl. Surf. Sci. 439, 305–312 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.12.251
  125. Z. Jia, T. Xu, S. Yang, Y. Luo, D. Jia, Interfacial mechano-chemical grafting in styrene-butadiene rubber/halloysite nanotubes composites. Polym. Test. 54, 29–39 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.06.022
  126. P. Purohit, A. Bhatt, R.K. Mittal, M.H. Abdellattif, T.A. Farghaly, Polymer grafting and its chemical reactions. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 10, 1044927 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.1044927
  127. B. Sudduth, J. Sun, Y. Wang, Chemical grafting of highly dispersed VOx/CeO2 for increased catalytic activity in methanol oxidative dehydrogenation. Catal. Lett. 152(10), 2980–2992 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-021-03862-8
  128. G. Ni, Y. Yang, K. Chen, C. Liu, S. Wang, Optimization of pore structure and surface chemical properties of activated carbon fiber via liquid-phase stabilization for enhanced supercapacitor performance. Diam. Relat. Mater. 149, 111607 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2024.111607
  129. Y. Fu, H. Li, W. Cao, Enhancing the interfacial properties of high-modulus carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites via electrochemical surface oxidation and grafting. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 130, 105719 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.105719
  130. T. Li, Y. Jiang, L. Zeng, H. Zhang, Z. Yuan et al., Surface sizing introducing Fe3O4 nanops for magnetic properties strengthening of basalt fibers. Ceram. Int. 51(2), 2216–2225 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.11.199
  131. H. Gupta, P.K. Agnihotri, S. Basu, N. Gupta, Carbon nanotube grafting for better electromagnetic shielding with carbon fiber/epoxy composites. Polym. Compos. 46(S3), S856–S866 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.30003
  132. F. Ji, C. Liu, Y. Hu, S. Xu, Y. He et al., Chemically grafting carbon nanotubes onto carbon fibers for enhancing interfacial properties of fiber metal laminate. Materials 13(17), 3813 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13173813
  133. H. Lee, M.K. Choi, S.-H. Kang, W. Han, B.-J. Kim et al., Heat-treated Ni-coated fibers for EMI shielding: balancing electrical performance and interfacial integrity. Polymers 17(12), 1610 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17121610
  134. X. Li, S. Zhou, Z. Ji, Q. Xu, J. Dong et al., Fabrication of conductive polyimide/metal composite fibers for high temperature EMI shielding. Appl. Surf. Sci. 680, 161293 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.161293
  135. J.-H. Park, C. Cho, K.H. Kim, J.-H. Kang, M.-K. Seo et al., Effect of plating thickness on PA6/nickel-plated carbon fiber composites manufactured using LFT pellets. Polym. Compos. 46(10), 9576–9585 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29580
  136. S. Zhou, J. Dong, X. Li, X. Zhao, Q. Zhang, Continuous surface metallization of polyimide fibers for textile-substrate electromagnetic shielding applications. Adv. Fiber Mater. 5(6), 1892–1904 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-023-00317-0
  137. H. Zhao, L. Hou, Y. Lu, Electromagnetic interference shielding of layered linen fabric/polypyrrole/nickel (LF/PPy/Ni) composites. Mater. Des. 95, 97–106 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.088
  138. R. Zhang, G. Zhang, S. Zhuang, X. Lu, D. Zhang et al., Flexible Ni-Fe-P/PPy@PI fiber paper-based composites with three-layer structure for 5 G electromagnetic shielding applications. J. Alloys Compd. 897, 163232 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.163232
  139. Y. Duan, X. Fang, Z. Zhang, R. Sun, J. Hong et al., Lightweight, flexible rCEF@PPy/MXene for ultra-efficient EMI shielding felt with Joule heating performance. Mater. Lett. 341, 134297 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2023.134297
  140. D. Zhang, H. Yang, J. Pan, B. Lewis, W. Zhou et al., Multi-functional CNT nanopaper polyurethane nanocomposite fabricated by ultrasonic infiltration and dip soaking processes. Compos. Part B Eng. 182, 107646 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107646
  141. Y. Shao, L. Zou, Y. Chen, L. Wang, L. Song et al., Core-sheath structured CNT@Ni-CNT fiber-based multifunctional fabric with high-sensitivity, wide-range strain sensing, and enhanced electromagnetic shielding absorption. Chem. Eng. J. 512, 162358 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.162358
