Issue

Vol. 19 (2027)

Designing Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with Self-Assembled Monolayer Hole Transport Layers

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02327-0
Xinyuan Feng
State Key Laboratory of Wide‑Bandgap Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, People’s Republic of China
Qiuying Su
State Key Laboratory of Wide‑Bandgap Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, People’s Republic of China
Long Zhou
State Key Laboratory of Wide‑Bandgap Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, People’s Republic of China
Jiaojiao Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Wide‑Bandgap Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, People’s Republic of China
Dazheng Chen
State Key Laboratory of Wide‑Bandgap Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, People’s Republic of China
Weidong Zhu
State Key Laboratory of Wide‑Bandgap Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, People’s Republic of China
He Xi
State Key Laboratory of Wide‑Bandgap Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, People’s Republic of China
Chunfu Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Wide‑Bandgap Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, People’s Republic of China
Jincheng Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Wide‑Bandgap Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, People’s Republic of China
Yue Hao
State Key Laboratory of Wide‑Bandgap Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, People’s Republic of China

Corresponding Author: Chunfu Zhang

cfzhang@xidian.edu.cn

Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 19 (2027), Article Number: 27

Abstract

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have emerged as highly versatile interfacial materials in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), offering tunable molecular structures, favorable energy-level alignment, high optical transparency, and minimized non-radiative recombination losses. With the rapid advancement of inverted (p-i-n) PSC architectures, SAM-based hole-selective contacts have demonstrated distinct advantages in achieving superior power conversion efficiency, cost-effective fabrication, and strong compatibility with scalable manufacturing processes. This review first summarizes the evolution of SAM applications, with a particular focus on SAM-based materials in p-i-n PSCs. Subsequently, the fundamental aspects of SAMs are systematically discussed. Further, common preparation methods of SAMs are reviewed, along with the key challenges encountered in achieving uniform SAM coating. Based on this, recent progress in SAM-based PSCs is comprehensively summarized, including their applications in high-efficiency single-junction devices, perovskite tandem solar cells, and large-area photovoltaic modules. The crucial roles of SAMs in energy-level modulation, interfacial modification, defect passivation, and charge transport are highlighted. Finally, the remaining challenges and future prospects of SAMs in inverted PSCs are discussed, with particular emphasis on interfacial stability and long-term operational reliability. This review aims at providing systematic insights and guidance for the further development of SAM-based inverted PSCs.


Highlights:
1 This review summarizes the development of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), with a special focus on their applications in inverted (p-i-n) perovskite solar cells.
2 This review discusses the structure, preparation methods, interfacial roles of SAMs, as well as the common problems encountered during their fabrication process.
3 This review highlights recent advances of SAM-based inverted perovskite solar cells in efficient single-junction, tandem, and large-area modules and outlines key challenges and future prospects of SAM applications.

Keywords

Self-assembled monolayer Perovskite solar cell Hole transport layer Interfacial engineering
Feng, Xinyuan, Qiuying Su, Long Zhou, Jiaojiao Zhang, Dazheng Chen, Weidong Zhu, He Xi, Chunfu Zhang, Jincheng Zhang, and Yue Hao. 2026. “Designing Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells With Self-Assembled Monolayer Hole Transport Layers”. Nano-Micro Letters 19 (August):27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02327-0.
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. A. Kojima, K. Teshima, Y. Shirai, T. Miyasaka, Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131(17), 6050–6051 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja809598r
  2. Z. Xiong, Q. Zhang, K. Cai, H. Zhou, Q. Song et al., Homogenized chlorine distribution for >27% power conversion efficiency in perovskite solar cells. Science 390(6773), 638–642 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adw8780
  3. X. Luo, H. Luo, H. Li, R. Xia, X. Zheng et al., Efficient perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells on industrially compatible textured silicon. Adv. Mater. 35(9), e2207883 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202207883
  4. Y. Xia, G. Yan, J. Lin, Review on tailoring PEDOT: PSS layer for improved device stability of perovskite solar cells. Nanomaterials 11(11), 3119 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11113119
  5. L. Zhou, X. Feng, J. Zhang, X. Li, Y. Du et al., Buried interface bilayer engineering toward high efficiency and stable perovskite modules. IEEE Electron Device Lett. 46(1), 88–91 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1109/LED.2024.3505233
  6. Z. Huang, N. Tian, S. Duan, J. Zhang, D. Yao et al., Interface defects dependent on perovskite annealing temperature for NiOX-based inverted CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells. Chemsuschem 17(16), e202301722 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202301722
  7. M. Li, Y. Xie, F.R. Lin, Z. Li, S. Yang et al., Self-assembled monolayers as emerging hole-selective layers enable high-performance thin-film solar cells. Innovation 4(1), 100369 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100369
