Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Anionically-Reinforced Nanocellulose Separator Enables Dual Suppression of Zinc Dendrites and Polyiodide Shuttle for Long-Cycle Zn-I2 Batteries

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01921-y
Wenhui Liu
Co‑Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
Hong Ma
Co‑Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
Lingli Zhao
Co‑Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
Weiwei Qian
Co‑Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
Bo Liu
School of Mathematics and Physics, Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Jiangxi Education Institutes, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an 343009, People’s Republic of China
Jizhang Chen
Co‑Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
Yagang Yao
Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518057, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Yagang Yao

ygyao2018@nju.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 59

Abstract

Zn-I2 batteries have emerged as promising next-generation energy storage systems owing to their inherent safety, environmental compatibility, rapid reaction kinetics, and small voltage hysteresis. Nevertheless, two critical challenges, i.e., zinc dendrite growth and polyiodide shuttle effect, severely impede their commercial viability. To conquer these limitations, this study develops a multifunctional separator fabricated from straw-derived carboxylated nanocellulose, with its negative charge density further reinforced by anionic polyacrylamide incorporation. This modification simultaneously improves the separator’s mechanical properties, ionic conductivity, and Zn2+ ion transfer number. Remarkably, despite its ultrathin 20 μm profile, the engineered separator demonstrates exceptional dendrite suppression and parasitic reaction inhibition, enabling Zn//Zn symmetric cells to achieve impressive cycle life (> 1800 h at 2 mA cm−2/2 mAh cm−2) while maintaining robust performance even at ultrahigh areal capacities (25 mAh cm−2). Additionally, the separator’s anionic characteristic effectively blocks polyiodide migration through electrostatic repulsion, yielding Zn-I2 batteries with outstanding rate capability (120.7 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1) and excellent cyclability (94.2% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles). And superior cycling stability can still be achieved under zinc-deficient condition and pouch cell configuration. This work establishes a new paradigm for designing high-performance zinc-based energy storage systems through rational separator engineering.


Highlights:
1 Straw-derived carboxylated nanocellulose separator is modified by anionic polyacrylamide to further enhance the negative charge density.
2 The separator exhibits ultrathin profile and exceptional mechanical strength, as well as enabling rapid zinc ion transport.
3 The separator can not only effectively inhibit zinc dendrites and parasitic reactions but also significantly suppress polyiodide shuttle via electrostatic repulsion, contributing to remarkable performance of Zn-I2 batteries even under high mass loadings.

Keywords

Zinc-iodine batteries Nanocellulose separators Carboxyl functional groups Polyiodide shuttle effect Dendrite suppression
Liu, Wenhui, Hong Ma, Lingli Zhao, Weiwei Qian, Bo Liu, Jizhang Chen, and Yagang Yao. 2025. “Anionically-Reinforced Nanocellulose Separator Enables Dual Suppression of Zinc Dendrites and Polyiodide Shuttle for Long-Cycle Zn-I2 Batteries”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (September):59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01921-y.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. Z. Wang, Y. Li, J. Wang, R. Ji, H. Yuan et al., Recent progress of flexible aqueous multivalent ion batteries. Carbon Energy 4(3), 411–445 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.178
  2. D. Li, Y. Guo, C. Zhang, X. Chen, W. Zhang et al., Unveiling organic electrode materials in aqueous zinc-ion batteries: from structural design to electrochemical performance. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 194 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01404-6
  3. C. Li, R. Kingsbury, L. Zhou, A. Shyamsunder, K.A. Persson et al., Tuning the solvation structure in aqueous zinc batteries to maximize Zn-ion intercalation and optimize dendrite-free zinc plating. ACS Energy Lett. 7(1), 533–540 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c02514
