Issue

Vol. 18 (2026)

Functionalized Wood: A Green Nanoengineering Platform for Sustainable Technologies

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01953-4
Tuo Zhang
Institute of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Embodied Intelligence Robotics Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
Mingwei Gu
Institute of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Embodied Intelligence Robotics Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
Yizhu Liu
Institute of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Embodied Intelligence Robotics Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
Guangyao Chen
Institute of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Embodied Intelligence Robotics Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
Haiyang Zhang
Institute of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Embodied Intelligence Robotics Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
Liguo Chen
Institute of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Embodied Intelligence Robotics Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
Xingwen Zhou
Institute of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Embodied Intelligence Robotics Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
Lining Sun
Institute of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Embodied Intelligence Robotics Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
Zhen Wen
Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‑Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
Yunlei Zhou
Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311231, People’s Republic of China
Haibo Huang
Institute of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Embodied Intelligence Robotics Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Haibo Huang

hbhuang@suda.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 18 (2026), Article Number: 108

Abstract

Wood, once regarded primarily as a structural material, possesses rich physicochemical complexity that has long been underexplored. In the context of industrialization and carbon imbalance, it is now emerging as a renewable and multifunctional platform for green nanotechnologies. Recent advances in wood nanotechnology have enabled the transformation of natural wood into programmable substrates with tailored nanoarchitectures, establishing it as a representative class of bio-based nanomaterials. This review systematically categorizes wood-specific nanoengineering strategies—including thermal carbonization, laser-induced graphenization, targeted delignification, nanomaterial integration, and mechanical processing—highlighting their mechanisms and impacts on wood’s multiscale structural and functional properties. Importantly, these functionalization strategies can be flexibly combined in a modular, “Lego-like” manner, enabling wood to be reconfigured and optimized for diverse application scenarios. We summarize recent progress in applying functionalized wood to sustainable technologies such as energy storage (e.g., metal-ion batteries, Zn–air systems, supercapacitors), water treatment (e.g., adsorption, photothermal filtration, catalytic degradation), and energy conversion (e.g., solar evaporation, ionic thermoelectrics, hydrovoltaics, and triboelectric nanogenerators). These studies reveal how nanoengineered wood structures can enable efficient charge transport, selective adsorption, and enhanced light-to-heat conversion. Finally, the review discusses current challenges—such as scalable fabrication, material integration, and long-term environmental stability—and outlines future directions for the development of wood-based platforms in next-generation green energy and environmental systems.


Highlights:
1 The intrinsic hierarchical, anisotropic, and porous architecture of wood provides a structurally programmable scaffold that supports subsequent nanoengineering strategies, enabling multiscale property modulation for diverse sustainable applications.
2 Wood-specific hierarchical nanoengineering strategies—including carbonization, delignification, laser-induced graphene formation, and nanomaterial integration—are systematically categorized to enable tunable structures and properties across multiple length scales.
3 Functionalized wood with nanostructures enables sustainable solutions in energy storage (e.g., Zn–air batteries, supercapacitors), water treatment (e.g., adsorption, filtration), and renewable power generation (e.g., solar-thermal, thermoelectric and hydrovoltaic systems).

Keywords

Functionalized wood Bio-based nanomaterials Energy storage Water purification Energy conversion
Zhang, Tuo, Mingwei Gu, Yizhu Liu, Guangyao Chen, Haiyang Zhang, Liguo Chen, Xingwen Zhou, Lining Sun, Zhen Wen, Yunlei Zhou, and Haibo Huang. 2026. “Functionalized Wood: A Green Nanoengineering Platform for Sustainable Technologies”. Nano-Micro Letters 18 (January):108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01953-4.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. Y. Zhang, S. Ling, W. Chen, M.J. Buehler, D.L. Kaplan, Exploring nature’s toolbox: the role of biopolymers in sustainable materials science. Adv. Mater. 37(22), 2507822 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202507822
  2. H. Zhu, W. Luo, P.N. Ciesielski, Z. Fang, J.Y. Zhu et al., Wood-derived materials for green electronics, biological devices, and energy applications. Chem. Rev. 116(16), 9305–9374 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00225
  3. L. Zhang, H. Liu, B. Song, J. Gu, L. Li et al., Wood-inspired metamaterial catalyst for robust and high-throughput water purification. Nat. Commun. 15(1), 2046 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46337-1
  4. S. You, Q. Zhang, J. Liu, Q. Deng, Z. Sun et al., Hard carbon with an opened pore structure for enhanced sodium storage performance. Energy Environ. Sci. 17(21), 8189–8197 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ee02519a
  5. C.M. Clarkson, S.M. El Awad Azrak, E.S. Forti, G.T. Schueneman, R.J. Moon et al., Recent developments in cellulose nanomaterial composites. Adv. Mater. 33(28), 2000718 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202000718
  6. X. Liu, C. Wan, X. Li, S. Wei, L. Zhang et al., Sustainable wood-based nanotechnologies for photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants in aquatic environment. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 15(4), 54 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1346-6
  7. F. Wang, J. Lee, L. Chen, G. Zhang, S. He et al., Inspired by wood: thick electrodes for supercapacitors. ACS Nano 17(10), 8866–8898 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c01241
  8. M. Schubert, G. Panzarasa, I. Burgert, Sustainability in wood products: a new perspective for handling natural diversity. Chem. Rev. 123(5), 1889–1924 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00360
  9. C. Chen, Y. Kuang, S. Zhu, I. Burgert, T. Keplinger et al., Structure–property–function relationships of natural and engineered wood. Nat. Rev. Mater. 5(9), 642–666 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-0195-z
  10. C. Chen, L. Berglund, I. Burgert, L. Hu, Wood nanomaterials and nanotechnologies. Adv. Mater. 33(28), 2006207 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202006207
  11. O. Paris, G. Fritz-Popovski, D. Van Opdenbosch, C. Zollfrank, Recent progress in the replication of hierarchical biological tissues. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23(36), 4408–4422 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201300217
  12. S.K. Lengger, L. Neumaier, L. Haiden, M. Feuchter, T. Griesser et al., Laser-induced graphene formation on different wood species: dependence of electronic performance on intrinsic features of certain types of wood. Sustain. Mater. Technol. 40, e00936 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2024.e00936
  13. C. Chen, L. Hu, Nanoscale ion regulation in wood-based structures and their device applications. Adv. Mater. 33(28), 2002890 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202002890
  14. H. Wang, H. Wu, D. Ye, C. Zhao, Q. Wu et al., Micro-cylindrical/fibric electronic devices: materials, fabrication, health and environmental monitoring. Soft Sci. 4(4), 41 (2024). https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.53
  15. N.A. Zulkifli, W. Jeong, M. Kim, C. Kim, Y.H. Ko et al., 3D-printed magnetic-based air pressure sensor for continuous respiration monitoring and breathing rehabilitation. Soft Sci. 4(2), 20 (2024). https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.11
  16. Q. Cheng, J. Li, Q. Zhang, Fibre computer enables more accurate recognition of human activity. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 286 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01809-x
  17. Z. Xu, C. Zhang, F. Wang, J. Yu, G. Yang et al., Smart textiles for personalized sports and healthcare. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 232 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01749-6
  18. C. Ge, D. Xu, X. Feng, X. Yang, Z. Song et al., Recent advances in fibrous materials for hydroelectricity generation. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 29 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01537-8
  19. X. Dong, R. Song, P. Wang, J. Tang, Y. Wang et al., Multiscale engineered waste wood ps toward a sustainable, scalable, and high-performance structural material. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(9), 2308361 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202308361