  8. A. Magomedov, A. Al-Ashouri, E. Kasparavičius, S. Strazdaite, G. Niaura et al., Self-assembled hole transporting monolayer for highly efficient perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 8(32), 1801892 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201801892
  9. A. Al-Ashouri, A. Magomedov, M. Roß, M. Jošt, M. Talaikis et al., Conformal monolayer contacts with lossless interfaces for perovskite single junction and monolithic tandem solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 12(11), 3356–3369 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ee02268f
  10. A. Al-Ashouri, E. Köhnen, B. Li, A. Magomedov, H. Hempel et al., Monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell with >29% efficiency by enhanced hole extraction. Science 370(6522), 1300–1309 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd4016
  11. S. Zhang, R. Wu, C. Mu, Y. Wang, L. Han et al., Conjugated self-assembled monolayer as stable hole-selective contact for inverted perovskite solar cells. ACS Mater. Lett. 4(10), 1976–1983 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.2c00799
  12. A. Ullah, K.H. Park, Y. Lee, S. Park, A. Bin Faheem et al., Versatile hole selective molecules containing a series of heteroatoms as self-assembled monolayers for efficient p-i-n perovskite and organic solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32(49), 2208793 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202208793
  13. J. Zhu, Y. Luo, R. He, C. Chen, Y. Wang et al., A donor–acceptor-type hole-selective contact reducing non-radiative recombination losses in both subcells towards efficient all-perovskite tandems. Nat. Energy 8(7), 714–724 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-023-01274-z
  14. Y. Feng, Y. Wang, H. Yang, S. Li, J. Luo et al., Homogenized self-assembled molecules for inverted perovskite solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(30), e202505876 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202505876
  15. C. Fei, Y. Zhang, M. Wang, Y. Yang, X. Shi et al., Limiting phosphonic acid interlayer-perovskite reactivity to stabilize perovskite solar modules. Science 391(6780), eadz7969 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adz7969
  16. Z. Yi, X. Li, Y. Xiong, G. Shen, W. Zhang et al., Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) in inverted perovskite solar cells and their tandem photovoltaics application. Interdiscip. Mater. 3(2), 203–244 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/idm2.12145
  17. S. Wang, H. Guo, Y. Wu, Advantages and challenges of self-assembled monolayer as a hole-selective contact for perovskite solar cells. Mater. Futur. 2(1), 012105 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5724/acbb5a
  18. W. Jiang, F. Li, M. Li, F. Qi, F.R. Lin et al., π-expanded carbazoles as hole-selective self-assembled monolayers for high-performance perovskite solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61(51), e202213560 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202213560
  19. C. Li, Y. Chen, Z. Zhang, C. Liu, F. Guo et al., Pros and cons of hole-selective self-assembled monolayers in inverted PSCs and TSCs: extensive case studies and data analysis. Energy Environ. Sci. 17(17), 6157–6203 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ee02492c
  20. W. Li, T. Pohl, J.M. Rost, S.T. Rittenhouse, H.R. Sadeghpour et al., A homonuclear molecule with a permanent electric dipole moment. Science 334(6059), 1110–1114 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1211255
  21. B. de Boer, A. Hadipour, M.M. Mandoc, T. van Woudenbergh, P.W.M. Blom, Tuning of metal work functions with self-assembled monolayers. Adv. Mater. 17(5), 621–625 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200401216
  22. Y. Ma, J. Gong, P. Zeng, M. Liu, Recent progress in interfacial dipole engineering for perovskite solar cells. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 173 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01131-4
  23. C. Li, P. Gao, Is dipole the only thing that matters for inverted perovskite solar cells? Chin. J. Struct. Chem. 43(6), 100324 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjsc.2024.100324
  24. F. Ali, C. Roldán-Carmona, M. Sohail, M.K. Nazeeruddin, Applications of self-assembled monolayers for perovskite solar cells interface engineering to address efficiency and stability. Adv. Energy Mater. 10(48), 2002989 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202002989
  25. B. Feng, W. Li, Z. Cui, Y. Li, W. He et al., ITO nanops to stabilize the self-assembly of hole transport layer in inverted perovskite solar cells. Adv. Mater. 38(9), e17573 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202517573
  26. Y. Yang, X. Shi, A.N. Stein, M.R. Lockett, J. Huang, Understanding phosphonic-acid molecules based hole transport layers in perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 16(7), e05937 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202505937
  27. S.A. Paniagua, A.J. Giordano, O.L. Smith, S. Barlow, H. Li et al., Phosphonic acids for interfacial engineering of transparent conductive oxides. Chem. Rev. 116(12), 7117–7158 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00061
  28. T. Bauer, T. Schmaltz, T. Lenz, M. Halik, B. Meyer et al., Phosphonate- and carboxylate-based self-assembled monolayers for organic devices: a theoretical study of surface binding on aluminum oxide with experimental support. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5(13), 6073–6080 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/am4008374
  29. E. Delamarche, B. Michel, H. Kang, C. Gerber, Thermal stability of self-assembled monolayers. Langmuir 10(11), 4103–4108 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1021/la00023a033
  30. P. Thissen, M. Valtiner, G. Grundmeier, Stability of phosphonic acid self-assembled monolayers on amorphous and single-crystalline aluminum oxide surfaces in aqueous solution. Langmuir 26(1), 156–164 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/la900935s
  31. H. Tang, Z. Shen, Y. Shen, G. Yan, Y. Wang et al., Reinforcing self-assembly of hole transport molecules for stable inverted perovskite solar cells. Science 383(6688), 1236–1240 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adj9602