  4. X. Yang, H. Fan, F. Hu, S. Chen, K. Yan et al., Aqueous zinc batteries with ultra-fast redox kinetics and high iodine utilization enabled by iron single atom catalysts. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 126 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01093-7
  5. J. Wang, Y. Yang, Y. Zhang, Y. Li, R. Sun et al., Strategies towards the challenges of zinc metal anode in rechargeable aqueous zinc ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 35, 19–46 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2020.10.027
  6. W. Yan, Y. Liu, J. Qiu, F. Tan, J. Liang et al., A tripartite synergistic optimization strategy for zinc-iodine batteries. Nat. Commun. 15(1), 9702 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53800-6
  7. R. Wang, Y. Liu, Q. Luo, P. Xiong, X. Xie et al., Remolding the interface stability for practical aqueous Zn/I2 batteries via sulfonic acid-rich electrolyte and separator design. Adv. Mater. 37(16), 2419502 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202419502
  8. P. Lin, G. Chen, Y. Kang, M. Zhang, J. Yang et al., Simultaneous inhibition of Zn dendrites and polyiodide ions shuttle effect by an anion concentrated electrolyte membrane for long lifespan aqueous zinc–iodine batteries. ACS Nano 17(16), 15492–15503 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c01518
  9. T. Liu, C. Lei, H. Wang, C. Xu, W. Ma et al., Practical four-electron zinc-iodine aqueous batteries enabled by orbital hybridization induced adsorption-catalysis. Sci. Bull. 69(11), 1674–1685 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2024.02.014
  10. T. Wang, Q. Xi, K. Yao, Y. Liu, H. Fu et al., Surface patterning of metal zinc electrode with an in-region zincophilic interface for high-rate and long-cycle-life zinc metal anode. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 112 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01327-2
  11. J. Xu, Z. Huang, H. Zhou, G. He, Y. Zhao et al., Holistic optimization strategies for advanced aqueous zinc iodine batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 72, 103596 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103596
  12. C. Dong, Y. Yu, C. Ma, C. Zhou, J. Wang et al., Tailoring zinc diatomic bidirectional catalysts achieving orbital coupling–hybridization for ultralong-cycling zinc–iodine batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 18(6), 3014–3025 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EE05767H
  13. L.-H. Pei, D.-M. Xu, Y.-Z. Luo, S.-J. Guo, D.-R. Liu et al., Zinc single-atom catalysts encapsulated in hierarchical porous bio-carbon synergistically enhances fast iodine conversion and efficient polyiodide confinement for Zn-I2 batteries. Adv. Mater. 37(10), 2420005 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202420005
  14. T.-T. Su, J.-B. Le, K. Wang, K.-N. Liu, C.-Y. Shao et al., Tetraethyl orthosilicate steam induced silicon-based anticorrosion film enables highly reversible zinc metal anodes for zinc-iodine batteries. J. Power. Sour 550, 232136 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.232136
  15. W. Wu, C. Li, Z. Wang, H.-Y. Shi, Y. Song et al., Electrode and electrolyte regulation to promote coulombic efficiency and cycling stability of aqueous zinc-iodine batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 428, 131283 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.131283
  16. W. Yuan, X. Qu, Y. Wang, X. Li, X. Ru et al., Polycationic polymer functionalized separator to stabilize aqueous zinc-iodine batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 76, 104130 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104130
  17. Q. Chen, S. Chen, J. Ma, S. Ding, J. Zhang, Synergic anchoring of Fe2N nanoclusters on porous carbon to enhance reversible conversion of iodine for high-temperature zinc-iodine battery. Nano Energy 117, 108897 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108897
  18. F. Wei, H. Xu, T. Zhang, W. Li, L. Huang et al., Mesoporous poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) as efficient iodine host for high-performance zinc-iodine batteries. ACS Nano 17(20), 20643–20653 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c07868
  19. W. Du, L. Miao, Z. Song, X. Zheng, C. Hu et al., Organic iodine electrolyte starting triple I+ storage in in-based metal-organic frameworks for high-capacity aqueous Zn-I2 batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 484, 149535 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.149535