  20. S. Guo, Y. Zhang, Z. Yu, M. Dai, X. Liu et al., Leaf-based energy harvesting and storage utilizing hygroscopic iron hydrogel for continuous power generation. Nat. Commun. 16(1), 5267 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60341-z
  21. Y.-J. Park, Y.-I. Ryu, M.-K. Choi, K.-S. Kim, S.-K. Kang, Controlling the lifetime of biodegradable electronics: from dissolution kinetics to trigger acceleration. Soft Sci. 4(2), 16 (2024). https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.06
  22. S.J. Yoon, J.T. Park, Y.K. Lee, The neuromorphic computing for biointegrated electronics. Soft Sci. 4(3), 30 (2024). https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.12
  23. H. Zhong, Q. Huang, M. Zou, F. Li, Y. Liu et al., From food to hard carbon: citric acid enhanced biomass-derived anodes for high-performance sodium storage. Chem. Eng. J. 508, 160879 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.160879
  24. Y. Liu, S.-G. Han, X. Li, Y. Luo, Y. Wu et al., Manganese dioxide cathode materials for aqueous zinc ion battery: Development, challenges and strategies. EnergyChem 7(3), 100152 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enchem.2025.100152
  25. H. Dong, S. Wei, W. Chen et al., Bioinspired lignocellulose foam: exceptional toughness and thermal insulation. ACS Nano 19(12), 11712–11727 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c11945
  26. R. Zhang, D. Chen, M. Hummelgård, N. Blomquist, C. Dahlström et al., Engineering triboelectric paper for energy harvesting and smart sensing. Adv. Mater. 37(22), 2416641 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202416641
  27. H. Shan, P. Poredoš, H. Qu, X. Yang, M. Zhou et al., Integrating rooftop agriculture and atmospheric water harvesting for water-food production based on hygroscopic manganese complex. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(38), 2402839 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202402839
  28. Y. Zhou, Y. Zhang, Y. Pang, H. Guo, Y. Guo et al., Thermally conductive Ti3C2Tx fibers with superior electrical conductivity. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 235 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01752-x
  29. Q. Huang, T. Xie, Y. Luo, J.-E. Zhou, Y. Wu et al., A comprehensive review on zinc-based MOFs and their derivatives for alkali-ion batteries: synthesis, applications, and future prospects. Adv. Funct. Mater. (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202508749
  30. F. Sheng, C. Zhao, B. Zhang, Y. Tan, K. Dong, Flourishing electronic textiles towards pervasive, personalized and intelligent healthcare. Soft Sci. 4(1), 2 (2024). https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.35
  31. J. Tu, M. Wang, W. Li, J. Su, Y. Li et al., Electronic skins with multimodal sensing and perception. Soft Sci. 3(3), 24 (2023). https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.15
  32. Y. Xi, P. Tan, Z. Li, Y. Fan, Self-powered wearable IoT sensors as human-machine interfaces. Soft Sci. 3(3), 26 (2023). https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.13
  33. Z. Ma, B.L. Khoo, Recent advances in laser-induced-graphene-based soft skin electronics for intelligent healthcare. Soft Sci. 4(3), 26 (2024). https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.20
  34. D. Tao, X. Wen, C. Yang, K. Yan, Z. Li et al., Controlled twill surface structure endowing nanofiber composite membrane excellent electromagnetic interference shielding. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 236 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01444-y
  35. T. Keplinger, X. Wang, I. Burgert, Nanofibrillated cellulose composites and wood derived scaffolds for functional materials. J. Mater. Chem. A 7(7), 2981–2992 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta10711d
  36. J. Wang, D. Zhang, F. Chu, Wood-derived functional polymeric materials. Adv. Mater. 33(28), 2001135 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202001135
  37. X. Han, C. Hao, Y. Peng, H. Yu, T. Zhang et al., Novel cellulosic fiber composites with integrated multi-band electromagnetic interference shielding and energy storage functionalities. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 122 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01652-0
  38. T. Xu, Q. Song, K. Liu, H. Liu, J. Pan et al., Nanocellulose-assisted construction of multifunctional MXene-based aerogels with engineering biomimetic texture for pressure sensor and compressible electrode. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 98 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01073-x
  39. X. Hu, R. Yu, F. Wang, Z. Liu, H. Yang et al., Fabrication, functionalities and applications of transparent wood: a review. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(37), 2303278 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202303278
  40. S. He, X. Zhao, E.Q. Wang, G.S. Chen, P.-Y. Chen et al., Engineered wood: sustainable technologies and applications. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 53, 195–223 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-010622-105440
  41. Z. Wang, X.-F. Zhang, X. Kong, J. Yao, Top-down fabrication of wood hydrogels: from preparation to application. Chem. Eng. J. 490, 151518 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.151518
  42. D. Pan, G. Yang, H.M. Abo-Dief, J. Dong, F. Su et al., Vertically aligned silicon carbide nanowires/boron nitride cellulose aerogel networks enhanced thermal conductivity and electromagnetic absorbing of epoxy composites. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 118 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00863-z
  43. Y. Zhu, L. Li, Wood of trees: cellular structure, molecular formation, and genetic engineering. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 66(3), 443–467 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.13589
  44. X. Chen, Q. Zhu, B. Jiang, D. Li, X. Song et al., Research progress of wood and lignocellulose in sustainable piezoelectric systems. Nano Energy 126, 109650 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109650
  45. S. Hu, J. Han, Z. Shi, K. Chen, N. Xu et al., Biodegradable, super-strong, and conductive cellulose macrofibers for fabric-based triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 115 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00858-w
  46. H.A.M. Saeed, W. Xu, H. Yang, The application of cellulosic-based materials on interfacial solar steam generation for highly efficient wastewater purification: a review. Carbon Energy 6(9), e540 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.540
  47. W. Liu, K. Liu, H. Du, T. Zheng, N. Zhang et al., Cellulose nanopaper: fabrication, functionalization, and applications. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 104 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00849-x
  48. F. Guo, Z. Ren, S. Wang, Y. Xie, J. Pan et al., Recent progress of electrospun nanofiber-based composite materials for monitoring physical, physiological, and body fluid signals. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 302 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01804-2
  49. S. Tanpichai, A. Boonmahitthisud, N. Soykeabkaew, L. Ongthip, Review of the recent developments in all-cellulose nanocomposites: properties and applications. Carbohydr. Polym. 286, 119192 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119192
  50. Q. Long, G. Jiang, J. Zhou, D. Zhao, P. Jia et al., Cellulose ionic gel and its sustainable thermoelectric devices–Design, applications and prospects. Nano Energy 120, 109130 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.109130
  51. Z. Liu, T. Zhu, J. Wang, Z. Zheng, Y. Li et al., Functionalized fiber-based strain sensors: pathway to next-generation wearable electronics. Nano-Micro Lett. 14(1), 61 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00806-8
  52. Y. Yang, X. Kang, Y. Yang, H. Ye, J. Jiang et al., Research progress in green preparation of advanced wood-based composites. Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater. 6(6), 202 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-023-00770-w
  53. J. Li, C. Chen, J.Y. Zhu, A.J. Ragauskas, L. Hu, In situ wood delignification toward sustainable applications. Acc. Mater. Res. 2(8), 606–620 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/accountsmr.1c00075
  54. W. Li, W. Zhang, Y. Xu, G. Wang, T. Xu et al., Lignin-derived materials for triboelectric nanogenerators with emphasis on lignin multifunctionality. Nano Energy 128, 109912 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109912
  55. Q. Fu, Y. Chen, M. Sorieul, Wood-based flexible electronics. ACS Nano 14(3), 3528–3538 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b09817
  56. R. Xia, W. Zhang, Y. Yang, J. Zhao, Y. Liu et al., Transparent wood with phase change heat storage as novel green energy storage composites for building energy conservation. J. Clean. Prod. 296, 126598 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126598
  57. J. Wu, T. Shen, S. Li, Y. Wu, L. Cai et al., Sustainable transparent wood focusing on lignin decolorization methods, polymer impregnation techniques and applications in functional buildings: a review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 302, 140554 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.140554
  58. R. Das, T. Lindström, P.R. Sharma, K. Chi, B.S. Hsiao, Nanocellulose for sustainable water purification. Chem. Rev. 122(9), 8936–9031 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00683
  59. C. Liu, P. Luan, Q. Li, Z. Cheng, P. Xiang et al., Biopolymers derived from trees as sustainable multifunctional materials: a review. Adv. Mater. 33(28), 2001654 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202001654