  32. Z. Zhang, R. Zhu, Y. Tang, Z. Su, S. Hu et al., Anchoring charge selective self-assembled monolayers for tin–lead perovskite solar cells. Adv. Mater. 36(18), 2312264 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202312264
  33. E. Yalcin, M. Can, C. Rodriguez-Seco, E. Aktas, R. Pudi et al., Semiconductor self-assembled monolayers as selective contacts for efficient PiN perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 12(1), 230–237 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ee01831f
  34. W. Zhang, H. Liu, T. Huang, L. Kang, J. Ge et al., Oriented molecular dipole-enabled modulation of NiOx/perovskite interface for Pb-Sn mixed inorganic perovskite solar cells. Adv. Mater. 37(8), 2414125 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202414125
  35. E. Li, C. Liu, H. Lin, X. Xu, S. Liu et al., Bonding strength regulates anchoring-based self-assembly monolayers for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(35), 2103847 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202103847
  36. H. Guo, C. Liu, H. Hu, S. Zhang, X. Ji et al., Neglected acidity pitfall: boric acid-anchoring hole-selective contact for perovskite solar cells. Natl. Sci. Rev. 10(5), nwad057 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwad057
  37. M. Sohail, A.R. Bassindale, P.G. Taylor, A.A. Korlyukov, D.E. Arkhipov et al., Synthesis and hydrolysis–condensation study of water-soluble self-assembled pentacoordinate polysilylamides. Organometallics 32(6), 1721–1731 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/om301137b
  38. A.I.A. Soliman, Y. Zheng, G. You, L. Zhang, Y. Zhang et al., Self-assembled bilayers with improved solvent resistance for stable inverted perovskite solar cells. Small 21(49), e06226 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202506226
  39. D. Liu, Q. Miao, Recent progress in interface engineering of organic thin film transistors with self-assembled monolayers. Mater. Chem. Front. 2(1), 11–21 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7qm00279c
  40. H. Bi, Y. Fujiwara, G. Kapil, D. Tavgeniene, Z. Zhang et al., Perovskite solar cells consisting of PTAA modified with monomolecular layer and application to all-perovskite tandem solar cells with efficiency over 25%. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(32), 2300089 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202300089
  41. J.M. Ramón, J.G. Sánchez, M. Más-Montoya, W. Li, E. Martínez-Ferrero et al., Revealing the role of spacer length and methoxy substitution of dipodal indolocarbazole-based SAMs on the performance of inverted perovskite solar cells. Small 21(22), 2500067 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202500067
  42. Y. Zhao, X. Luan, L. Han, Y. Wang, Post-assembled alkylphosphonic acids for efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(46), 2405646 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202405646
  43. D. Zhang, B. Yan, R. Xia, B. Li, R. Li et al., Perovskite crystallization control via an engineered self-assembled monolayer in perovskite–silicon tandem solar cells. Nat. Photon. 20(1), 40–48 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-025-01778-y
  44. G. Qu, S. Cai, Y. Qiao, D. Wang, S. Gong et al., Conjugated linker-boosted self-assembled monolayer molecule for inverted perovskite solar cells. Joule 8(7), 2123–2134 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2024.05.005
  45. I. Levine, A. Al-Ashouri, A. Musiienko, H. Hempel, A. Magomedov et al., Charge transfer rates and electron trapping at buried interfaces of perovskite solar cells. Joule 5(11), 2915–2933 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.07.016
  46. K. Zhao, L. Yao, C. Liu, I. Yavuz, J. Shen et al., Tailoring the π-conjugation in self-assembled hole-selective molecules for perovskite photovoltaics. Sci. China Mater. 68(5), 1376–1382 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-024-3093-9
  47. W. Sheng, M. Han, B. Li, Z. Su, X. Liu et al., Thiophene-bridged conjugated self-assembled hole transport monolayer for efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells. Chemsuschem 19(1), e202502441 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202502441
  48. S.Y. Kim, S.J. Cho, S.E. Byeon, X. He, H.J. Yoon, Self-assembled monolayers as interface engineering nanomaterials in perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 10(44), 2002606 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202002606
  49. X. Huang, T. Wang, W. Chen, Z. Wang, Z. Lin et al., Bottom-up regulation of perovskite growth and energetics via oligoether functionalized self-assembling molecules for high-performance solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(36), e202507513 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202507513
  50. Z. Ren, Z. Cui, X. Shi, L. Wang, Y. Dou et al., Poly(carbazole phosphonic acid) as a versatile hole-transporting material for p-i-n perovskite solar cells and modules. Joule 7(12), 2894–2904 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2023.10.014
  51. F. Wang, T. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Zhou, X. Dong et al., A polymeric hole transporter with dual-interfacial interactions enables 25%-efficiency blade-coated perovskite solar cells. Adv. Mater. 36(52), 2412059 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202412059
  52. L. Wang, Z. Liu, J. Zou, S. Peng, D. Wang et al., In situ crosslinked self-assembled monolayer as processing stable hole selective contact in perovskite solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(52), e17058 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202517058
  53. X. Yu, X. Sun, Z. Zhu, Z.-A. Li, Stabilization strategies of buried interface for efficient SAM-based inverted perovskite solar cells. Angew. Chem. 137(4), e202419608 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202419608
  54. Z. Zhang, T. Wu, Z. Qin, M. Chen, W. Xiang et al., Synergistic improvement of structural ordering and interface binding of hole transport monolayer for efficient inverted perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 15(27), 2500572 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202500572