  142. J. Hu, X. Xiong, Y. Chen, H. Long, Design and construction of interface engineering in short carbon fiber composites for excellent mechanical properties and efficient electromagnetic interference shielding. Appl. Surf. Sci. 685, 162098 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.162098
  143. W. Feng, L. Zou, C. Lan, S. E, X. Pu, Core-sheath CNT@MXene fibers toward absorption-dominated electromagnetic interference shielding fabrics. Adv. Fiber Mater. 6(5), 1657–1668 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-024-00452-2
  144. M. Zhou, S. Tan, J. Wang, Y. Wu, L. Liang et al., Three-in-one” multi-scale structural design of carbon fiber-based composites for personal electromagnetic protection and thermal management. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 176 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01144-z
  145. Q. Wang, Y. Wang, C. Sun, Y. Zhang, R. Qu et al., Multifunctional aramid nanofiber/MXene/aramid fiber composite fabric with outstanding EMI shielding performance. Coatings 15(3), 354 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15030354
  146. J. Yu, Z. Cui, J. Lu, J. Zhao, Y. Zhang et al., Integrated hierarchical macrostructures of flexible basalt fiber composites with tunable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and rapid electrothermal response. Compos. Part B Eng. 224, 109193 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109193
  147. X. Zhang, D. Miao, X. Ning, M. Cai, Y. Tian et al., The stability study of copper sputtered polyester fabrics in synthetic perspiration. Vacuum 164, 205–211 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2019.03.023
  148. C.L. Xia, H. Ren, S.Q. Shi, H.L. Zhang, J.T. Cheng et al., Natural fiber composites with EMI shielding function fabricated using VARTM and Cu film magnetron sputtering. Appl. Surf. Sci. 362, 335–340 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.11.202
  149. Q. Wang, S. Xiao, S.Q. Shi, S. Xu, L. Cai, Self-bonded natural fiber product with high hydrophobic and EMI shielding performance via magnetron sputtering Cu film. Appl. Surf. Sci. 475, 947–952 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.01.059
  150. A. Singh, G. den Van Mooter, Spray drying formulation of amorphous solid dispersions. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 100, 27–50 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.010
  151. S. Huang, M.-L. Vignolles, X.D. Chen, Y. Le Loir, G. Jan et al., Spray drying of probiotics and other food-grade bacteria: a review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 63, 1–17 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.02.007
  152. H. Wang, X. Sun, Y. Wang, K. Li, J. Wang et al., Acid enhanced zipping effect to densify MWCNT packing for multifunctional MWCNT films with ultra-high electrical conductivity. Nat. Commun. 14(1), 380 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36082-2
  153. T. Arunkumar, R. Karthikeyan, R. Ram Subramani, K. Viswanathan, M. Anish, Synthesis and characterisation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Int. J. Ambient Energy 41(4), 452–456 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2018.1472657
  154. B.-J. Kim, B.K. Deka, I.-J. Bae, D.-H. Choi, D.-I. Son et al., Unidirectional spread-tow carbon fiber/polypropylene composites reinforced with mechanically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes and exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets. Polym. Compos. 39(S2), E1251–E1261 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.24835
  155. M.-S. Kim, J. Yan, K.-M. Kang, K.-H. Joo, Y.-J. Kang et al., Soundproofing ability and mechanical properties of polypropylene/exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet/carbon nanotube (PP/xGnP/CNT) composite. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. 14(6), 1087–1092 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-013-0146-3
  156. J.R.N. Gnidakouong, J.-H. Kim, H. Kim, Y.-B. Park, Electromagnetic interference shielding behavior of hybrid carbon nanotube/exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet coated glass fiber composites. Mater. Sci. Eng. B Solid-State Mater. Adv. Technol. 248, 114403 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2019.114403