  60. M. Zhu, Y. Li, F. Chen, X. Zhu, J. Dai et al., Plasmonic wood for high-efficiency solar steam generation. Adv. Energy Mater. 8(4), 1701028 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201701028
  61. J. Aslam, M.A. Waseem, X.-M. Lu, W. Sun, Y. Wang, From biochar to battery electrodes: a pathway to green lithium and sodium-ion battery systems. Chem. Eng. J. 505, 159556 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.159556
  62. R. Ye, Y. Chyan, J. Zhang, Y. Li, X. Han et al., Laser-induced graphene formation on wood. Adv. Mater. 29(37), 1702211 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201702211
  63. S. Bai, L. Ruan, H. Chen, Y. Du, H. Deng et al., Laser-induced graphene: carbon precursors, fabrication mechanisms, material characteristics, and applications in energy storage. Chem. Eng. J. 493, 152805 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.152805
  64. Z. Wo, X. Sun, H. Sun, Y. Su, Y. Xie et al., All-in-one design of wood evaporator with highly-efficient salt resistance for sustainable solar desalination and contaminated water purification. Chem. Eng. J. 507, 160715 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.160715
  65. H. Han, X. Meng, Hydrothermal preparation of C3N4 on carbonized wood for photothermal-photocatalytic water splitting to efficiently evolve hydrogen. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 650, 846–856 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2023.07.059
  66. Z. Chen, W. Wei, X. Xu, X. Gu, C. Huang et al., Reconstructed anti-corrosive and active surface on hierarchically porous carbonized wood for efficient overall seawater electrolysis. Sci. Bull. 69(15), 2337–2341 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2024.05.044
  67. A. Geng, L. Xu, L. Gan, C. Mei, L. Wang et al., Using wood flour waste to produce biochar as the support to enhance the visible-light photocatalytic performance of BiOBr for organic and inorganic contaminants removal. Chemosphere 250, 126291 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126291
  68. R. Guo, Z. Yang, X. Pan, X. Ma, Y. Qiu et al., NiS nanosheets decorated on hollow carbon spheres from liquefied wood for supercapacitors. Langmuir 39(19), 6924–6931 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00627
  69. Z. Huang, Z. Cao, Y.-F. Chen, M. Zhu, An ultrastrong and ultraflexible wood veneer via fiber interaction enhancement and defect reduction. ACS Nano 19(18), 17385–17392 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c17158
  70. M. Zou, Y. Chen, L. Chang, X. Cheng, L. Gao et al., Toward 90 μm superthin transparent wood film impregnated with quantum dots for color-converting materials. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 10(6), 2097–2106 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c07013
  71. Y. Huang, K. Jiang, Y. He, J. Hu, K. Dyer et al., A natural lignification inspired super-hard wood-based composites with extreme resilience. Adv. Mater. 37(19), 2502266 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202502266
  72. M. Gu, Y. Zhong, J. Hu, T. Zhang, S. Mei et al., Bio-inspired nanoengineered wood for scalable monolithic gas sensor fabrication. Adv. Mater. (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202507829
  73. J. Song, C. Chen, S. Zhu, M. Zhu, J. Dai et al., Processing bulk natural wood into a high-performance structural material. Nature 554(7691), 224–228 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25476
  74. Z. Tang, R. Zhang, H. Wang, S. Zhou, Z. Pan et al., Revealing the closed pore formation of waste wood-derived hard carbon for advanced sodium-ion battery. Nat. Commun. 14(1), 6024 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39637-5
  75. Q. Fu, L. Medina, Y. Li, F. Carosio, A. Hajian et al., Nanostructured wood hybrids for fire-retardancy prepared by clay impregnation into the cell wall. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(41), 36154–36163 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b10008
  76. F. Shen, W. Luo, J. Dai, Y. Yao, M. Zhu et al., Ultra-thick, low-tortuosity, and mesoporous wood carbon anode for high-performance sodium-ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 6(14), 1600377 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600377
  77. M. Yu, G.-J. Zhang, T. Saunders, Wood-derived ultra-high temperature carbides and their composites: a review. Ceram. Int. 46(5), 5536–5547 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.11.104
  78. L.-L. Lu, Y.-Y. Lu, Z.-J. Xiao, T.-W. Zhang, F. Zhou et al., Wood-inspired high-performance ultrathick bulk battery electrodes. Adv. Mater. 30(20), e1706745 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201706745
  79. Z. Tang, Z. Pei, Z. Wang, H. Li, J. Zeng et al., Highly anisotropic, multichannel wood carbon with optimized heteroatom doping for supercapacitor and oxygen reduction reaction. Carbon 130, 532–543 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.01.055
  80. Y. Gao, K. Zhang, X. Du, G. Liu, Y. Du et al., Wood-derived closed pore hard carbon encapsulated micro-sized silicon anode design for long-term practical lithium-ion battery. Chem. Eng. J. 508, 160846 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.160846
  81. Y. Chen, Y. Liao, Y. Ding, Y. Wu, L. Li et al., Synchronously reconfiguring closed pore and interlayer spacing of wood-derived hard carbon via hot-pressing for advanced sodium-ion batteries. Green Chem. 27(27), 8143–8153 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/d5gc00409h
  82. L.X. Duy, Z. Peng, Y. Li, J. Zhang, Y. Ji et al., Laser-induced graphene fibers. Carbon 126, 472–479 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.10.036
  83. R. Kumar, R. Pandey, E. Joanni, R. Savu, Laser-induced and catalyst-free formation of graphene materials for energy storage and sensing applications. Chem. Eng. J. 497, 154968 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.154968
  84. Y. Yue, X. Li, Z. Zhao, H. Wang, X. Guo, Stretchable flexible sensors for smart tires based on laser-induced graphene technology. Soft Sci. 3(2), 13 (2023). https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.02
  85. R. Ye, D.K. James, J.M. Tour, Laser-induced graphene: from discovery to translation. Adv. Mater. 31(1), 1803621 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201803621
  86. J. Lin, Z. Peng, Y. Liu, F. Ruiz-Zepeda, R. Ye et al., Laser-induced porous graphene films from commercial polymers. Nat. Commun. 5, 5714 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6714
  87. Y. Chyan, R. Ye, Y. Li, S.P. Singh, C.J. Arnusch et al., Laser-induced graphene by multiple lasing: toward electronics on cloth, paper, and food. ACS Nano 12(3), 2176–2183 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b08539
  88. M. Wang, H.K. Nam, D. Yang, Y. Lee, Y. Lu et al., Green smart multifunctional wooden roofs enabled by single-step hydrophobic laser-induced graphene fabrication. Carbon 228, 119373 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2024.119373
  89. C.H. Dreimol, H. Guo, M. Ritter, T. Keplinger, Y. Ding et al., Sustainable wood electronics by iron-catalyzed laser-induced graphitization for large-scale applications. Nat. Commun. 13(1), 3680 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31283-7
  90. T.D. Le, S. Park, J. An, P.S. Lee, Y.-J. Kim, Ultrafast laser pulses enable one-step graphene patterning on woods and leaves for green electronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(33), 1902771 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201902771
  91. R. Miyakoshi, S. Hayashi, M. Terakawa, Simultaneous laser-based graphitization and microstructuring of bamboo for supercapacitors derived from renewable resources. RSC Adv. 12(46), 29647–29652 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA05641K
  92. H.K. Nam, J. Choi, T. Jing, D. Yang, Y. Lee et al., Laser-induced graphene formation on recycled woods for green smart furniture. EcoMat 6(4), e12447 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/eom2.12447
  93. Y.-R. Kim, H.K. Nam, Y. Lee, D. Yang, T.D. Le et al., Green supercapacitor patterned by synthesizing MnO/laser-induced-graphene hetero-nanostructures on wood via femtosecond laser pulses. Biochar 6(1), 36 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-024-00320-7
  94. A. Imbrogno, J. Islam, C. Santillo, R. Castaldo, L. Sygellou et al., Laser-induced graphene supercapacitors by direct laser writing of cork natural substrates. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 4(4), 1541–1551 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.1c01202
  95. M. Zhu, J. Song, T. Li, A. Gong, Y. Wang et al., Highly anisotropic, highly transparent wood composites. Adv. Mater. 28(26), 5181–5187 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201600427
  96. Y. Li, Q. Fu, S. Yu, M. Yan, L. Berglund, Optically transparent wood from a nanoporous cellulosic template: combining functional and structural performance. Biomacromol 17(4), 1358–1364 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00145
  97. Y. Li, Q. Fu, R. Rojas, M. Yan, M. Lawoko et al., Lignin-retaining transparent wood. Chemsuschem 10(17), 3445–3451 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201701089
  98. C. Montanari, Y. Li, H. Chen, M. Yan, L.A. Berglund, Transparent wood for thermal energy storage and reversible optical transmittance. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(22), 20465–20472 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b05525