  55. X. Zhou, Y. Sun, B. Tang, F. Wang, X. Ding et al., Knoevenagel condensation enables a high-dipole interfacial molecule for efficient wide-bandgap perovskite and tandem photovoltaics. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(52), e18169 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202518169
  56. S. Dong, J. Qi, Y. Tian, Y. Gao, H. Ye et al., Buried interface modulation via functionalized π-conjugated molecules enables efficient wide-bandgap perovskite photovoltaics. Chem. Eng. J. 524, 169297 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.169297
  57. C. Wang, C. Zhang, Q. Wang, H. Li, Y. Wu et al., Co-self-assembled interface engineering assisted for bend-resistant and efficient flexible perovskite solar cells. Adv. Sci. 13(3), e09724 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202509724
  58. P. Wang, R. Sun, X. Sun, F. Li, Y. Zhang et al., Electrostatically enhanced self-assembled monolayers anchoring for scalable and stable inverted perovskite solar cells. Adv. Mater. 38(7), e14735 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202514735
  59. Y. Wang, Y. Liu, Y. Ji, G. Yang, X. Li et al., Molecular polarization-driven synergistic interface engineering for high-performance perovskite solar cells. Adv. Mater. 38(33), e73306 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.73306
  60. W. Song, Q. Zhou, Z. Zhang, Y. Tu, Y. Wang et al., Cooperative self-assembled monolayers for minimizing voltage losses in inverted perovskite solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 36(42), e31060 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202531060
  61. J. Dong, A. Wang, K.Y.S. Ng, G. Mao, Self-assembly of octadecyltrichlorosilane monolayers on silicon-based substrates by chemical vapor deposition. Thin Solid Films 515(4), 2116–2122 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2006.07.041
  62. A. Farag, T. Feeney, I.M. Hossain, F. Schackmar, P. Fassl et al., Evaporated self-assembled monolayer hole transport layers: lossless interfaces in p-i-n perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 13(8), 2203982 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202203982
  63. Z. Zhang, X. Chen, T. Niu, X. Ji, E. Zhao et al., Beyond solution processing: vacuum evaporation of carbazole-phosphonic self-assembled molecules enables flexible perovskite solar cells with >25.4% efficiency. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 65(4), e11317 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202511317
  64. J.B. Landgraf, Y. Gupta, A. Prasetio, S. Lange, C. Messmer et al., Understanding postdeposition treatments of hole-transporting self-assembling molecules for perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35(49), e08186 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202508186
  65. J. Suo, B. Yang, D. Bogachuk, G. Boschloo, A. Hagfeldt, The dual use of SAM molecules for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 15(2), 2400205 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202400205
  66. A. Al-Ashouri, M. Marčinskas, E. Kasparavičius, T. Malinauskas, A. Palmstrom et al., Wettability improvement of a carbazole-based hole-selective monolayer for reproducible perovskite solar cells. ACS Energy Lett. 8(2), 898–900 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c02629
  67. W. Zhang, X. Guo, Z. Cui, H. Yuan, Y. Li et al., Strategies for improving efficiency and stability of inverted perovskite solar cells. Adv. Mater. 36(37), 2311025 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202311025
  68. S.M. Park, M. Wei, N. Lempesis, W. Yu, T. Hossain et al., Low-loss contacts on textured substrates for inverted perovskite solar cells. Nature 624(7991), 289–294 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06745-7
  69. C. Zhan, C. Luo, F. Gao, X. Wang, Y. Li et al., Indium tin oxide induced internal positive feedback and indium ion transport in perovskite solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63(30), e202403824 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202403824
  70. R. He, W. Wang, Z. Yi, F. Lang, C. Chen et al., Improving interface quality for 1-cm2 all-perovskite tandem solar cells. Nature 618(7963), 80–86 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05992-y
  71. J. Du, J. Chen, B. Ouyang, A. Sun, C. Tian et al., Face-on oriented self-assembled molecules with enhanced π–π stacking for highly efficient inverted perovskite solar cells on rough FTO substrates. Energy Environ. Sci. 18(7), 3196–3210 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ee05849f
  72. W. Jiang, D. Wang, W. Shang, Y. Li, J. Zeng et al., Spin-coated and vacuum-processed hole-extracting self-assembled multilayers with H-aggregation for high-performance inverted perovskite solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 136(45), e202411730 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202411730
  73. K. Zhao, Q. Liu, L. Yao, C. Değer, J. Shen et al., Peri-fused polyaromatic molecular contacts for perovskite solar cells. Nature 632(8024), 301–306 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07712-6
  74. L. Pan, R. Yu, Z. Fang, B. Chen, L. Zheng et al., Buried interface engineering for efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells. Chem. Eng. J. 525, 170528 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.170528
  75. Q. Shi, L. Wei, Y. Shao, J. Su, B. Chen et al., Synergistic interface modification of electron-beam-evaporated NiOx for high-performance perovskite solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 17(44), 60624–60634 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c15868
  76. M.A. Truong, T. Funasaki, L. Ueberricke, W. Nojo, R. Murdey et al., Tripodal triazatruxene derivative as a face-on oriented hole-collecting monolayer for efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 145(13), 7528–7539 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c00805
  77. C. Fei, A. Kuvayskaya, T. Huskie, S. Wang, C. Guo et al., Phosphonic acid group positions dependent face-on and edge-on configurations in carbazole-based SAMs and impacts on perovskite solar cell performance. ACS Energy Lett. 10(10), 5192–5198 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.5c02098
