Issue

Vol. 17 (2025)

Modified Near-Infrared Annealing Enabled Rapid and Homogeneous Crystallization of Perovskite Films for Efficient Solar Modules

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01792-3
Qing Chang
Pen‑Tung Sah Institute of Micro‑Nano Science and Technology and Fujian Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
Peng He
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
Haosong Huang
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
Yingchen Peng
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
Xiao Han
Pen‑Tung Sah Institute of Micro‑Nano Science and Technology and Fujian Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
Yang Shen
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
Jun Yin
Pen‑Tung Sah Institute of Micro‑Nano Science and Technology and Fujian Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
Zhengjing Zhao
Huaneng Clean Energy Research Institute, Beijing 102209, People’s Republic of China
Ye Yang
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
Binghui Wu
Pen‑Tung Sah Institute of Micro‑Nano Science and Technology and Fujian Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
Zhiguo Zhao
Huaneng Clean Energy Research Institute, Beijing 102209, People’s Republic of China
Jing Li
Pen‑Tung Sah Institute of Micro‑Nano Science and Technology and Fujian Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
Nanfeng Zheng
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Jing Li

lijing@xmu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 17 (2025), Article Number: 272

Abstract

Currently, perovskite solar cells have achieved commendable progresses in power conversion efficiency (PCE) and operational stability. However, some conventional laboratory-scale fabrication methods become challenging when scaling up material syntheses or device production. Particularly, the prolonged high-temperature annealing process for the crystallization of perovskites requires a substantial amount of energy consumption and impact the modules’ throughput. Here, we report a modified near-infrared annealing (NIRA) process, which involves the excess PbI2 engineered crystallization, efficiently reduces the preparation time for perovskite active layer to within 20 s compared to dozens of min in conventional hot plate annealing (HPA) process. The study showed that the incorporated PbI2 promoted the consistent nucleation of the perovskite film, leading to the subsequent rapid and homogeneous crystallization at the NIRA stage. Thus, highly crystalized perovskite film was realized with even better crystallization performance than conventional HPA-based film. Ultimately, efficient perovskite solar modules of 36 and 100 cm2 were readily fabricated with the optimal PCEs of 22.03% and 20.18%, respectively. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the successful achievement of homogeneous and high-quality crystallization in large-area perovskite films through rapid NIRA processing. This approach not only significantly reduces energy consumption during production, but also substantially shortens the manufacturing cycle, paving a new path toward the commercial-scale application of perovskite solar modules.


Highlights:
1 Developing an infrared annealing system to achieve efficient annealing of perovskite films within 20 s.
2 Fully blade-coated perovskite modules achieved remarkable efficiencies of 22.03% (6 × 6 cm2, active area: 18 cm2) and 20.18% (10 × 10 cm2, active area: 56 cm2)

Keywords

Near-infrared annealing Homogeneous crystallization Blade coating Perovskite solar modules
Chang, Qing, Peng He, Haosong Huang, Yingchen Peng, Xiao Han, Yang Shen, Jun Yin, Zhengjing Zhao, Ye Yang, Binghui Wu, Zhiguo Zhao, Jing Li, and Nanfeng Zheng. 2025. “Modified Near-Infrared Annealing Enabled Rapid and Homogeneous Crystallization of Perovskite Films for Efficient Solar Modules”. Nano-Micro Letters 17 (May):272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01792-3.
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