  99. K. Xu, Y. Jiao, J. Li, H. Xiao, Q. Fu, FeP nanop embedded in N, P-doped 3D porous wood-derived carbon aerogel for oxygen reduction reaction. Carbon 228, 119408 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2024.119408
  100. Y. Yu, W.-H. Chen, X. Wang, X. Sun, Z. Jiang et al., Self-assembled MXene supported on carbonization-free wood for a symmetrical all-wood eco-supercapacitor. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16(28), 36322–36332 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c05129
  101. J. Wu, T. Li, Q. Zhao, X. Wen, L. Liu et al., Flexible wood-based composite for solar water evaporation and waste heat power generation. Sustain. Mater. Technol. 40, e00950 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2024.e00950
  102. J. He, W. Han, H. Jiang, T. Zhang, X. Wang et al., Enhancing thermal localization efficiency in a wood-based solar steam generator with inverted-pyramid structure. Desalination 574, 117271 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2023.117271
  103. K. Zhang, X. Li, C. Yan, R. Shi, Z. Fang et al., All-wood-based ionic power generator with dual functions for alkaline wastewater reuse and energy harvesting. ACS Nano 18(14), 10259–10269 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c00990
  104. J. Lin, Z. Zhang, X. Lin, X. Cai, S. Fu et al., All wood-based water evaporation-induced electricity generator. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(30), 2314231 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202314231
  105. C. Wang, S. Tang, B. Li, J. Fan, J. Zhou, Construction of hierarchical and porous cellulosic wood with high mechanical strength towards directional evaporation-driven electrical generation. Chem. Eng. J. 455, 140568 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.140568
  106. Y. Long, J. Zhang, H. Bian, T. Xu, S. Wang et al., In-situ synthesis of magnetic nanops/wood-structural holocellulose hybrid for metal ions adsorption. Carbohydr. Polym. 357, 123436 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123436
  107. M. Zhang, D. Zheng, L. Shi, C. Zhang, H. Fei et al., Construction of magnetic and photothermal wood membrane with asymmetric wettabilities and wind drift resistance for solar-driven seawater desalination and purification. Chem. Eng. J. 493, 152878 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.152878
  108. X. Wang, L. Sun, Y. Shen, J. Hou, Y. Sun et al., Self-rotating wood-based floating solar-driven interfacial evaporator for continuous and high-efficiency desalination. Chem. Eng. J. 509, 161363 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.161363
  109. Y. Liu, Y. Miao, Z. Huang, R. Wang, Y. Peng et al., A lignin-wood Janus membrane with three-dimensional interconnected layered micro/nano channels for on-demand separation of surfactant-stabilized oil/water emulsions. Desalination 606, 118772 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2025.118772
  110. S. Kim, K. Kim, G. Jun, W. Hwang, Wood-nanotechnology-based membrane for the efficient purification of oil-in-water emulsions. ACS Nano 14(12), 17233–17240 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c07206
  111. K. Wang, X. Liu, Y. Tan, W. Zhang, S. Zhang et al., Two-dimensional membrane and three-dimensional bulk aerogel materials via top-down wood nanotechnology for multibehavioral and reusable oil/water separation. Chem. Eng. J. 371, 769–780 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.04.108
  112. Z. Qiu, F. Yu, D. Xu, Z. Wang, J. Huang et al., Ultrafast self-propelling directionally water transporting wood via cell wall reshaping for water manipulation. Chem. Eng. J. 455, 140563 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.140563
  113. Y. Guo, J. Zhang, C. Wang, M. Liu, J. You et al., Green pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomasses via deep eutectic solvents. Sustain. Chem. Pharm. 39, 101569 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2024.101569
  114. P. Li, T. Li, S. Wu, Process parameters and product characterization for efficient extraction of lignin with deep eutectic solvents: a review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 280, 136053 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136053
  115. I.A. Lawal, M. Klink, P. Ndungu, Deep eutectic solvent as an efficient modifier of low-cost adsorbent for the removal of pharmaceuticals and dye. Environ. Res. 179, 108837 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108837
  116. Y. Huang, F. Feng, J. Jiang, Y. Qiao, T. Wu et al., Green and efficient extraction of rutin from Tartary buckwheat hull by using natural deep eutectic solvents. Food Chem. 221, 1400–1405 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.013
  117. Z.-J. He, K. Chen, Z.-H. Liu, B.-Z. Li, Y.-J. Yuan, Valorizing renewable cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass toward functional products. J. Clean. Prod. 414, 137708 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137708
  118. O. Długosz, M. Banach, Green methods for obtaining deep eutectic solvents (DES). J. Clean. Prod. 434, 139914 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139914
  119. S. Behera, R. Arora, N. Nandhagopal, S. Kumar, Importance of chemical pretreatment for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 36, 91–106 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.047
  120. F. Shen, J. Xu, J. Yan, S. Wu, C. He et al., Facile fabrication of functionalized wood evaporator through deep eutectic solvent delignification for efficient solar-driven water purification. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 11(6), 111234 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.111234
  121. Y. Wang, Q. Liu, C. Yan, G. Song, W.S. Price et al., Deep eutectic solvent-driven mild lignocellulose pretreatment: unlocking lignin valorization and carbohydrate digestibility. Chem. Eng. J. 504, 158825 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.158825
  122. C.-W. Zhang, S.-Q. Xia, P.-S. Ma, Facile pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass using deep eutectic solvents. Bioresour. Technol. 219, 1–5 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.07.026
  123. Z. Guo, Z. Ling, C. Wang, X. Zhang, F. Xu, Integration of facile deep eutectic solvents pretreatment for enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis and lignin valorization from industrial xylose residue. Bioresour. Technol. 265, 334–339 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.06.027
  124. Q. Liu, X. Zhao, D. Yu, H. Yu, Y. Zhang et al., Novel deep eutectic solvents with different functional groups towards highly efficient dissolution of lignin. Green Chem. 21(19), 5291–5297 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9GC02306B
  125. K. Kohli, S. Katuwal, A. Biswas, B.K. Sharma, Effective delignification of lignocellulosic biomass by microwave assisted deep eutectic solvents. Bioresour. Technol. 303, 122897 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122897
  126. G. Wu, Y. Cheng, C. Huang, C. Yong, Y. Fu, Deep eutectic solvent engineering: a novel ternary system for efficient lignocellulose extraction. Green Chem. 27(5), 1556–1569 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4GC05138F
  127. Y. Fan, H. Ji, X. Ji, Z. Tian, J. Chen, A deep eutectic solvent with a lignin stabilization and functionalization for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment. Chem. Eng. J. 499, 156482 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.156482
  128. I. Gómez-Cruz, N. Seixas, J. Labidi, E. Castro, A.J.D. Silvestre et al., Delignification of olive tree pruning using a ternary eutectic solvent for enhanced saccharification and isolation of a unique lignin fraction. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 12(41), 15012–15023 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c03693
  129. C. Wang, Y. Liu, Z. Jia, W. Zhao, G. Wu, Multicomponent nanops synergistic one-dimensional nanofibers as heterostructure absorbers for tunable and efficient microwave absorption. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 13 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00986-3
  130. S. Zhu, S. Kumar Biswas, Z. Qiu, Y. Yue, Q. Fu et al., Transparent wood-based functional materials via a top-down approach. Prog. Mater. Sci. 132, 101025 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.101025
  131. Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, P. Xing, X. Li, Q. Du et al., Self-encapsulation of high-entropy alloy nanops inside carbonized wood for highly durable electrocatalysis. Adv. Mater. 36(28), 2402391 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202402391
  132. Z. Shi, C. Mao, L. Zhong, J. Peng, M. Liu et al., Mo-doped Ni3S4 nanosheets grown on carbonized wood as highly efficient and durable electrocatalysts for water splitting. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 339, 123123 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.123123
  133. D. Łukawski, P. Hochmańska-Kaniewska, D. Janiszewska-Latterini, A. Lekawa-Raus, Functional materials based on wood, carbon nanotubes, and graphene: manufacturing, applications, and green perspectives. Wood Sci. Technol. 57(5), 989–1037 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-023-01484-4
  134. M. Lazari, F. Elmi, Structural study of coated wood with superhydrophobic chitosan/silica hybrid nanocomposite in seawater. Prog. Org. Coat. 186, 108076 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2023.108076
  135. S. Wu, F. Shen, F. Yang, L. Chen, M. Huang et al., All-biomass-based solar steam generator with deep eutectic solvent lignin porous carbon/silver nanop coatings for efficient water evaporation. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 7(14), 16564–16574 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.4c02563