  78. Z. Shi, S. Li, C. Min, J. Xie, R. Ma, Modification of energy levels by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide at the perovskite/carbon interface for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Org. Electron. 112, 106689 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2022.106689
  79. D. Xu, H. Lv, H. Jin, Y. Liu, Y. Ma et al., Crystalline facet-directed generation engineering of ultrathin platinum nanodendrites. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 10(3), 663–671 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03861
  80. L. Li, J. Shi, H. Xiang, X. Wang, Self-assembled monolayers in inverted perovskite solar cells: a rising star with challenges. Nano-Micro Lett. 18(1), 241 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02089-9
  81. M. Liu, L. Bi, W. Jiang, Z. Zeng, S.-W. Tsang et al., Compact hole-selective self-assembled monolayers enabled by disassembling micelles in solution for efficient perovskite solar cells. Adv. Mater. 35(46), e2304415 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202304415
  82. A. Kulkarni, R. Sarkar, S. Akel, M. Häser, B. Klingebiel et al., A universal strategy of perovskite ink - substrate interaction to overcome the poor wettability of a self-assembled monolayer for reproducible perovskite solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(47), 2305812 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202305812
  83. X. Qi, J. Wang, V. Yeddu, T. Trefz, Y. Ahmed et al., Disaggregation of self-assembling molecules for efficient inverted perovskite solar cells. ACS Nano 20(13), 10394–10403 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c18895
  84. G. Wang, J. Zheng, W. Duan, J. Yang, M.A. Mahmud et al., Molecular engineering of hole-selective layer for high band gap perovskites for highly efficient and stable perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells. Joule 7(11), 2583–2594 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2023.09.007
  85. S. Liu, J. Li, W. Xiao, R. Chen, Z. Sun et al., Buried interface molecular hybrid for inverted perovskite solar cells. Nature 632(8025), 536–542 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07723-3
  86. J. Ma, S. Yang, C. Shao, Z. Nie, W. Zhang et al., Homogenizing self-assembled monolayers via covalent organic frameworks for inverted perovskite solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 65(1), e19875 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202519875
  87. Q. Tan, H. Wang, S. Tang, Q. Cai, G. Ma et al., Asymmetric dimethyl-indenocarbazole phosphonic acid molecules with expanded π-conjugation for inverted perovskite solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35(41), 2501147 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202501147
  88. A. Ulman, Formation and structure of self-assembled monolayers. Chem. Rev. 96(4), 1533–1554 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9502357
  89. B. Dong, M. Wei, Y. Li, Y. Yang, W. Ma et al., Self-assembled bilayer for perovskite solar cells with improved tolerance against thermal stresses. Nat. Energy 10(3), 342–353 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01689-2
  90. G. Qu, L. Zhang, Y. Qiao, S. Gong, Y. Ding et al., Self-assembled materials with an ordered hydrophilic bilayer for high performance inverted perovskite solar cells. Nat. Commun. 16(1), 86 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-55523-0
  91. C.-M. Hung, J.-H. Shi, H.-C. Tsai, C.-P. Lin, B.-H. Chen et al., Interspersed assembled monolayers enhance hole transport in high-efficiency organic and perovskite solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 147(27), 23683–23695 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c05341
  92. Y. Kong, W. Wang, X. Guo, Y. Yang, T. Chen et al., Decoding the role of molecular orientation in conjugated self-assembled monolayers for high-performance binary organic photovoltaics approaching 20% efficiency. Adv. Mater. 37(26), e2501117 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202501117
  93. N. Phung, M. Verheijen, A. Todinova, K. Datta, M. Verhage et al., Enhanced self-assembled monolayer surface coverage by ALD NiO in p-i-n perovskite solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14(1), 2166–2176 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c15860
  94. Y. Luo, J. Xue, Monolayer or not: assembly configuration of SAMs in perovskite photovoltaics. Joule 10(4), 102390 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2026.102390
  95. G. Liu, Y. Zhong, H. Mao, J. Yang, R. Dai et al., Highly efficient and stable ZnO-based MA-free perovskite solar cells via overcoming interfacial mismatch and deprotonation reaction. Chem. Eng. J. 431, 134235 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.134235
  96. S. Kralj, P. Dally, P. Bampoulis, B. Vishal, S. De Wolf et al., Impact of the TCO microstructure on the electronic properties of carbazole-based self-assembled monolayers. ACS Mater. Lett. 6(2), 366–374 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.3c01166
  97. R. Zhu, N. Guan, D. Wang, Y. Bao, Z. Wu et al., Review of defect passivation for NiOx-based inverted perovskite solar cells. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 6(4), 2098–2121 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c03127
  98. Z. Li, X. Sun, X. Zheng, B. Li, D. Gao et al., Stabilized hole-selective layer for high-performance inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells. Science 382(6668), 284–289 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ade9637
  99. Y. Zhang, Z. Yang, M. Li, Z. Wang, Y. Xiong et al., Indenocarbazole-engineered self-assembled monolayers with sterically tuned π-stacking for high-efficiency p–i–n perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 15(34), 2501855 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202501855
  100. J. Wan, Z. Zhang, J. Lin, Z. Li, H. Liu et al., Simultaneously enhancing hole extraction and defect passivation with more conductive hole-selective self-assembled molecules for efficient inverted perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. C 12(38), 15644–15653 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/d4tc02303j