  157. P. Zhang, I. Wyman, J. Hu, S. Lin, Z. Zhong et al., Silver nanowires: synthesis technologies, growth mechanism and multifunctional applications. Mater. Sci. Eng. B Solid-State Mater. Adv. Technol. 223, 1–23 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2017.05.002
  158. T. Hao, H. Ji, D. Xu, D. Liu, Z. Ren et al., Capillary force-induced graphene spontaneous transfer and encapsulation of silver nanowires for highly-stable transparent electrodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16(30), 40199–40209 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c06315
  159. C. Liang, Q. Huo, J. Qi, Y. Zhang, C. Liu et al., Robust solid–solid phase change coating encapsulated glass fiber fabric with electromagnetic interference shielding for thermal management and message encryption. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(49), 2409146 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202409146
  160. Y. Yang, W. Chen, Y. Xue, Interfacial bonding within Cu-based composites reinforced with TiC-or Ni-coated carbon fiber. Chin. J. Mater. Res. 35, 467–473 (2021). https://doi.org/10.11901/1005.3093.2020.357
  161. B.-L. Sun, X.-L. Shi, Q. Hu, M. Du, H. Gong et al., Ultrahigh-strength textile fiber-supported schiff base copper complexes for photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 6(21), 13077–13088 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.4c02009
  162. Y. Guo, X. Hong, Y. Wang, Q. Li, J. Meng et al., Multicomponent hierarchical Cu-doped NiCo-LDH/CuO double arrays for ultralong-life hybrid fiber supercapacitor. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(24), 1809004 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201809004
  163. A. Agresti, F. Di Giacomo, S. Pescetelli, A. Di Carlo, Scalable deposition techniques for large-area perovskite photovoltaic technology: a multi-perspective review. Nano Energy 122, 109317 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109317
  164. J. Feng, Y. Jiao, H. Wang, X. Zhu, Y. Sun et al., High-throughput large-area vacuum deposition for high-performance formamidine-based perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 14(5), 3035–3043 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ee00634g
  165. J.H. Koo, J. Kang, S. Lee, J.-K. Song, J. Choi et al., A vacuum-deposited polymer dielectric for wafer-scale stretchable electronics. Nat. Electron. 6(2), 137–145 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-023-00918-y
  166. S. Song, L. Li, D. Ji, J. Zhao, Q. Wu et al., Flexible basalt fiber/aramid nanofiber/carbon nanotube electromagnetic shielding paper with outstanding environmental stability and joule heating performance. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15(29), 35495–35506 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c06138
  167. N. De Greef, L. Zhang, A. Magrez, L. Forró, J.-P. Locquet et al., Direct growth of carbon nanotubes on carbon fibers: effect of the CVD parameters on the degradation of mechanical properties of carbon fibers. Diamond Relat. Mater. 51, 39–48 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2014.11.002
  168. D. Luo, F. Wang, L. Li, Y. Cao, S. Yang et al., Recycling wind turbine blade to fabricate 3D framework for ultra-robust composite with enhanced electromagnetic interference shielding. Compos. Part B Eng. 305, 112734 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112734
  169. Z. Wang, D. Gong, W. Chen, C. Zhang, A high-sensitivity and fast-recovery strain sensor based on gradient polyurethane and electroless silver-plating on a high aspect ratio glass fibers. Chem. Eng. J. 507, 160439 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.160439
  170. J. Ruan, Z. Chang, H. Rong, T.S. Alomar, D. Zhu et al., High-conductivity nickel shells encapsulated wood-derived porous carbon for improved electromagnetic interference shielding. Carbon 213, 118208 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2023.118208
  171. L. Xu, R. Si, Q. Ni, J. Chen, J. Zhang et al., Synergistic magnetic/dielectric loss and layered structural design of Ni@carbon fiber/Ag@graphene fiber/polydimethylsiloxane composite for high-absorption EMI shielding. Carbon 225, 119155 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2024.119155