  136. Z. Xiao, R. Ai, Y. Wang, L. Xu, J. Li, Preparation and superhydrophobicity of nano-Al-coated wood by magnetron sputtering based on glow-discharge plasma. Forests 14(9), 1761 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/f14091761
  137. Y. Zhang, Y. Huang, M.-C. Li, S. Zhang, W. Zhou et al., Bioinspired, stable adhesive Ti3C2Tx MXene-based coatings towards fire warning, smoke suppression and VOCs removal smart wood. Chem. Eng. J. 452, 139360 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.139360
  138. R. Bansal, H.C. Barshilia, K.K. Pandey, Nanotechnology in wood science: innovations and applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 262, 130025 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130025
  139. J. Sun, M. Shen, A.-J. Chang, C. Liang, C. Xiong et al., Cascade protection strategy for anchoring atomic FeN3 sites within defect-rich wood carbon aerogel for high-performance Zn-air batteries and versatile application. Chem. Eng. J. 503, 158551 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.158551
  140. M.J. Ahmed, A. Sánchez-Ferrer, Wood-supported cationic polyelectrolyte membranes from a reactive ionic liquid for water detoxification. Chem. Eng. J. 505, 158841 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.158841
  141. W. Lu, D. Jiang, Z. Wang, X. Zhang, Q. Ding et al., Simultaneous efficient evaporation and stable electricity generation enabled by a wooden evaporator based on composite photothermal effect. Chem. Eng. J. 496, 154361 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.154361
  142. L.-H. Xu, Q. Wang, L. Hu, D. Shen, S. Chu et al., Engineering asymmetric bimetallic CoM (M = Ni, Fe, Mn, Cu) nanops encapsulated in freestanding wood-derived carbon electrodes for enhanced ORR kinetics in zinc-air batteries. Small 21(5), e2410290 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202410290
  143. B. Luo, C. Cai, T. Liu, X. Meng, X. Zhuang et al., Multiscale structural nanocellulosic triboelectric aerogels induced by hofmeister effect. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(42), 2306810 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202306810
  144. W. Cheng, Y. Zhu, G. Jiang, K. Cao, S. Zeng et al., Sustainable cellulose and its derivatives for promising biomedical applications. Prog. Mater. Sci. 138, 101152 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2023.101152
  145. C. Cai, T. Liu, X. Meng, B. Luo, M. Chi et al., Lightweight and mechanically robust cellulosic triboelectric materials for wearable self-powered rehabilitation training. ACS Nano 19(1), 396–405 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c08445
  146. W. Zhang, X. Chen, J. Zhao, X. Wang, X. Li et al., Cellulose template-based triboelectric nanogenerators for self-powered sensing at high humidity. Nano Energy 108, 108196 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108196
  147. M. Shi, X. Han, W. Qu, M. Jiang, Q. Li et al., Nanocellulose-derived hierarchical carbon framework-supported P-doped MoO2 nanops for optimizing redox kinetics in lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv. Mater. 37(22), e2419918 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202419918
  148. W. He, B. Wei, S. Liang, R. Wang, Q. Ji et al., Highly nanostructured and carboxylated wood aerogel-based adsorption membrane reconstructed by grafting of polyacrylic acid for efficient removal of heavy-metal ions. Chem. Eng. J. 493, 152411 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.152411
  149. H. Kong, Y. Li, J. Yan, X. Liu, M. Xiang et al., Enhancing electricity generation from water evaporation through cellulose-based multiscale fibers network. Chem. Eng. J. 498, 155872 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.155872
  150. Y. Qin, W. Zhang, Y. Liu, J. Zhao, J. Yuan et al., Cellulosic gel-based triboelectric nanogenerators for energy harvesting and emerging applications. Nano Energy 106, 108079 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.108079
  151. P. Zhu, Z. Yu, H. Sun, D. Zheng, Y. Zheng et al., 3D printed cellulose nanofiber aerogel scaffold with hierarchical porous structures for fast solar-driven atmospheric water harvesting. Adv. Mater. 36(1), e2306653 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202306653
  152. J. Chen, C. Qiu, L. Zhang, B. Wang, P. Zhao et al., Wood-derived Fe cluster-reinforced asymmetric single-atom catalysts and weather-resistant organohydrogel for wide-temperature flexible Zn–air batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 17(13), 4746–4757 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ee01226g
  153. Y. Zhao, Q. Yuan, L. Yang, G. Liang, Y. Cheng et al., “Zero-strain” NiNb2O6 fibers for all-climate lithium storage. Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 15 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01497-z
  154. J. Xu, B. Li, Z. Ma, X. Zhang, C. Zhu et al., Multifunctional film assembled from N-doped carbon nanofiber with Co-N4-O single atoms for highly efficient electromagnetic energy attenuation. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 240 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01440-2
  155. P. Zhang, M. Wei, K. Wang, H. Wang, Y. Zuo et al., Performance optimization of zinc-air batteries via nanomaterials. Energy Storage Mater. 75, 104109 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104109
  156. W. Su, Y. Zhang, H. Wang, M. Yang, Z. Niu, An ultrafast air self-charging zinc battery. Adv. Mater. 36(2), e2308042 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202308042
  157. Y. Huang, W. Liu, C. Lin, Q. Hou, S. Nie, Advances in application of sustainable lignocellulosic materials for high-performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Nano Energy 123, 109416 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109416
  158. L. Li, X. Tang, B. Wu, B. Huang, K. Yuan et al., Advanced architectures of air electrodes in zinc-air batteries and hydrogen fuel cells. Adv. Mater. 36(13), e2308326 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202308326
  159. R.-B. Huang, M.-Y. Wang, J.-F. Xiong, H. Zhang, J.-H. Tian et al., Anode optimization strategies for zinc–air batteries. eScience 5(3), 100309 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esci.2024.100309
  160. X. Bi, Y. Jiang, R. Chen, Y. Du, Y. Zheng et al., Rechargeable zinc–air versus lithium–air battery: from fundamental promises toward technological potentials. Adv. Energy Mater. 14(6), 2302388 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202302388
  161. M. Yang, X. Shu, W. Pan, J. Zhang, Toward flexible zinc-air batteries with self-supported air electrodes. Small 17(48), e2006773 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202006773
  162. A.C. Tavares, Asymmetric zinc–air battery: challenges and opportunities for the air electrode. Chem. Catal. 2(9), 2132–2134 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.checat.2022.08.015
  163. X. Cui, Y. Liu, G. Han, M. Cao, L. Han et al., Wood-derived integral air electrode for enhanced interfacial electrocatalysis in rechargeable zinc–air battery. Small 17(38), 2101607 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202101607
  164. L. Zhong, C. Jiang, M. Zheng, X. Peng, T. Liu et al., Wood carbon based single-atom catalyst for rechargeable Zn–air batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 6(10), 3624–3633 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01678
  165. L. Li, Q. Cao, Y. Wu, Y. Zheng, H. Tang et al., Wood-derived continuously oriented three-phase interfacial channels for high-performance quasi-solid-state alkaline zinc batteries. Adv. Mater. 35(26), e2300132 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202300132
  166. L. Zhang, Y. Liu, S. Liu, L. Zhou, X. Wu et al., Mn-doped Co nanops on wood-derived monolithic carbon for rechargeable zinc–air batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 11(42), 22951–22959 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/D3TA05023H
  167. S. Zhang, Z. Chen, Z. Xiong, Z. Wang, Z. Zhao et al., Electronic structure regulation of carbon atoms from wood for enhancing Zn–air battery performances. J. Mater. Chem. A 13(3), 2198–2207 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta07226j
  168. W. Li, F. Wang, Z. Zhang, S. Min, Graphitic carbon layer-encapsulated Co nanops embedded on porous carbonized wood as a self-supported chainmail oxygen electrode for rechargeable Zn-air batteries. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 317, 121758 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.121758
  169. X. Deng, Z. Jiang, Y. Chen, D. Dang, Q. Liu et al., Renewable wood-derived hierarchical porous, N-doped carbon sheet as a robust self-supporting cathodic electrode for zinc-air batteries. Chin. Chem. Lett. 34(1), 107389 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2022.03.112
  170. P. Zhao, L. Zhang, J. Chen, C. Qiu, B. Wang et al., From wood to flexible Zn-air battery: Fe3O4 nanops synergistic single iron atoms on N-doped carbon nanosheets electrocatalyst and lignosulfonate-functionalized gel electrolyte. Chem. Eng. J. 484, 149415 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.149415
  171. Z. Chen, H. Chen, T. Li, X. Tian, K. Zhang et al., Defective wood-based chainmail electrocatalysts boost performances of seawater-medium Zn-air batteries. J. Energy Chem. 102, 134–143 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2024.10.029