  101. M. Li, Z. Li, M. Liu, H. Fu, F. Qi et al., A hole-selective self-assembled monolayer for both efficient perovskite and organic solar cells. Langmuir 40(9), 4772–4778 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03610
  102. Z. Su, M. Cui, B. Dong, Y. Zhang, Y. Ran et al., Stereo-hindrance induced conformal self-assembled monolayer for high efficiency inverted perovskite solar cells. Small 20(52), e2407387 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202407387
  103. J. Wu, P. Yan, D. Yang, H. Guan, S. Yang et al., Bisphosphonate-anchored self-assembled molecules with larger dipole moments for efficient inverted perovskite solar cells with excellent stability. Adv. Mater. 36(28), e2401537 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202401537
  104. Z. Dai, S. You, D. Chakraborty, S. Li, Y. Zhang et al., Connecting interfacial mechanical adhesion, efficiency, and operational stability in high performance inverted perovskite solar cells. ACS Energy Lett. 9(4), 1880–1887 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.4c00510
  105. J. Wang, N. Liu, Z. Liu, J. Liu, C. Zhou et al., Versatile self-assembled monolayer enables high-performance inverted CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 7(13), 15267–15276 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.4c02064
  106. E.A. Ilicheva, P.K. Sukhorukova, L.O. Luchnikov, D.O. Balakirev, N.S. Saratovsky et al., Double-side integration of the fluorinated self-assembling monolayers for enhanced stability of inverted perovskite solar cells. Mater. Today Energy 47, 101741 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2024.101741
  107. S.O. Fürer, K.J. Rietwyk, F. Pulvirenti, D.P. McMeekin, M.A. Surmiak et al., Naphthalene-imide self-assembled monolayers as a surface modification of ITO for improved thermal stability of perovskite solar cells. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 6(2), 667–677 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c02735
  108. S. Cho, P. Pandey, S. Yoon, J. Ryu, D.-G. Lee et al., Anchoring self-assembled monolayer at perovskite/hole collector interface for wide bandgap Sn-based solar cells with a record efficiency over 12%. Surf. Interfaces 42, 103478 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2023.103478
  109. T. Feeney, J. Petry, A. Torche, D. Hauschild, B. Hacene et al., Understanding and exploiting interfacial interactions between phosphonic acid functional groups and co-evaporated perovskites. Matter 7(6), 2066–2090 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2024.02.004
  110. P. Gnanasekaran, Z.-E. Shi, C.-L. Wang, J.-K. Peng, B.-H. Jiang et al., Interfacial engineering using C-3 alkyl linker-based carbazole-derived SAM layers to achieve 41.77% indoor efficiency in wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells. Small 21(31), 2500983 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202500983
  111. W. Jiang, M. Liu, Y. Li, F.R. Lin, A.K. Jen, Rational molecular design of multifunctional self-assembled monolayers for efficient hole selection and buried interface passivation in inverted perovskite solar cells. Chem. Sci. 15(8), 2778–2785 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/d3sc05485c
  112. P. Zhao, D. He, X. Fu, H. Gao, J. Xia et al., Thiophene substituent engineering of carbazole based self-assembled monolayers for use in high-performance inverted perovskite solar cells. Small 21(13), 2500281 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202500281
  113. Q. Wang, B. Li, H. Yang, Z. Na, Y. Wei et al., A novel self-assembled hole-transporting monolayer with extending conjugation for inverted perovskite solar cells. Small 21(18), 2500296 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202500296
  114. M. Liu, M. Li, Y. Li, Y. An, Z. Yao et al., Defect-passivating and stable benzothiophene-based self-assembled monolayer for high-performance inverted perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 14(12), 2303742 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202303742
  115. S. Ameen, D. Lee, A. Bin Faheem, J.G. Son, Y. Lee et al., 3, 6-bis(methylthio)-9H-carbazole based self-assembled monolayer for highly efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(12), e202423206 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202423206
  116. H. Wu, J. Wu, Z. Zhang, X. Guan, L. Wang et al., Tailored lattice-matched carbazole self-assembled molecule for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 147(9), 8004–8011 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c00629
  117. B. Li, X. Liu, Y. Wei, Z. Lin, M. Han et al., High performance inverted perovskite solar cells via heteroatom-containing multifunctional spiro self-assembled monolayers. Adv. Mater. 37(43), e00732 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202500732
  118. S. Yuan, C. Ge, T. Zhang, G. Su, Q. Qiu et al., Conjugated bisphosphonic acid self-assembled monolayers for efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 147(28), 24662–24671 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c05801
  119. C. Guo, H.-Q. Du, Y.-C. Wang, X. Gao, Y.-Q. Lan et al., Bifacially reinforced self-assembled monolayer interfaces for minimized recombination loss and enhanced stability in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Adv. Mater. 37(29), 2504520 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202504520
  120. W. Wang, X. Liu, J. Wang, C. Chen, J. Yu et al., Versatile self-assembled molecule enables high-efficiency wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells and organic solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 13(23), 2300694 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202300694
  121. B. Yan, D. Zhang, R. Li, J. Wei, P. Hang et al., Chiral aza-helicene phosphonic acids for stabilizing efficient perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(39), e202509279 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202509279
