Issue

Vol. 17 (2025)

Understanding Electrolytes and Interface Chemistry for Sustainable Nonaqueous Metal–CO2 Batteries

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01801-5
Bijiao He
Beijing Laboratory of New Energy Storage Technology and Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System of Ministry of Education, School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, People’s Republic of China
Yunnian Ge
Beijing Laboratory of New Energy Storage Technology and Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System of Ministry of Education, School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, People’s Republic of China
Fang Zhang
Beijing Laboratory of New Energy Storage Technology and Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System of Ministry of Education, School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, People’s Republic of China
Huajun Tian
Beijing Laboratory of New Energy Storage Technology and Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System of Ministry of Education, School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, People’s Republic of China
Yan Xin
Beijing Laboratory of New Energy Storage Technology and Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System of Ministry of Education, School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, People’s Republic of China
Yong Lei
Fachgebiet Angewandte Nanophysik, Institut Für Physik & ZMN MacroNano (ZIK), Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
Yang Yang
NanoScience Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformation Cluster, Department of Chemistry, The Stephen W. Hawking Center for Microgravity Research and Education, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA

Corresponding Author: Yang Yang

Yang.Yang@ucf.edu

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 17 (2025), Article Number: 299

Abstract

Metal–carbon dioxide (CO2) batteries hold great promise for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and are regarded as one of the most promising energy storage techniques due to their efficiency advantages in CO2 recovery and conversion. Moreover, rechargeable nonaqueous metal–CO2 batteries have attracted much attention due to their high theoretical energy density. However, the stability issues of the electrode–electrolyte interfaces of nonaqueous metal–CO2 (lithium (Li)/sodium (Na)/potassium (K)–CO2) batteries have been troubling its development, and a large number of related research in the field of electrolytes have conducted in recent years. This review retraces the short but rapid research history of nonaqueous metal–CO2 batteries with a detailed electrochemical mechanism analysis. Then it focuses on the basic characteristics and design principles of electrolytes, summarizes the latest achievements of various types of electrolytes in a timely manner and deeply analyzes the construction strategies of stable electrode–electrolyte interfaces for metal–CO2 batteries. Finally, the key issues related to electrolytes and interface engineering are fully discussed and several potential directions for future research are proposed. This review enriches a comprehensive understanding of electrolytes and interface engineering toward the practical applications of next-generation metal–CO2 batteries.


Highlights:
1 This review focuses on the design principles and basic characteristics of electrolytes, as well as how to construct a stable electrode–electrolyte interface. Perspectives on how electrolytes influence CO2 redox pathways are consolidated and proposed.
2 The electrochemical reaction mechanism and interfacial evolution of nonaqueous metal–CO2 batteries in different electrolyte systems are highlighted.
3 The electrode/electrolyte interface challenges encountered by nonaqueous metal–CO2 batteries are thoroughly discussed, along with corresponding optimization strategies.

Keywords

Nonaqueous metal–CO2 battery Electrolytes and interface chemistry Mechanism Interface engineering Solid electrolyte interface chemistry
He, Bijiao, Yunnian Ge, Fang Zhang, Huajun Tian, Yan Xin, Yong Lei, and Yang Yang. 2025. “Understanding Electrolytes and Interface Chemistry for Sustainable Nonaqueous Metal–CO2 Batteries”. Nano-Micro Letters 17 (June):299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01801-5.
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