  172. Y. Liu, D. He, O. Dubrunfaut, A. Zhang, L. Pichon et al., In-situ growing carbon nanotubes on nickel modified glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites for EMI application. Appl. Compos. Mater. 28(3), 777–790 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-021-09894-y
  173. A. Parkash, A. Kadier, P.-C. Ma, Enhanced EMI shielding performance of glass fiber fabric via optimized electroless copper deposition. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 318, 118333 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2025.118333
  174. W. Yang, Y. Fu, A. Xia, K. Zhang, Z. Wu, Microwave absorption property of Ni–Co–Fe–P-coated flake graphite prepared by electroless plating. J. Alloys Compd. 518, 6–10 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.12.014
  175. W. Jang, S. Mallesh, L. Bok, K. Hyeon, Microwave absorption properties of core-shell structured FeCoNi@PMMA filled in composites. Curr. Appl. Phys. 20(4), 525–530 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2020.01.019
  176. Q. Wang, Y. Xu, S. Bi, Y. Lu, Enhanced electromagnetic-interference shielding effectiveness and mechanical strength of Co-Ni coated aramid-carbon blended fabric. Chin. J. Aeronaut. 34(10), 103–114 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2021.03.011
  177. Y. Wang, J. Wang, Z. Liu, S. Zheng, W. Lu et al., Nanocone-shaped Ni-electroplated carbon fiber composite films for electromagnetic shielding applications. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 27, 4625–4632 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.10.216
  178. A. Bhattacharya, A. De, Conducting composites of polypyrrole and polyaniline a review. Prog. Solid State Chem. 24(3), 141–181 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6786(96)00002-7
  179. M. Beygisangchin, S. Abdul Rashid, S. Shafie, A.R. Sadrolhosseini, H.N. Lim, Preparations, properties, and applications of polyaniline and polyaniline thin films-a review. Polymers 13(12), 2003 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13122003
  180. Q. Meng, K. Cai, Y. Chen, L. Chen, Research progress on conducting polymer based supercapacitor electrode materials. Nano Energy 36, 268–285 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.04.040
  181. Y. Wu, Z. Wang, X. Liu, X. Shen, Q. Zheng et al., Ultralight graphene foam/conductive polymer composites for exceptional electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(10), 9059–9069 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b01017
  182. X. He, C. Cui, Y. Chen, L. Zhang, X. Sheng et al., MXene and polymer collision: sparking the future of high-performance multifunctional coatings. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(51), 2409675 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202409675
  183. J. Luo, Y. Xue, C. Yang, Y. Liu, L. Zhang et al., Core-shell BN/SCF architecture with phonon-electronic dual conduction pathways for synergistic enhancement of thermal conductivity, EMI shielding and mechanical properties in CF/EP composites. Compos. Part B Eng. 305, 112747 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112747
  184. M. Ma, Z. Liao, X. Su, Q. Zheng, Y. Liu et al., Magnetic CoNi alloy ps embedded N-doped carbon fibers with polypyrrole for excellent electromagnetic wave absorption. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 608(Pt 3), 2203–2212 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.006
  185. Y. Gou, H. Wen, W. Zhang, A promising CF@PANI multifunctional absorbents: preparation and microwave absorption performance investigation. Mater. Res. Bull. 192, 113610 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2025.113610
  186. C. Chang, X. Yue, B. Hao, D. Xing, P.-C. Ma, Direct growth of carbon nanotubes on basalt fiber for the application of electromagnetic interference shielding. Carbon 167, 31–39 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.05.074
  187. Q. Men, S. Wang, Z. Yan, B. Zhao, L. Guan et al., Iron-encapsulated CNTs on carbon fiber with high-performance EMI shielding and electrocatalytic activity. Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater. 5(3), 2429–2439 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-022-00457-8
  188. N. Yamamoto, R. de Guzman Villoria, B.L. Wardle, Electrical and thermal property enhancement of fiber-reinforced polymer laminate composites through controlled implementation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Compos. Sci. Technol. 72(16), 2009–2015 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.09.006