  122. C. Li, Y. Chen, Y. Li, L. Gong, Z. Yuan et al., Deciphering the impact of aromatic linkers in self-assembled monolayers on the performance of monolithic perovskite/Si tandem photovoltaic. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(9), e202420585 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202420585
  123. C. Li, Y. Chen, Y. Li, Z. Zhang, J. Yang et al., Achieving 32% efficiency in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with bidentate-anchored superwetting self-assembled molecular layers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(23), e202502730 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202502730
  124. X. Zhang, B. Li, S. Zhang, Z. Lin, M. Han et al., A spiro-type self-assembled hole transporting monolayer for highly efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells and modules. Energy Environ. Sci. 18(1), 468–477 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ee01960a
  125. X. Tong, L. Xie, J. Li, Z. Pu, S. Du et al., Large orientation angle buried substrate enables efficient flexible perovskite solar cells and modules. Adv. Mater. 36(38), e2407032 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202407032
  126. Y. Zhao, Y. Liu, Z. Ren, Y. Li, Y. Zhang et al., Enhanced interface adhesion with a polymeric hole transporter enabling high-performance air-processed perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 18(3), 1366–1374 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ee04481a
  127. F. Guo, X. Yu, Y. Li, Y. Chen, C. Li et al., ALD-deposited hydroxyl-rich NiOx to enhance SAM anchoring for stable and efficient perovskite solar cells. Molecules 30(6), 1299 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30061299
  128. W. Wang, X. University, S.R. Institute, X. University, X. Li et al., Thermal cross-linking hole-transport self-assembled monolayers for perovskite solar cells. ACS Energy Lett. 10(5), 2250–2258 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.5c00457
  129. G. Kim, H. Kim, M. Kim, J. Sin, M. Kim et al., Enhancing surface modification and carrier extraction in inverted perovskite solar cells via self-assembled monolayers. Nanomaterials 14(2), 214 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020214
  130. Y. Zhou, X. Huang, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, H. Wu et al., Interfacial modification of NiOx for highly efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 14(25), 2400616 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202400616
  131. Y. Guo, S. Guo, T. Wu, S. Zhan, C. Wei et al., Ultrafast hole transfer mediated by a conjugated self-assembled molecule enables efficient and stable wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells. Chem. Eng. J. 497, 154722 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.154722
  132. F.H. Isikgor, R.R. Pradhan, S. Zhumagali, T. Maksudov, D. Naphade et al., Self-assembled monolayer dyes for contact-passivated and stable perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 15(1), 2402630 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202402630
  133. S.M. Park, M. Wei, J. Xu, H.R. Atapattu, F.T. Eickemeyer et al., Engineering ligand reactivity enables high-temperature operation of stable perovskite solar cells. Science 381(6654), 209–215 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adi4107
  134. S.-C. Liu, H.-Y. Lin, S.-E. Hsu, D.-T. Wu, S. Sathasivam et al., Highly reproducible self-assembled monolayer based perovskite solar cells via amphiphilic polyelectrolyte. J. Mater. Chem. A 12(5), 2856–2866 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ta04512a
  135. Q. Cao, T. Wang, X. Pu, X. He, M. Xiao et al., Co-self-assembled monolayers modified NiOx for stable inverted perovskite solar cells. Adv. Mater. 36(16), 2311970 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202311970
  136. Y. Zheng, C. Tian, X. Wu, A. Sun, R. Zhuang et al., Dual-interface modification for inverted methylammonium-free perovskite solar cells of 25.35% efficiency with balanced crystallization. Adv. Energy Mater. 14(20), 2304486 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202304486
  137. D. Xu, H. Cao, Z. Fan, B. Wang, Y. Li et al., A triphenylamine-functionalized co-assembly material for record efficiency inverted CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(19), e202502221 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202502221
  138. K.S. Kim, J.J. Do, J.W. Jung, MXene-driven augmentation of hole-selective self-assembled monolayer interfaces for efficient and stable p-i-n perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 13(2), 1512–1522 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ta07117d
  139. X. Chen, C.-H. Chen, Z.H. Su, J. Chen, K.-L. Wang et al., Adhesively bridging SAM molecules and perovskites for highly efficient photovoltaics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35(12), 2415004 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202415004
  140. X. He, Q. Wang, S. Zhang, Y. Li, X. Weng et al., Enhanced hole extraction through in situ mixed self-assembled molecules for efficient inverted perovskite solar cells. J. Energy Chem. 109, 177–185 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2025.05.025
  141. Z. Feng, X. Liu, T. Tian, Z. Zhu, R. Jiang et al., Buried interface modulation using self-assembled monolayer and ionic liquid hybrids for high-performance perovskite and perovskite/CuInGaSe2 tandem photovoltaics. Adv. Mater. 37(8), 2412692 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202412692
  142. Z. He, W. University, T. Ma, S. University, S. Li et al., Achieving compact and uniform buried contact via sequentially deposited hybrid self-assembled monolayers for efficient wide-bandgap perovskite and all-perovskite tandem solar cells. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 13(35), 14327–14335 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5c03613
  143. C. Li, Y. Li, Y. Chen, H. Zhang, S.-T. Zhang et al., Enhancing efficiency of industrially-compatible monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with dually-mixed self-assembled monolayers. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(46), 2407805 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202407805