  20. S.-J. Zhang, J. Hao, H. Li, P.-F. Zhang, Z.-W. Yin et al., Polyiodide confinement by starch enables shuttle-free Zn-iodine batteries. Adv. Mater. 34(23), e2201716 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202201716
  21. H. Xu, R. Zhang, D. Luo, J. Wang, H. Dou et al., Synergistic ion sieve and solvation regulation by recyclable clay-based electrolyte membrane for stable Zn-iodine battery. ACS Nano 17(24), 25291–25300 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c08681
  22. H. Bi, D. Tian, Z. Zhao, Q. Yang, Y. Yuan et al., Multifunctional Janus separator engineering for modulating zinc oriented aspectant growth and iodine conversion kinetics toward advanced zinc-iodine batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35(22), 2423115 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202423115
  23. Y. Zong, H. He, Y. Wang, M. Wu, X. Ren et al., Functionalized separator strategies toward advanced aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 13(20), 2300403 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202300403
  24. H. Chen, X. Li, K. Fang, H. Wang, J. Ning et al., Aqueous zinc-iodine batteries: from electrochemistry to energy storage mechanism. Adv. Energy Mater. 13(41), 2302187 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202302187
  25. P. Yang, K. Zhang, S. Liu, W. Zhuang, Z. Shao et al., Ionic selective separator design enables long-life zinc–iodine batteries via synergistic anode stabilization and polyiodide shuttle suppression. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(52), 2410712 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202410712
  26. X. Han, L. Chen, M. Yanilmaz, X. Lu, K. Yang et al., From nature, requite to nature: bio-based cellulose and its derivatives for construction of green zinc batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 454, 140311 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.140311
  27. H. Qu, W. Guo, W. Li, L. Shao, Y. Chen et al., Bifunctional high-strength and anti-shuttling separator based on negatively-charged-cellulose-nanofibers for high-energy and stable flexible Zn-I2 batteries. Appl. Surf. Sci. 686, 162180 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.162180
  28. Y. Lu, J. Han, Q. Ding, Y. Yue, C. Xia et al., TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers/polyacrylamide hybrid hydrogel with intrinsic self-recovery and shape memory properties. Cellulose 28(3), 1469–1488 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03606-8
  29. Q. Wang, J. Zhao, J. Zhang, M. Li, F. Tan et al., Biomass chitin nanofiber separators proactively stabilizing zinc anodes for dendrite-free aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(41), 2405957 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202405957
  30. B. Li, Y. Zeng, W. Zhang, B. Lu, Q. Yang et al., Separator designs for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Sci. Bull. 69(5), 688–703 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2024.01.011
  31. Y. Wang, S. Sun, X. Wu, H. Liang, W. Zhang, Status and opportunities of zinc ion hybrid capacitors: focus on carbon materials, current collectors, and separators. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 78 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01065-x
  32. J. Chen, K. Fang, Q. Chen, J. Xu, C.-P. Wong, Integrated paper electrodes derived from cotton stalks for high-performance flexible supercapacitors. Nano Energy 53, 337–344 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.08.056
  33. N. Abidi, L. Cabrales, C.H. Haigler, Changes in the cell wall and cellulose content of developing cotton fibers investigated by FTIR spectroscopy. Carbohydr. Polym. 100, 9–16 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.074
  34. N. Masruchin, B.-D. Park, V. Causin, I.C. Um, Characteristics of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose fibril-based hydrogels induced by cationic ions and their properties. Cellulose 22(3), 1993–2010 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0624-0
  35. S.-N. Li, B. Li, Z.-R. Yu, S.-W. Dai, S.-C. Shen et al., Mechanically robust polyacrylamide composite hydrogel achieved by integrating lamellar montmorillonite and chitosan microcrystalline structure into covalently cross-linked network. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2(5), 1874–1885 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.0c00106