  172. L. Zheng, Y. Zhong, J. Cao, M. Liu, Y. Liao et al., Modulation of electronic synergy to enhance the intrinsic activity of Fe5Ni4S8 nanosheets in restricted space carbonized wood frameworks for efficient oxygen evolution reaction. Small 20(21), 2308928 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202308928
  173. P. Zhang, K. Sun, Y. Liu, B. Zhou, S. Li et al., Improving bifunctional catalytic activity of biochar via in situ growth of nickel-iron hydroxide as cathodic catalyst for zinc-air batteries. Biochar 5(1), 60 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-023-00259-1
  174. P. Zhang, Y. Liu, S. Wang, L. Zhou, T. Liu et al., Wood-derived monolithic catalysts with the ability of activating water molecules for oxygen electrocatalysis. Small 18(34), 2202725 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202202725
  175. M. Cao, Y. Liu, K. Sun, H. Li, X. Lin et al., Coupling Fe3C nanops and N-doping on wood-derived carbon to construct reversible cathode for Zn-air batteries. Small 18(26), e2202014 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202202014
  176. Y. Yang, N. Li, T. Lv, Z. Chen, Y. Liu et al., Natural wood-derived free-standing films as efficient and stable separators for high-performance lithium ion batteries. Nanoscale Adv. 4(7), 1718–1726 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2NA00097K
  177. J. Li, A. Wang, W. Xiang, S. Liu, L. Li et al., Direct synthesis of a lithium carboxymethyl cellulose binder using wood dissolving pulp for high-performance LiFePO4 cathodes in lithium-ion batteries. Bioresour. Technol. 401, 130711 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130711
  178. P. Li, T. Yuan, J. Qiu, H. Che, Q. Ma et al., A comprehensive review of layered transition metal oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries: the latest advancements and future perspectives. Mater. Sci. Eng. R. Rep. 163, 100902 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2024.100902
  179. J.-E. Zhou, R.C.K. Reddy, A. Zhong, Y. Li, Q. Huang et al., Metal-organic framework-based materials for advanced sodium storage: development and anticipation. Adv. Mater. 36(16), e2312471 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202312471
  180. J. Xie, Y.-C. Lu, A retrospective on lithium-ion batteries. Nat. Commun. 11, 2499 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16259-9
  181. J.-E. Zhou, Z. Xu, Y. Li, X. Lin, Y. Wu et al., Oxygen-deficient metal–organic framework derivatives for advanced energy storage: multiscale design, application, and future development. Coord. Chem. Rev. 494, 215348 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215348
  182. Q. Huang, A. Zeb, Z. Xu, S. Sahar, J.-E. Zhou et al., Fe-based metal-organic frameworks and their derivatives for electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Coord. Chem. Rev. 494, 215335 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215335
  183. C. Zhang, S. Chou, Z. Guo, S.-X. Dou, Beyond lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(5), 2308001 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202308001
  184. S.-K. Jung, I. Hwang, D. Chang, K.-Y. Park, S.J. Kim et al., Nanoscale phenomena in lithium-ion batteries. Chem. Rev. 120(14), 6684–6737 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00405
  185. Y. Shao, J. Xu, A. Amardeep, Y. Xia, X. Meng et al., Lithium-ion conductive coatings for nickel-rich cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. Small Methods 8(12), 2400256 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202400256
  186. S. Zhou, Z. Tang, Z. Pan, Y. Huang, L. Zhao et al., Regulating closed pore structure enables significantly improved sodium storage for hard carbon pyrolyzing at relatively low temperature. SusMat 2(3), 357–367 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/sus2.60
  187. H. Su, H. Yu, Composite-structure materials for Na-ion batteries. Small Meth 3(4), 1800205 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201800205
  188. Y. Zhao, Y. Kang, J. Wozny, J. Lu, H. Du et al., Recycling of sodium-ion batteries. Nat. Rev. Mater. 8(9), 623–634 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-023-00574-w
  189. M. Li, H. Zhuo, Q. Jing, Y. Gu, Z. Liao et al., Low-temperature performance of Na-ion batteries. Carbon Energy 6(10), e546 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.546
  190. T. Jin, X. Ji, P.-F. Wang, K. Zhu, J. Zhang et al., High-energy aqueous sodium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60(21), 11943–11948 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202017167
  191. J.-Y. Hwang, S.-T. Myung, Y.-K. Sun, Sodium-ion batteries: present and future. Chem. Soc. Rev. 46(12), 3529–3614 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cs00776g
  192. G. Zhou, L. Mo, C. Zhou, Y. Wu, F. Lai et al., Ultra-strong capillarity of bioinspired micro/nanotunnels in organic cathodes enabled high-performance all-organic sodium-ion full batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 420, 127597 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.127597
  193. C. Liu, T. Lei, F. Seidi, M. Ahmad, D. Cao et al., Multiscale wood-derived materials for advanced supercapacitors: from macro to micro and nano. Energy Storage Mater. 72, 103774 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103774
  194. Y. Yu, M. Li, J. Zhou, M. Sun, X. Sun et al., Structural designs of advanced wood-based thick electrodes for high-performance eco-supercapacitors. Nano Today 55, 102154 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2024.102154
  195. Y. Wang, X. Lin, T. Liu, H. Chen, S. Chen et al., Wood-derived hierarchically porous electrodes for high-performance all-solid-state supercapacitors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28(52), 1806207 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201806207
  196. J. Cao, L. Lin, J. Zhang, F. Zhao, J. Shi et al., Biological treatment as a green approach for enhancing electrochemical performance of wood derived carbon based supercapacitor electrodes. J. Clean. Prod. 422, 138659 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138659
  197. W. Xiong, L. Zhao, J. Ouyang, Y. Tian, L. Wang et al., Surface-modified composites of metal–organic framework and wood-derived carbon for high-performance supercapacitors. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 679, 243–252 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2024.09.247
  198. W. Chen, Z. Li, F. Jiang, M. Luo, K. Yang et al., Water evaporation triggered self-assembly of MXene on non-carbonized wood with well-aligned channels as size-customizable free-standing electrode for supercapacitors. Energy Environ. Mater. 6(5), e12406 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12406
  199. W. Chen, K. Yang, M. Luo, D. Zhang, Z. Li et al., Carbonization-free wood electrode with MXene-reconstructed porous structure for all-wood eco-supercapacitors. EcoMat 5(1), e12271 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/eom2.12271
  200. X. Wang, J. Hu, H. Guan, X. Dai, M. Wu, Wood-based catalytic filter decorated with ZIF-67 for highly efficient and continuous organic pollutant removal. Chem. Eng. J. 479, 147580 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.147580
  201. H. Xia, Z. Zhang, J. Liu, Y. Deng, D. Zhang et al., Novel Fe-Mn-O nanosheets/wood carbon hybrid with tunable surface properties as a superior catalyst for Fenton-like oxidation. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 259, 118058 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.118058
  202. D. Xie, M. He, X. Li, J. Sun, J. Luo et al., Tree-inspired efficient solar evaporation and simultaneous in-situ purification of ultra-highly concentrated mixed volatile organic wastewater. Nano Energy 93, 106802 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106802
  203. Y. Mao, L. Hu, Z.J. Ren, Engineered wood for a sustainable future. Matter 5(5), 1326–1329 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2022.04.013
  204. T. Yang, Y. Liu, G. Xia, X. Zhu, Y. Zhao, Degradation of formaldehyde and methylene blue using wood-templated biomimetic TiO2. J. Clean. Prod. 329, 129726 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129726
  205. Y. Yu, N. Li, X. Lu, B. Yan, G. Chen et al., Co/N co-doped carbonized wood sponge with 3D porous framework for efficient peroxymonosulfate activation: performance and internal mechanism. J. Hazard. Mater. 421, 126735 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126735
  206. Y. Wang, W. Yao, Z. Li, H. Tan, C. Sun et al., Fe3C@Fe decorated carbonized wood fiber catalyst for organic dyes degradation: preparation, characterization and mechanism. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 282, 137316 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.137316
  207. Z. Shen, X. Wang, D. Fan, X. Xu, Y. Lu, Wood–hydrogel composites coated with C3N4 photocatalyst for synchronous solar steam generation and photocatalytic degradation. J. Mater. Sci. 58(32), 13154–13164 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08849-x
  208. B. Huo, J. Wang, Z. Wang, C. Liu, W. Hao et al., Ni-doped MoS2 embedded in natural wood containing porous cellulose for piezo-catalytic degradation of tetracycline. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 233, 123589 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123589
  209. Y. Yu, Q. Zhang, L. Hao, H. Huo, M. Li et al., Heterogeneous Cu2O-Au nanocatalyst anchored on wood and its insight for synergistic photodegradation of organic pollutants. Environ. Res. 215(Pt 2), 114298 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114298
  210. H. Fang, Q. Yu, D. Xie, Y. Cai, J. Sun et al., Flexible bifunctional wood-derived water filtration/photo-Fenton membrane for efficient purification of mixed organic wastewater. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 697, 134498 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2024.134498