  144. Y. Guo, S. Du, W. Chen, H. Zhou, G. Chen et al., Contact potential homogenization via buried interface engineering enables high-performance wide-bandgap perovskite photovoltaics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35(29), 2500168 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202500168
  145. M. Wu, X. Li, Z. Ying, Y. Chen, X. Wang et al., Reconstruction of the indium tin oxide surface enhances the adsorption of high-density self-assembled monolayer for perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(46), 2304708 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202304708
  146. C. Li, Y. Li, Z. Zhang, Y. Zou, J. Wang et al., Steric-hindrance-driven molecular wedges suppress SAM aggregation for 30.5%-efficient perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. J. Energy Chem. 110, 497–506 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2025.06.076
  147. J. Zhu, X. Huang, Y. Luo, W. Jiao, Y. Xu et al., Self-assembled hole-selective contact for efficient Sn-Pb perovskite solar cells and all-perovskite tandems. Nat. Commun. 16, 240 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-55492-4
  148. W. Jiao, Y. Song, J. Wang, J. You, Y. Xu et al., Molecular bridging at buried interface enables efficient wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 15(29), 2501556 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202501556
  149. Y. An, N. Zhang, Q. Liu, W. Jiang, G. Du et al., Balancing carrier transport in interconnection layer for efficient perovskite/organic tandem solar cells. Nat. Commun. 16, 2759 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58047-3
  150. W. Chen, Y. Zhu, J. Xiu, G. Chen, H. Liang et al., Monolithic perovskite/organic tandem solar cells with 23.6% efficiency enabled by reduced voltage losses and optimized interconnecting layer. Nat. Energy 7(3), 229–237 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-021-00966-8
  151. X. Sun, F. Wang, G. Yang, X. Ding, J. Lv et al., From 20% single-junction organic photovoltaics to 26% perovskite/organic tandem solar cells: self-assembled hole transport molecules matter. Energy Environ. Sci. 18(5), 2536–2545 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ee05533k
  152. S. Yoon, K. Cho, S. Park, K. Kim, H. Ahn et al., Interfacial modulation for high-efficiency large-area organic photovoltaics and perovskite-organic tandem solar modules. Adv. Funct. Mater. 36(47), e32203 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202532203
  153. K.G. Brooks, M.K. Nazeeruddin, Laser processing methods for perovskite solar cells and modules. Adv. Energy Mater. 11(29), 2101149 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202101149
  154. S. Fu, N. Sun, H. Chen, Y. Li, Y. Li et al., Homogenizing SAM deposition via seeding–OH groups for scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 18(7), 3305–3312 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ee00350d
  155. S. Hu, S. Zeng, X. Deng, P. Hou, H. Du et al., Scalable impregnation method for preparing a self-assembled monolayer in high-performance vapor-deposited lead-halide perovskite solar cells. ACS Nano 19(15), 15018–15029 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c01479
  156. H. Zhu, Z. Xu, Z. Zhang, S. Lian, Y. Wu et al., Improved hole-selective contact enables highly efficient and stable FAPbBr(3) perovskite solar cells and semitransparent modules. Adv. Mater. 36(33), e2406872 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202406872
  157. C.-M. Hung, C.-L. Mai, C.-C. Wu, B.-H. Chen, C.-H. Lu et al., Self-assembled monolayers of bi-functionalized porphyrins: a novel class of hole-layer-coordinating perovskites and indium tin oxide in inverted solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62(40), e202309831 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202309831
  158. L. Tian, H. Cai, Z. Wang, Y. Liu, J. Zhao et al., Multifunctional additives for the enhanced performance of the doctor-blading printed perovskite solar modules. J. Energy Chem. 109, 368–377 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2025.05.039
  159. T. Liu, Z. Ren, Y. Liu, Y. Zhang, J. Liang et al., Efficient perovskite solar modules enabled by a UV-stable and high-conductivity hole transport material. Sci. Adv. 11(22), eadu3493 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adu3493
  160. A.R. Pininti, A.S. Subbiah, C. Deger, I. Yavuz, A. Prasetio et al., Resolving scaling issues in self-assembled monolayer-based perovskite solar modules via additive engineering. Adv. Energy Mater. 15(7), 2403530 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202403530
  161. W. Liu, R. Chen, Z. Tan, J. Wang, S. Liu et al., Buried interface engineering for scalable processing of high-performance inverted perovskite solar modules. Adv. Energy Mater. 15(13), 2404374 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202404374
  162. J. Zhao, X. Yang, W. Zhou, R. Wang, Y. Wang et al., Performance amelioration of spray-coated perovskite solar cells utilizing a self-assembled monolayer. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 7(9), 3540–3549 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c02726
  163. Z. Zhang, Y. Xu, S. Chen, W. Li, S. Wang et al., Monodisperse regulation of self-assembled monolayer via dipole molecules for efficient perovskite solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64(37), e202512660 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202512660
  164. C. Shi, J. Wang, X. Lei, Q. Zhou, W. Wang et al., Modulating competitive adsorption of hybrid self-assembled molecules for efficient wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells and tandems. Nat. Commun. 16(1), 3029 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58111-y
  165. M. Li, M. Liu, F. Qi, F.R. Lin, A.K. Jen, Self-assembled monolayers for interfacial engineering in solution-processed thin-film electronic devices: design, fabrication, and applications. Chem. Rev. 124(5), 2138–2204 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00396
Read More
Author biographies are not available.
Download this PDF file
PDF

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Similar Articles

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.