  36. L. Mo, S. Zhang, F. Qi, A. Huang, Highly stable cellulose nanofiber/polyacrylamide aerogel via in situ physical/chemical double crosslinking for highly efficient Cu(II) ions removal. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 209(Pt B), 1922–1932 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.167
  37. M. Cheng, D. Li, J. Cao, T. Sun, Q. Sun et al., “Anions-in-colloid” hydrated deep eutectic electrolyte for high reversible zinc metal anodes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63(42), e202410210 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202410210
  38. Y. Fang, X. Xie, B. Zhang, Y. Chai, B. Lu et al., Regulating zinc deposition behaviors by the conditioner of PAN separator for zinc-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32(14), 2109671 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202109671
  39. Y. Zhang, C. Peng, Y. Zhang, S. Yang, Z. Zeng et al., In-situ crosslinked Zn2+-conducting polymer complex interphase with synergistic anion shielding and cation regulation for high-rate and dendrite-free zinc metal anodes. Chem. Eng. J. 448, 137653 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.137653
  40. G. Li, Z. Zhao, S. Zhang, L. Sun, M. Li et al., A biocompatible electrolyte enables highly reversible Zn anode for zinc ion battery. Nat. Commun. 14(1), 6526 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42333-z
  41. M. Zhou, S. Guo, J. Li, X. Luo, Z. Liu et al., Surface-preferred crystal plane for a stable and reversible zinc anode. Adv. Mater. 33(21), e2100187 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202100187
  42. Z. Mai, Y. Lin, J. Sun, C. Wang, G. Yang et al., Breaking performance limits of Zn anodes in aqueous batteries by tailoring anion and cation additives. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 259 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01773-6
  43. W. Xin, J. Xiao, J. Li, L. Zhang, H. Peng et al., Metal-organic frameworks with carboxyl functionalized channels as multifunctional ion-conductive interphase for highly reversible Zn anode. Energy Storage Mater. 56, 76–86 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2023.01.006
  44. Z. Liu, Z. Guo, L. Fan, C. Zhao, A. Chen et al., Construct robust epitaxial growth of (101) textured zinc metal anode for long life and high capacity in mild aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 36(5), 2305988 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202305988
  45. S. Liu, J. Vongsvivut, Y. Wang, R. Zhang, F. Yang et al., Monolithic phosphate interphase for highly reversible and stable Zn metal anode. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62(4), e202215600 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202215600
  46. H. Ma, H. Chen, M. Chen, A. Li, X. Han et al., Biomimetic and biodegradable separator with high modulus and large ionic conductivity enables dendrite-free zinc-ion batteries. Nat. Commun. 16, 1014 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56325-8
  47. M. Chen, M. Yang, X. Han, J. Chen, P. Zhang et al., Suppressing rampant and vertical deposition of cathode intermediate product via pH regulation toward large-capacity and high-durability Zn//MnO2 batteries. Adv. Mater. 36(4), 2304997 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202304997
  48. J. Wang, B. Zhang, Z. Cai, R. Zhan, W. Wang et al., Stable interphase chemistry of textured Zn anode for rechargeable aqueous batteries. Sci. Bull. 67(7), 716–724 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2022.01.010
  49. C. Huang, X. Zhao, Y. Hao, Y. Yang, Y. Qian et al., Stabilizing Zn metal anodes by 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde as the H* scavenger. Energy Storage Mater. 65, 103158 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2023.103158
  50. Y. Li, Y. Wang, Y. Xu, W. Tian, J. Wang et al., Dynamic biomolecular “mask” stabilizes Zn anode. Small 18(26), e2202214 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202202214
  51. L. Yang, Y.-J. Zhu, H.-P. Yu, Z.-Y. Wang, L. Cheng et al., A five micron thick aramid nanofiber separator enables highly reversible Zn anode for energy-dense aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 14(39), 2401858 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202401858
  52. Y. Shang, P. Kumar, U. Mittal, X. Liang, D. Kundu, Targeted leveling of the undercoordinated high field density sites renders effective zinc dendrite inhibition. Energy Storage Mater. 55, 117–129 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.11.033
