Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Phage-Inspired Artificial Peroxidases with Robust Sub–Nanometer Cluster Sites for Efficient Oral Biofilm Elimination and Dental Caries Prevention

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02138-3
Huang Zhu
State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
Ting Wang
College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
Shihuan Gao
College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
Wei Geng
College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
Tian Ma
College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
Liang Cheng
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macau, People’s Republic of China
Xianglong Han
State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
Jiuhong Deng
State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
Shanshan Gao
State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
Chong Cheng
State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Chong Cheng

chong.cheng@scu.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 303

Abstract

Dental caries, a highly prevalent oral disease, is primarily driven by pathogenic biofilms; however, current antimicrobials exhibit limited efficacy and poor specificity against cariogenic biofilms. Although nanobiocatalysts that can produce reactive oxygen species represent a promising alternative to conventional antimicrobials, most current designs fail to achieve robust bacterial interaction and exhibit insufficient disruption of biofilm integrity. To address these challenges, we report the de novo design of phage-inspired artificial peroxidases (IrNC@TiO2) featuring a robust sub-nanometer cluster site and urchin-like topography, which enables efficient oral biofilm elimination and dental caries prevention. Structural characterization confirmed that sub-nanometer Ir clusters are stably anchored to the TiO2 support via Ir–O coordination. Leveraging the robust enzymatic activity of Ir clusterzymes and the topological advantages of the spiky substrate, IrNC@TiO2 exhibits potent multi-enzyme mimetic activity, generating substantial amounts of ·O2− and HClO to effectively capture and eradicate planktonic Streptococcus mutans and suppress biofilm formation. In a caries model, IrNC@TiO2 significantly inhibited tooth surface biofilm development, prevented enamel demineralization, and reduced caries incidence. The material also demonstrated negligible cytotoxicity and outperformed conventional non-abrasive additives in tooth-whitening assays. This work introduces a robust and efficient ROS-generating platform for oral health care and proposes a promising solution for clinical caries prevention.


Highlights:
1 The phage-inspired de novo design of the artificial peroxidase (IrNC@TiO2) features robust subnanometer cluster sites and a sea-urchin-like topography.
2 The potent enzymatic activity of Ir clusterzymes and the topological advantages of the spiky substrate endow IrNC@TiO2 with the ability to effectively capture and eradicate planktonic Streptococcus mutans while inhibiting biofilm formation.
3 IrNC@TiO2 can significantly inhibit tooth-surface biofilm development, prevent enamel demineralization, and reduce caries incidence in anticaries experiments.

Keywords

Bioinspired design Artificial peroxidases ROS generation Biofilm eradication Dental caries
Zhu, Huang, Ting Wang, Shihuan Gao, Wei Geng, Tian Ma, Liang Cheng, Xianglong Han, Jiuhong Deng, Shanshan Gao, and Chong Cheng. 2026. “Phage-Inspired Artificial Peroxidases With Robust Sub–Nanometer Cluster Sites for Efficient Oral Biofilm Elimination and Dental Caries Prevention”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (March):303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02138-3.
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