  189. W. Li, F. Liang, X. Sun, K. Zheng, R. Liu et al., Graphene-skinned alumina fiber fabricated through metalloid-catalytic graphene CVD growth on nonmetallic substrate and its mass production. Nat. Commun. 15(1), 6825 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51118-x
  190. F. Liang, W. Li, K. Zheng, K. Huang, S. Cheng et al., Graphene-skinned alumina fiber fabric for diverse electrothermal and electromagnetic compatibility and its mass production. Adv. Mater. 37(28), 2501226 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202501226
  191. X. Gao, Q. Zhou, J. Wang, L. Xu, W. Zeng, Performance of intrinsic and modified graphene for the adsorption of H2S and CH4: a DFT study. Nanomaterials 10(2), 299 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020299
  192. K. Pirabul, Q. Zhao, Z.-Z. Pan, H. Liu, M. Itoh et al., Silicon radical-induced CH4 dissociation for uniform graphene coating on silica surface. Small 20(16), e2306325 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202306325
  193. K. Zheng, C. Yu, W. Li, F. liang, L. Liu et al., Rapid preparation of graphene-skinned alumina fiber fabric and its electromagnetic interference shielding application. Nano Res. 18(5), 94907330 (2025). https://doi.org/10.26599/nr.2025.94907330
  194. G. Zhang, J. Yu, C. Su, C. Di, S. Ci et al., The effect of annealing on the properties of copper-coated carbon fiber. Surf. Interface. 37, 102630 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2023.102630
  195. Z. Wang, G. Cai, Y. Xia, P. Li, S. Shi et al., Highly conductive graphene fiber textile for electromagnetic interference shielding. Carbon 222, 118996 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2024.118996
  196. X. Gao, X. Wang, J. Cai, Y. Zhang, J. Zhang et al., CNT cluster arrays grown on carbon fiber for excellent green EMI shielding and microwave absorbing. Carbon 211, 118083 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2023.118083
  197. B. Wu, G. Qian, Y. Yan, M.M. Alam, R. Xia et al., Design of interconnected carbon fiber thermal management composites with effective EMI shielding activity. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14(43), 49082–49093 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c13433
  198. Y. Xing, Y. Wan, Z. Wu, J. Wang, S. Jiao et al., Multilayer ultrathin MXene@AgNW@MoS2 composite film for high-efficiency electromagnetic shielding. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15(4), 5787–5797 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c18759
  199. L. Li, Q. Cheng, MXene based nanocomposite films. Exploration 2(4), 20220049 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/exp.20220049
  200. Y.-J. Choi, S.C. Gong, D.C. Johnson, S. Golledge, G.Y. Yeom et al., Characteristics of the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of Al-doped ZnO thin films deposited by atomic layer deposition. Appl. Surf. Sci. 269, 92–97 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.09.159
  201. X. Wan, Y. Zhao, Z. Li, L. Li, Emerging polymeric electrospun fibers: from structural diversity to application in flexible bioelectronics and tissue engineering. Exploration 2(1), 20210029 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/EXP.20210029
  202. A. He, Y. Luo, M. Wang, Y. Zhang, Z. Huang et al., Pearl-inspired colored carbon fibers with electromagnetic interference and optical camouflage properties. Energy Environ. Mater. 8(2), e12840 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12840
  203. P.G. Gordon, G. Bačić, G.P. Lopinski, S.T. Barry, Work function of doped zinc oxide films deposited by ALD. J. Mater. Res. 35(7), 756–761 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2019.334
  204. G. Lin, T. Zhou, Z. Zhou, W. Sun, Laser induced graphene for EMI shielding and ballistic impact damage detection in basalt fiber reinforced composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 242, 110182 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2023.110182
  205. X. Tang, X. Yan, Dip-coating for fibrous materials: mechanism, methods and applications. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 81(2), 378–404 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-016-4197-7