  211. X. Liu, Q. Lin, L. Zhao, J. Fang, J. Qi et al., Wood-supported nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dot @Cu2O composites for efficient photocatalytic degradation of dye wastewater. Cellulose 31(12), 7587–7600 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-024-06057-7
  212. F. Liang, Z. Liu, X. Jiang, J. Li, K. Xiao et al., NaOH-modified biochar supported Fe/Mn bimetallic composites as efficient peroxymonosulfate activator for enhance tetracycline removal. Chem. Eng. J. 454, 139949 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.139949
  213. S. Pang, C. Zhou, Y. Sun, K. Zhang, W. Ye et al., Natural wood-derived charcoal embedded with bimetallic iron/cobalt sites to promote ciprofloxacin degradation. J. Clean. Prod. 414, 137569 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137569
  214. R.F. Beims, A. Kermanshahi-pour, C.C. Xu, Functionalizing natural wood and delignified wood into bio-adsorbents for removal of Cu2+ from water. Cellulose 30(12), 8037–8047 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05381-8
  215. J. Jiang, Y. Shi, N.L. Ma, H. Ye, M. Verma et al., Utilizing adsorption of wood and its derivatives as an emerging strategy for the treatment of heavy metal-contaminated wastewater. Environ. Pollut. 340, 122830 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122830
  216. M. Keshvardoostchokami, F.L. Braghiroli, C.M. Neculita, A. Koubaa, Advances in modified wood-based adsorbents for contaminant removal: valorization methods, modification mechanisms, and environmental applications. Curr. For. Rep. 9(6), 444–460 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-023-00200-6
  217. Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, Z. Zhou, G. Liu, C. Wang, A review of the conversion of wood biomass into high-performance bulk biochar: pretreatment, modification, characterization, and wastewater application. Sep. Purif. Technol. 361, 131448 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2025.131448
  218. B. Yue, Z. Pang, Y. Yu, J. Wu, J. Qu et al., Difunctional MOF-EDTA modified wood membrane for efficient water purification. Chem. Eng. J. 504, 158896 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.158896
  219. V.K.H. Bui, T.P. Nguyen, T.C. Phuong Tran, T.T. Nguyen Nguyen, T.N. Duong et al., Biochar-based fixed filter columns for water treatment: a comprehensive review. Sci. Total. Environ. 954, 176199 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176199
  220. A. Zia, M. Neupane, A. McGlone, R. He, R. Xin et al., Coupling metal-organic frameworks and wood-based carbon for water remediation. Nano Res. 17(6), 5661–5669 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-024-6490-z
  221. M. Li, Y. Sun, Y. Lei, G. Liu, H. Jiang et al., Nature-inspired ultrathin wood-based interfacial solar steam generators for high-efficiency water purification. Desalination 591, 118018 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2024.118018
  222. X. Ma, R. Su, Z. Zeng, L. Li, H. Wang et al., Wood-based solar-driven interfacial evaporators: design and application. Chem. Eng. J. 471, 144517 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.144517
  223. D. Jiang, Y. Dai, Y. Jiang, W. Yu, D. Ma et al., Polydopamine/Fe3O4 modified wood-based evaporator for efficient and continuous water purification. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 652, 1271–1281 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.168
  224. Z. Yu, J. Hu, G. Liu, Y. Liu, S. Chang et al., Micronleaf-shape graphene interfaces on wood transverse sections as advanced photothermal evaporators for water purification. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 193, 81–89 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2024.01.023
  225. Z. Cui, J. Wu, H. Li, Y. Xu, T. Wu et al., A bifunctional wood membrane modified by MoS2/covalent organic framework heterojunctions for effective solar-driven water evaporation and contaminant degradation. Sci. China Chem. 67(6), 2111–2120 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-023-1961-3
  226. Y. Chen, R. Hou, L. Yang, C. Chen, J. Cui et al., Elastic, janus 3D evaporator with arch-shaped design for low-footprint and high-performance solar-driven zero-liquid discharge. Desalination 583, 117644 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2024.117644
  227. J. Khan, M.H. Arsalan, Solar power technologies for sustainable electricity generation–a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 55, 414–425 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.135
  228. T. Li, H. Liu, X. Zhao, G. Chen, J. Dai et al., Scalable and highly efficient mesoporous wood-based solar steam generation device: localized heat, rapid water transport. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28(16), 1707134 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201707134
  229. A.G. Saad, A. Gebreil, D.A. Kospa, S.A. El-Hakam, A.A. Ibrahim, Integrated solar seawater desalination and power generation via plasmonic sawdust-derived biochar: waste to wealth. Desalination 535, 115824 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2022.115824
  230. Y. Gu, D. Wang, Y. Gao, Y. Yue, W. Yang et al., Solar-powered high-performance lignin-wood evaporator for solar steam generation. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(43), 2306947 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202306947
  231. J. Gan, Q. Lin, Y. Huang, Y. Wu, W. Yu, Full-wood utilization strategy toward a directional luminescent solar concentrator. ACS Nano 17(23), 23512–23523 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c06162
  232. N. Ali, S. Abbas, Y. Cao, H. Fazal, J. Zhu et al., Low cost, robust, environmentally friendly, wood supported 3D-hierarchical Cu3SnS4 for efficient solar powered steam generation. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 615, 707–715 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.02.012
  233. A. Gnanasekaran, K. Rajaram, Rational design of different interfacial evaporators for solar steam generation: recent development, fabrication, challenges and applications. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 192, 114202 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114202
  234. G. Liu, T. Chen, J. Xu, G. Li, K. Wang, Solar evaporation for simultaneous steam and power generation. J. Mater. Chem. A 8(2), 513–531 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta12211g
  235. X. Dai, H. Guan, X. Wang, M. Wu, P. Jiang et al., Apple leaf-inspired bilayered Janus wood evaporator with decoupled light-vapor interfaces for high-efficiency solar steam generation. Chem. Eng. J. 499, 155796 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.155796
  236. S. Cao, P. Rathi, X. Wu, D. Ghim, Y.-S. Jun et al., Cellulose nanomaterials in interfacial evaporators for desalination: a “natural” choice. Adv. Mater. 33(28), e2000922 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202000922
  237. H. Liu, C. Chen, G. Chen, Y. Kuang, X. Zhao et al., High-performance solar steam device with layered channels: artificial tree with a reversed design. Adv. Energy Mater. 8(8), 1701616 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201701616
  238. D. Shen, W.W. Duley, P. Peng, M. Xiao, J. Feng et al., Moisture-enabled electricity generation: from physics and materials to self-powered applications. Adv. Mater. 32(52), 2003722 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202003722
  239. K. Liu, P. Yang, S. Li, J. Li, T. Ding et al., Induced potential in porous carbon films through water vapor absorption. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55(28), 8003–8007 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201602708
  240. M. Li, L. Zong, W. Yang, X. Li, J. You et al., Biological nanofibrous generator for electricity harvest from moist air flow. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(32), 1901798 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201901798
  241. V.-D. Dao, N.H. Vu, H.-L. Thi Dang, S. Yun, Recent advances and challenges for water evaporation-induced electricity toward applications. Nano Energy 85, 105979 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.105979
  242. J. Li, C. Chen, W. Gan, Z. Li, H. Xie et al., A bio-inspired, hierarchically porous structure with a decoupled fluidic transportation and evaporative pathway toward high-performance evaporation. J. Mater. Chem. A 9(15), 9745–9752 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta11385a
  243. S. Yang, X. Tao, W. Chen, J. Mao, H. Luo et al., Ionic hydrogel for efficient and scalable moisture-electric generation. Adv. Mater. 34(21), 2200693 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202200693
  244. J. Garemark, F. Ram, L. Liu, I. Sapouna, M.F. Cortes Ruiz et al., Advancing hydrovoltaic energy harvesting from wood through cell wall nanoengineering. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(4), 2208933 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202208933
  245. T. Xu, X. Ding, H. Cheng, G. Han, L. Qu, Moisture-enabled electricity from hygroscopic materials: a new type of clean energy. Adv. Mater. 36(12), 2209661 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202209661
  246. Y. Li, J. Cui, H. Shen, C. Liu, P. Wu et al., Useful spontaneous hygroelectricity from ambient air by ionic wood. Nano Energy 96, 107065 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107065