  53. J. Bu, P. Liu, G. Ou, M. Ye, Z. Wen et al., Interfacial adsorption layers based on amino acid analogues to enable dual stabilization toward long-life aqueous zinc iodine batteries. Adv. Mater. 37(19), 2420221 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202420221
  54. G. Liang, B. Liang, A. Chen, J. Zhu, Q. Li et al., Development of rechargeable high-energy hybrid zinc-iodine aqueous batteries exploiting reversible chlorine-based redox reaction. Nat. Commun. 14(1), 1856 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37565-y
  55. Y. Zou, T. Liu, Q. Du, Y. Li, H. Yi et al., A four-electron Zn-I2 aqueous battery enabled by reversible I–/I2/I+ conversion. Nat. Commun. 12, 170 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20331-9
  56. Y. Hou, F. Kong, Z. Wang, M. Ren, C. Qiao et al., High performance rechargeable aqueous zinc-iodine batteries via a double iodine species fixation strategy with mesoporous carbon and modified separator. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 629, 279–287 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.09.079
  57. T. Huang, S. Wang, J. Wu, H. Hu, J. Wang et al., Triazine and hydroxyl covalent organic framework modified separator for Zn-ion fast and Selective transport and dendrite-free deposition in zinc–iodine battery. J. Power. Sour 608, 234658 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.234658
  58. Y. Zhang, T. Zhao, S. Yang, Y. Zhang, Y. Ma et al., Flexible PEDOT: PSS nanopapers as “anion-cation regulation” synergistic interlayers enabling ultra-stable aqueous zinc-iodine batteries. J. Energy Chem. 75, 310–320 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2022.08.026
  59. H. Yang, Y. Qiao, Z. Chang, H. Deng, P. He et al., A metal–organic framework as a multifunctional ionic sieve membrane for long-life aqueous zinc–iodide batteries. Adv. Mater. 32(38), 2004240 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202004240
  60. L. Zhang, J. Huang, H. Guo, L. Ge, Z. Tian et al., Tuning ion transport at the anode-electrolyte interface via a sulfonate-rich ion-exchange layer for durable zinc-iodine batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 13(13), 2203790 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202203790
  61. J.S. Cha, S. Park, Y. Hwang, E.J. Yoon, D. Gueon et al., Stable zinc metal battery development: using fibrous zirconia for rapid surface conduction of zinc ions with modified water solvation structure. Small 21(1), 2406481 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202406481
  62. D. Yin, B. Li, L. Zhao, N. Gao, Y. Zhang et al., Polymeric iodine transport layer enabled high areal capacity dual plating zinc-iodine battery. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(6), e202418069 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202418069
  63. J. Zhang, C. Qiu, C. Zhou, S. Guo, Y. Gao et al., Liner-chain polysaccharide binders with strong chemisorption capability for iodine species enables shuttle-free zinc-iodine batteries. Nano Energy 133, 110519 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.110519
  64. X. Zhang, C. Qu, X. Zhang, X. Peng, Y. Qiu et al., Atomic Sn encapsulation with visualizing mitigated active zinc loss toward anode-lean zinc metal battery. Adv. Energy Mater. 14(30), 2401139 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202401139
  65. X. Hu, H. Dong, N. Gao, T. Wang, H. He et al., Self-assembled polyelectrolytes with ion-separation accelerating channels for highly stable Zn-ion batteries. Nat. Commun. 16(1), 2316 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57666-0
  66. J. Chen, M. Chen, H. Chen, M. Yang, X. Han et al., Wood-inspired anisotropic hydrogel electrolyte with large modulus and low tortuosity realizing durable dendrite-free zinc-ion batteries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 121(21), e2322944121 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2322944121
  67. H. Wu, J. Hao, S. Zhang, Y. Jiang, Y. Zhu et al., Aqueous zinc–iodine pouch cells with long cycling life and low self-discharge. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146(24), 16601–16608 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c03518
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF SUPPLEMENTARY FILE
Statistic
Read Counter : 0 Download : 0

Most read articles by the same author(s)