  206. J. Wu, X. Zhao, C. Tang, J. Lei, L. Li, One-step dipping method to prepare inorganic-organic composite superhydrophobic coating for durable protection of magnesium alloys. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 135, 104364 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104364
  207. S.J. Pothupitiya Gamage, K. Yang, R. Braveenth, K. Raagulan, H.S. Kim et al., MWCNT coated free-standing carbon fiber fabric for enhanced performance in EMI shielding with a higher absolute EMI SE. Materials 10(12), 1350 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10121350
  208. X. Mei, L. Lu, Y. Xie, Y.-X. Yu, Y. Tang et al., Preparation of flexible carbon fiber fabrics with adjustable surface wettability for high-efficiency electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(43), 49030–49041 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c08868
  209. Y. Zhang, G. Shen, S.S. Lam, S. Ansar, S.-C. Jung et al., A waste textiles-based multilayer composite fabric with superior electromagnetic shielding, infrared stealth and flame retardance for military applications. Chem. Eng. J. 471, 144679 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.144679
  210. M. Qi, G. Xiao, S. Chen, X. Wang, A. Duan et al., Modification of a chromogenic inorganic basalt fabric via a functionalized anthraquinone polyurethane mixed coating: exceptional wear resistance and EMI shielding. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 7(19), 13415–13427 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.5c03050
  211. G. Yu, G. Shao, Z. Xu, Y. Chen, X. Huang, Hierarchical interface-engineered magnetic graphene-sicn aerogels via stepwise confinement strategy for low-frequency and broadband microwave absorption. J. Adv. Ceram. (2025). https://doi.org/10.26599/jac.2025.9221187
  212. G. Yu, G. Shao, R. Xu, Y. Chen, X. Zhu et al., Metal-organic framework-manipulated dielectric genes inside silicon carbonitride toward tunable electromagnetic wave absorption. Small 19(46), e2304694 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202304694
  213. G. Yu, G. Shao, Y. Chen, Z. Xu, B. Quan et al., Intelligent hygroscopic aerogels: moisture-activated dual-mode switchable electromagnetic response. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35(42), 2506857 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202506857
  214. X. Huang, G. Yu, B. Quan, J. Xu, G. Sun et al., Harnessing pseudo-jahn-teller disordering of monoclinic birnessite for excited interfacial polarization and local magnetic domains. Small Methods 7(9), e2300045 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202300045
  215. X. Huang, J. Wei, Y. Zhang, B. Qian, Q. Jia et al., Ultralight magnetic and dielectric aerogels achieved by metal-organic framework initiated gelation of graphene oxide for enhanced microwave absorption. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 107 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00851-3
  216. J. Liang, S. Zhu, D. Chen, Y. Li, D. Zhou et al., Dual built-in electric field engineering in heterostructure nickel-cobalt bimetallic composites for boosted electromagnetic energy dissipation. Adv. Powder Mater. 4(6), 100344 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmate.2025.100344
  217. X. Huang, J. Guan, Y. Feng, Q. Zhang, B. Quan et al., Mn and O defect modulation in birnessite creates multiplicate polyhedra to improve dielectric and magnetic losses. Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 6(1), 102350 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.102350
  218. Z. Liu, J. Liu, H. bian, X. Zhou, H. Liang et al., Lattice expansion/contraction triggered by etching-assisted strain engineering of cobalt sulfide heterostructures to boost electromagnetic wave absorption. Adv. Powder Mater. 5(2), 100367 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmate.2025.100367
  219. Y. Wan, J. Xiao, C. Li, G. Xiong, R. Guo et al., Microwave absorption properties of FeCo-coated carbon fibers with varying morphologies. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 399, 252–259 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.10.006
  220. S. Liu, J. Wang, B. Zhang, X. Su, X. Chen et al., Transformation of traditional carbon fibers from microwaves reflection to efficient absorption via carbon fiber microstructure modulation. Carbon 219, 118802 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2024.118802
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF

Most read articles by the same author(s)