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Vol. 18 (2026)

High-Performance Wide-Temperature Zinc-Ion Batteries with K+/C3N4 Co-Intercalated Ammonium Vanadate Cathodes

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01892-0
Daming Chen
Materials Synthesis and Processing Lab, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
Jimin Fu
Materials Synthesis and Processing Lab, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
Yang Ming
Materials Synthesis and Processing Lab, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
Wei Cai
Materials Synthesis and Processing Lab, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
Yidi Wang
Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
Xin Hu
Materials Synthesis and Processing Lab, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
Rujun Yu
Materials Synthesis and Processing Lab, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
Ming Yang
College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People’s Republic of China
Yixin Hu
Materials Synthesis and Processing Lab, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
Benjamin Tawiah
Materials Synthesis and Processing Lab, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
Shuo Shi
Materials Synthesis and Processing Lab, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
Hanbai Wu
Materials Synthesis and Processing Lab, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
Zijian Li
Materials Synthesis and Processing Lab, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
Bin Fei
Materials Synthesis and Processing Lab, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Bin Fei

bin.fei@polyu.edu.hk

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 48

Abstract

NH4V4O10 (NVO) is considered a promising cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity. However, its practical application is limited by irreversible deamination, structural collapse, and sluggish reaction kinetics during cycling. Herein, K+ and C3N4 co-intercalated NVO (KNVO-C3N4) nanosheets with expanded interlayer spacing are synthesized for the first time to achieve high-rate, stable, and wide-temperature cathodes. Molecular dynamics and experimental results confirm that there is an optimal C3N4 content to achieve higher reaction kinetics. The synergistic effect of K+ and C3N4 co-intercalation significantly reduces the electrostatic interaction between Zn2+ and the [VOn] layer, improves the specific capacity and cycling stability. Consequently, the KNVO-C3N4 electrode displays outstanding electrochemical performance at room temperature and under extreme environments. It exhibits excellent rate performance (228.4 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1), long-term cycling stability (174.2 mAh g−1 after 10,000 cycles at 20 A g−1), and power/energy density (210.0 Wh kg−1 at 14,200 W kg−1) at room temperature. Notably, it shows remarkable storage performance at − 20 °C (111.3 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1) and 60 °C (208.6 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1). This strategy offers a novel approach to developing high-performance cathodes capable of operating under extreme temperatures.


Highlights:
1 Molecular dynamics and experimental results confirm that adjusting the interlayer spacing by changing the C3N4 content effectively improves the reaction kinetics.
2 The synergistic effect of K+ and C3N4 co-intercalation lowers the energy barrier, reduces the electrostatic interaction, and enhances the kinetics and structural stability.
3 The K+/C3N4 co-intercalated NH4V4O10 cathode exhibits excellent electrochemical performance at room temperature and under extreme environments.

Keywords

K and C3N4 co-intercalation Synergistic effect Reaction kinetics Extreme environments Aqueous zinc-ion batteries
Chen, Daming, Jimin Fu, Yang Ming, Wei Cai, Yidi Wang, Xin Hu, Rujun Yu, Ming Yang, Yixin Hu, Benjamin Tawiah, Shuo Shi, Hanbai Wu, Zijian Li, and Bin Fei. 2025. “High-Performance Wide-Temperature Zinc-Ion Batteries With K+/C3N4 Co-Intercalated Ammonium Vanadate Cathodes”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (September):48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01892-0.
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