  247. L. Huang, Y. Zhang, X. Song, D. Li, X. Chen et al., A moist-electric generator based on oxidized and aminated regenerated cellulose. Nano Energy 118, 108973 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108973
  248. J. Zhang, Z. Hu, Y. Hou, C. Wu, W. Ding, Wood hydrogel for efficient moisture-electric generation. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 6(15), 8856–8865 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.4c00959
  249. K. Zhang, L. Cai, A. Nilghaz, G. Chen, X. Wan et al., Enhancing output performance of surface-modified wood sponge-carbon black ink hygroelectric generator via moisture-triggered galvanic cell. Nano Energy 98, 107288 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107288
  250. J. Zhang, Y. Hou, Y. Li, S. Hu, Chinese ink enabled natural wood for moist-induced electricity generation. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 17, 1822–1830 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.01.100
  251. X. Zhou, W. Zhang, C. Zhang, Y. Tan, J. Guo et al., Harvesting electricity from water evaporation through microchannels of natural wood. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(9), 11232–11239 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b23380
  252. X. Piao, P. Zhang, J. Shen, C. Jin, J. Wang et al., Water-evaporation induced electricity generation inspired by natural tree transpiration. Sustain. Mater. Technol. 39, e00836 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2024.e00836
  253. Q. Wei, W. Ge, Z. Yuan, S. Wang, C. Lu et al., Moisture electricity generation: mechanisms, structures, and applications. Nano Res. 16(5), 7496–7510 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-5465-9
  254. M.Y. Wong, A. Gautam, K. Lin, J. Chen, T.C. Ho et al., Sustainable high-performance density: nanoporous composite wood for water evaporation-induced electricity generation. Chem. Eng. J. 510, 161729 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.161729
  255. T. Hu, K. Zhang, W. Deng, W. Guo, Hydrovoltaic effects from mechanical-electric coupling at the water-solid interface. ACS Nano 18(35), 23912–23940 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c07900
  256. C. Li, L. Wang, C. Fu, J. Yue, Y. Tao et al., Wear-resistant cellulosic triboelectric material for robust human-machine interface and high-performance self-powered sensing. Nano Energy 135, 110646 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.110646
  257. W. Ma, Y. Lin, C. Huang, M.A. Amin, S.M. El-Bahy et al., Fully wood-based high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator for smart home. Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater. 7(4), 126 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-024-00937-z
  258. Z.L. Wang, Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy technology for self-powered systems and as active mechanical and chemical sensors. ACS Nano 7(11), 9533–9557 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn404614z
  259. A.A. Jan, S. Kim, S. Kim, A skin-wearable and self-powered laminated pressure sensor based on triboelectric nanogenerator for monitoring human motion. Soft Sci. 4(1), 10 (2024). https://doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.54
  260. T. Du, Z. Chen, F. Dong, H. Cai, Y. Zou et al., Advances in green triboelectric nanogenerators. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(24), 2313794 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202313794
  261. M. Al Mahadi Hasan, T. Zhang, H. Wu, Y. Yang, Water droplet-based nanogenerators. Adv. Energy Mater. 12(37), 2201383 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202201383
  262. N.R. Tanguy, M. Rana, A.A. Khan, X. Zhang, N. Tratnik et al., Natural lignocellulosic nanofibrils as tribonegative materials for self-powered wireless electronics. Nano Energy 98, 107337 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107337
  263. J. Luo, W. Gao, Z.L. Wang, The triboelectric nanogenerator as an innovative technology toward intelligent sports. Adv. Mater. 33(17), e2004178 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202004178
  264. J. Sun, H. Guo, J. Ribera, C. Wu, K. Tu et al., Sustainable and biodegradable wood sponge piezoelectric nanogenerator for sensing and energy harvesting applications. ACS Nano 14(11), 14665–14674 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c05493
  265. S. Hao, J. Jiao, Y. Chen, Z.L. Wang, X. Cao, Natural wood-based triboelectric nanogenerator as self-powered sensing for smart homes and floors. Nano Energy 75, 104957 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104957
  266. J. Luo, Z. Wang, L. Xu, A.C. Wang, K. Han et al., Flexible and durable wood-based triboelectric nanogenerators for self-powered sensing in athletic big data analytics. Nat. Commun. 10(1), 5147 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13166-6
  267. M. Stanford, J.T. Li, Y. Chyan, Z. Wang, W. Wang et al., Laser-induced graphene triboelectric nanogenerators. ACS Nano 13(6), 7166–7174 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b02596
  268. J. Sun, U. Schütz, K. Tu, S.M. Koch, G. Roman et al., Scalable and sustainable wood for efficient mechanical energy conversion in buildings via triboelectric effects. Nano Energy 102, 107670 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107670
  269. R. Funayama, S. Hayashi, M. Terakawa, Laser-induced graphitization of lignin/PLLA composite sheets for biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerators. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 11(7), 3114–3122 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c07510
  270. J. Liao, Y. Wang, S. Shi, C. Liu, Q. Sun et al., Flexible wood-based triboelectric nanogenerator for versatile self-powered sensing. Sustain. Mater. Technol. 38, e00771 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2023.e00771
  271. X. Shi, P. Chen, K. Han, C. Li, R. Zhang et al., A strong, biodegradable, and recyclable all-lignocellulose fabricated triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered disposable medical monitoring. J. Mater. Chem. A 11(22), 11730–11739 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ta01763j
  272. T. Cheng, H. Zhang, K. Cao, Y. Jing, Y. Wu, First development of transparent wood-based triboelectric nanogenerator (TW-TENG): cooperative incorporation of transparency, aesthetic of wood, and superior triboelectric properties. Nano Energy 128, 109888 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109888
  273. J. Sun, K. Tu, S. Büchele, S.M. Koch, Y. Ding et al., Functionalized wood with tunable tribopolarity for efficient triboelectric nanogenerators. Matter 4(9), 3049–3066 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2021.07.022
  274. D. Park, J.-H. Hong, D. Choi, D. Kim, W.H. Jung et al., Biocompatible and mechanically-reinforced tribopositive nanofiber mat for wearable and antifungal human kinetic-energy harvester based on wood-derived natural product. Nano Energy 96, 107091 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107091
  275. S. Ankanahalli Shankaregowda, R.F. Sagade Muktar Ahmed, C.B. Nanjegowda, J. Wang, S. Guan et al., Single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator based on economical graphite coated paper for harvesting waste environmental energy. Nano Energy 66, 104141 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104141
  276. N. Zhang, H. Gu, K. Lu, S. Ye, W. Xu et al., A universal single electrode droplet-based electricity generator (SE-DEG) for water kinetic energy harvesting. Nano Energy 82, 105735 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105735
  277. J. Bang, I.K. Moon, Y.P. Jeon, B. Ki, J. Oh, Fully wood-based green triboelectric nanogenerators. Appl. Surf. Sci. 567, 150806 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.150806
  278. M. Gu, Y. Chen, S. Gu, C. Wang, L. Chen, H. Shen, Wen, Z. Brightness-enhanced electroluminescence driven by triboelectric nanogenerators through permittivity manipulation and impedance matching. Nano Energy 98, 107308 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107308
  279. D. Lee, J. Chae, S. Cho, JW. Kim, A. Ahmad, MR. Karim, & D. Choi, Bidirectional rotating direct-current triboelectric nanogenerator with self-adaptive mechanical switching for harvesting reciprocating motion. Abstract Highlights Int. J. Extreme Manuf 6(4), 045502 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/ad3998
  280. O. Song, Y. Cho, S. Y. Joohoon, K. Cho, Solution-processing approach of nanomaterials toward an artificial sensory system. Abstract Highlights Int. J. Extreme. Manuf. 6(5) 052001 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/ad4c29
  281. Z. Li, A. Yu, Q. Zhang, & J. Zhai, Recent advances in fabricating high-performance triboelectric nanogenerators via modulating surface charge density. Abstract Highlights Int. J. Extreme. Manuf. 6(5), 052003 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/ad4f32
  282. P. Wu, C. Zhao, E. Cui, S. Xu, T. Liu, F. Wang, & X. Mu, Advances in magnetic-assisted triboelectric nanogenerators: structures materials and self-sensing systems. Abstract Highlights Int. J. Extreme. Manuf. 6(5) 052007 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/ad5bc6
  283. S. Yin, H. Li, W. Qian, M. A. M. Hasan, & Y. Yang, Non-contact intelligent sensor for recognizing transparent and naked-eye indistinguishable materials based on ferroelectric BiFeO3 thin films. Abstract Highlights Int. J. Extreme Manuf. 6(5), 055502 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/ad57a0
  284. X, Bai, D. Wang, L. Zhen, M. Cui, J. Liu, Zhao. N, B, Yang. Design and micromanufacturing technologies of focused
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF

Most read articles by the same author(s)